Global ETD Search

31	EXPLORING DIGITAL CURRENCIES: Designing a peer-to-peer exchange with use of Blockchain Kozlik, Petr January 2015 (has links) Digital currencies represent complementary alternatives to fiat money in the conventional mental models of exchange. Blockchain, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, holds a potential to influence a peer-to-peer exchange in the perspective of trust and ownership. The underlying technologies of digital currencies may be part of concepts, where designers have a possibility to define their own exchange articles for specific needs of the exchange. The ambition of this report is to illustrate the possibilities for the initiation of a peer-to-peer exchange with use of the underlying technologies beyond Bitcoin. The explorative approach provided me material for the retrospective reflection to achieve this ambition. The thesis project consisted three iterations, one experiment, and a literature overview. The main conceptual work illustrates the result of explorative research, where blockchain ensures trust between participating parties. This ecosystem uses the principles of sharing economy for initialisation of exchange within the community. This concept demonstrates potential opportunities for future transactions, in which the exchange article replaces fiat money. bitcoin money blockchain exchange digital currency sharing economy digital wallet digital wallet mobile payments community alternative currency behavioural economy digital property Engineering and Technology Teknik och teknologier
32	Digital payments adoption research: A review of factors influencing consumer’s attitude, intention and usage Patil, P.P, Rana, Nripendra P., Dwivedi, Y.K. 25 September 2020 (has links) Yes / Digital payment methods (DPMs) are evolving fast but they are yet to be widely adopted particularly in the developing countries. An initial review of literature suggests that several studies have already been conducted on this topic for understanding antecedents of digital payments adoption. However, only a few studies have examined this emerging topic in the context of developing countries. The aim of this submission is to identify antecedents of consumer adoption and usage of digital payments methods. The results of this literature analysis suggest that constructs related to technology acceptance model (TAM) and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) along with trust and risk are the most frequently examined constructs for determining consumer’s behavioural intention to use and usage of DPMs. The findings from this work can help researchers selecting factors for inclusion in the future empirical works on this topic. Adoption Cashless payments Construct mapping Meta-analysis Mobile payments Digital payments Consumer adoption Technology acceptance model (TAM)
33	我國金融業者行動服務創新之研究 / A Study of Mobile Service Innovation in Taiwan Financial Industries. 陳俊毓, Chen, Chun Yu Unknown Date (has links) 智慧型手機的銷售量從2010年的300萬台成長到2014年的12億台，呈現爆發性的成長，台灣2014年智慧型手機銷售量也達一千萬台，已經是人手一隻智慧型手機的時代。智慧型手機改變了人們的生活習慣，相信未來智慧型手機的應用將蓬勃發展。智慧型手機的崛起，使得和銀行交易的行為也可以在手機上完成，且許多非銀行公司也想要分食這塊商機，雖然台灣受到法律規範的限制，金融相關服務只有銀行才能推出，但政府已有慢慢開放法律規範，讓越來越多人可以進入，因此銀行業也面臨相當大的考驗。本研究以永豐銀行、台新銀行、玉山銀行等三家銀行業者作為個案研究的對象，希望透過本論文研究，探討銀行業者在因應行動科技的崛起與變化時，其組織服務創新的策略思維；同時，也探討其發展行動服務創新時，內部的組織方式、新服務開發管理、以及與顧客的溝通方式。本研究所得到的初步結論包括：(1)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會更強調對消費者生活習性的瞭解，以推出解決消費者痛點的新服務。(2)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會進行更多的異業結合，以發展更多整合性的服務創新金融服務。(3)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會在電子金融相關部門招納更多元的人才，以推出更創新的服務。(4)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下發展金融服務創新時，會讓電子金融部門與其他部門進行更多的跨部門合作。另外，若要加速新服務的開發時，則會採用重量級專案團隊的組織方式。(5)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會增加與顧客互動的管道，以求更瞭解顧客的需求。本文最後並提出實務上的意涵與後續研究的建議。 / When smartphones came to the world, its had an big impact to people’s life. There were only 3 millions smartphone shipments in 2010,but later, there were 1.2 billion shipments in 2014.There has a big growth. Also in Taiwan, there are over 10 millions shipments in 2014. We can say this is a mobile era. We can predict that mobile application will mushroom in the future. When the rises of smartphone, we can do many things through smartphone. For example, we can receive e-mail, send a message to a friend, take a photo or make a financial trade with smartphone. Now, many non-financial companies serve financial service through smartphone. Although there are many legislation restrictions in Taiwan, only bankers can provide financial service. But legislation restrictions will reduce. So banking industry is facing a great challenge. In this study, we discuss how bankers develop mobile financial service. Meanwhile, we also discuss how they organize their electric finance department, how they develop a new financial service and how they communicate with their customers. Based on the case study, the initial findings includes: (1) To face mobile trends, banks will focus on customer habits. Otherwise, banks will release new service to solve customer’s pain points. (2) To face mobile trends, banks will cooperate with non-financial industries. (3) To face mobile trends, E-finance department will recruit employees with diverse backgrounds. (4) To face mobile trends, banks will have many inter-departmental working group. If necessary, banks will set up heavyweight teams. (5) To face mobile trends, banks will increase channels to communicate with customers. The study finally addresses the contribution of this research in academia and the suggestions to practitioners and follow-on researchers. 行動趨勢行動金融行動支付電子金融服務創新專案團隊 Mobile trend Mobile finance Mobile payments E-finance Service innovation Project team
34	Pagamentos por meio de aplicativo de mensagens Liu, Xugui 18 December 2017 (has links) Submitted by XUGUI LIU (liuxugui@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T15:35:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-22T15:52:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T17:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / This project seeks to investigate the Paggi case, the first and only company that currently adopts payments through the messaging application in Brazil. This payment model leveraged the critical mass of messaging application users and thus achieved a lot of success in China. Besides China, countries like the United States and India are also beginning to implement this payment model. Thus, it is interesting to study this pioneering case in Brazil, where there is a high demand for the use of messaging applications. The main objective of this work is to discover the similarities and differences in the evolution of the payment model through the messaging application between the two companies selected from Brazil and China through the short-term evolutionary metrics. To Achieve this objective, interviews, documents, and publications analyzes were carried out to compare the similarities and differences regarding the evolution of the payment model of the two companies. It is hoped that the results found in this study could contribute to those interested in the Mobile Payments market, including those called Fintechs and also the messaging application companies that are looking to expand their platform and service lines, as follows: (1) to better understand the similarities and differences in the business model and the evolution of payment through messaging application between suppliers in these countries, (2) to offer recommendations for new entrants in this market in Brazil, to better structure their value propositions to customers, and (3) to identify the difficulties and facilities to implement this mobile payment model in the Brazilian market. / Este projeto busca investigar o caso Paggi, a primeira e a única empresa que, atualmente, adota pagamentos por meio de aplicativo de mensagens no Brasil. Esse modelo de pagamento aproveitou a massa crítica de usuários dos aplicativos de mensagens e, assim, obteve muito sucessos na China. Além da China, países como Estados Unidos e Índia também estão começando a implantar esse modelo de pagamento. Dessa forma, é interessante estudar esse caso pioneiro no Brasil, onde há uma alta demanda de uso de aplicativos de mensagens. O objetivo central deste trabalho é descobrir as similaridades e as diferenças em relação à evolução do modelo de pagamento por meio de aplicativo de mensagens entre as duas empresas selecionadas no Brasil e na China, com base em métricas evolucionais de curto prazo. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram realizadas entrevistas, análises de documentos e publicações, com a finalidade de comparar e analisar as similaridades e diferenças em relação ao modelo de negócios e a evolução do modelo de pagamento das duas empresas. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados neste estudo possam contribuir para os interessados no mercado de Mobile Payments, inclusive, as denominados Fintechs e também, as empresas de aplicativos de mensagens que buscam expandir sua plataforma e linhas de serviços, da seguinte maneira: (1) compreender melhor as similaridades e diferenças no modelo de negócios e na evolução do pagamento por meio de aplicativo de mensagens entre fornecedores desses países, (2) oferecer recomendações para novos entrantes nesse mercado, no Brasil, a melhor estruturar suas propostas de valor a clientes e (3) identificar as dificuldades e facilidades de implantar desse modelo de pagamento móvel no mercado brasileiro. Mobile payments Messaging applications Two-sided market Evolutionary metrics Network effect Aplicativos de mensagens Mercado de dois lados Métricas evolucionárias Efeito rede Administração de empresas Aplicativos móveis Comércio móvel Pagamento Sistemas de comunicação móvel Telefonia celular
35	Mobile banking no Brasil: eventos críticos, trajetória e cenários esperados Cernev, Adrian Kemmer 22 June 2010 (has links) Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T14:15:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100720.pdf: 4509995 bytes, checksum: f7bcb799932652107f30b7bc9a0d761c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T14:34:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100720.pdf: 4509995 bytes, checksum: f7bcb799932652107f30b7bc9a0d761c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T14:36:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100720.pdf: 4509995 bytes, checksum: f7bcb799932652107f30b7bc9a0d761c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-24T15:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100720.pdf: 4509995 bytes, checksum: f7bcb799932652107f30b7bc9a0d761c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-22 / O fenômeno de Mobile Banking, emergente no Brasil, poderia ser caracterizado tanto pela magnitude das expectativas associadas a ele quanto por sua complexidade sócio-política e tecnológica. Por um lado, este fenômeno representa uma formidável estratégia para inclusão financeira de uma parcela significativa da população brasileira, bem como um canal potencialmente revolucionário para serviços bancários e financeiros inovadores. Por outro lado, este fenômeno ainda se encontra em uma fase inicial de desenvolvimento no país, contrariando expectativas, e vários eventos críticos são esperados antes de sua possível consolidação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever e explicar os possíveis eventos críticos, trajetória e cenários relacionados ao fenômeno de Mobile Banking & Payments no contexto brasileiro, considerando-o como uma tecnologia-em-prática resultante da interação entre diversos agentes sociais. Com uma abordagem conceitual multi-nível focada em estudos na área de Tecnologia e Sistemas de Informação, orientada por uma postura epistemológica interpretativista e também crítica, buscou-se identificar os grupos sociais mais relevantes relacionados ao fenômeno analisado, avaliando as suas perspectivas e expectativas tecnológicas, ao mesmo tempo em que se buscou antecipar os possíveis processos de negociação e interação entre eles. Como resultado, foram construídos uma trajetória de eventos críticos de incerteza e dois cenários futuros considerados mais prováveis. Por conseguinte, foi possível analisar e endereçar propositivamente algumas questões críticas, com contribuições relevantes tanto para a teoria quanto para a prática. / The Mobile Banking phenomenon, still emergent in Brazil, could be characterized both by the magnitude of expectations related to it as well as by its sociopolitical and technological complexity. On the one hand, the phenomenon represents an effective strategy for inclusion of a significant part of the Brazilian population in the financial market and potential revolutionary channel for innovative banking and financial services. On the other hand, this phenomenon, despite the expectations, is still in its initial phases of development in the country, and several critical events are likely to happen before it may be consolidated. The aim of this academic work is to describe and explain these critical events, paths and scenarios related to the Mobile Banking & Payments phenomenon within the Brazilian context, being considering as a technology-in-practice that outcomes from the interaction among different social agents. This thesis aims to identify the most relevant social groups associated to the phenomenon under analysis using as conceptual multilevel approach, focused on studies in the of Technology and Information Systems, oriented by an interpretative and also critical epistemological attitude. To achieve this objective, the technological expectations and perspectives of these groups were evaluated, at the same time that possible negotiation and interaction processes among them were anticipated, thus yielding a sequence of critical events of uncertainty and two most probable future scenarios. As a result, it was possible to analyze and propose critical questions which will contribute both to the theory and the practice. Banco móvel Pagamentos móveis Tecnologia de informação Mobilidade Convergência Mobile banking Mobile payments Information technology Mobility Convergence Administração de empresas Bancos - Serviços ao cliente - Brasil Administração bancária - Brasil
36	Assessing the diffusion and use of mobile payment solutions : a case of the South African townships Mhlongo, Kulani Morgan 11 1900 (has links) With mobile phones almost being ubiquitous in most communities, the electronic payment industry has realised the potential of using mobile phones as devices that can be used to conduct electronic payments. This realisation has led to an increase in the number of mobile payment solutions, which are being deployed for use by the public. However, these mobile payment solutions have not been widely adopted, especially by the citizens who are residing in the townships. Thus, this study investigates the factors that inhibit township residents from adopting mobile payments. The study was done at the Soshanguve township on the outskirts of Pretoria in Gauteng, South Africa. The study adopted a mixed method approach to collect data. Phase 1 relied on the interviews from a few selected individuals to collect the initial data, once this process was complete; a questionnaire (Phase 2) was developed and distributed to the general community of Soshanguve for data collection, which was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed.the diffusion and use of mobile payments in the townships. Some of the factors are as follows: mobile payments are not easy to use; lack of products to purchase using mobile payments; high costs associated with using mobile payment solutions; lack of trialability of mobile payment solutions; and lack of awareness of mobile payment providers in the townships. The study proposes several guidelines that could help developers and operators of mobile payment solutions to design and deploy their solutions in such a way that they are suitable for consumption by the users in township communities. Proposed guidelines are as follows: (1) when a mobile payment solution is launched, effort should be made to market it to the target market; (2) potential adopters of mobile payments should be able to try it without incurring any financial penalties; (3) mobile payments should be easier to use; (4) mobile payment security features should be apparent to the potential adopters in order to alleviate their fears; (5) mobile payment solutions should be designed according to the needs of the target market as one size fits all does not work; (6) mobile payment solutions should fulfill a need which is not met by the current alternatives or it should offer more value than the existing alternatives; (7) the cost of conducting mobile payments should be affordable; and (8) the regulator should develop legislation that stimulates innovation and competition while ensuring the security of mobile payments. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computing) Mobile Payments Mobile Commerce Mobile Banking Mobile Network Mobile Wallet Mobile Adoption Mobile Money Transfer 332.1780968227
37	行動支付之探討-以電信運營商為例陳忠義 Unknown Date (has links) 由於智慧型手機與各種手持裝置日漸普及，4G行動上網速度與行動支付安全性、便利性與即時性的提升，行動支付（Mobile Payment）在這幾年已然成為電信、金融、手機軟硬體製造產業之間最熱門的話題之一，多樣化之支付型態因應而生。將個人行動裝置結合金融支付工具進行交易，讓使用者不需帶錢包出門即能輕鬆完成小額支付是未來趨勢，世界各國行動支付的比例逐漸提高，邁入無現金社會。台灣電信運營商也積極在行動支付戰場爭取一席之地，陸續推出電信運營商帳單代付（Direct Carrier Billing，DCB）及近距離無線通訊（Near Field Communication，NFC）相關行動支付應用服務，以增加創新服務體驗及客戶黏著度，最終目標為提高客戶平均貢獻度（Average Revenue Per User，ARPU）。本研究採用質性研究方法，透過次級資料蒐集、整理及分析，瞭解國外電信運營商之成功案例從中擷取鑑往知來的想法和做法，再深入觀察目前國內電信運營商在DCB的壞帳風險過高的問題及NFC電子錢包等行動支付之發展現況與窘境。最後提出建議，建議一為推動成立「電信聯合徵信中心」以共同降低壞帳風險，同時針對DCB用戶之消費項目進行分析以精準行銷並提升ARPU；建議二為推廣以「行動號碼」為數位身份認證（Mobile Connect）之行動支付平台，不僅可增加電信運營商之營收，更能夠滿足消費者追求快速、便利、安全性的需求。 / With the increasing popularity of smart phones and handheld devices, The 4G high mobility speeds and the security, convenience and real-time of mobile payment were improved. In recent years Mobile Payments have become a hot topic between the telecommunications, financial industry, mobile hardware and software manufacturing industry, diversified payment patterns in response. It is the future trend to combine personal mobile devices with financial payments tools so that users can easily make small payment no need to bring their wallet. The proportion of the Mobile Payment by countries in the world is gradually increasing and moving towards a cashless society. Taiwan's telecom operators are also preparing to carve out a niche for themselves in the mobile payment battlefield by launching Direct Carrier Billing （DCB）and Near Field Communication（NFC）related mobile payment application service to increase innovative service experience and customer adhesion, The ultimate goal is to enhance their Average Revenue Per User（ARPU）. This research uses Qualitative Research Methods by collect, collate and analyze secondary data to understand the ideas and practices of observing the successful cases of foreign telecom operators to capture from the past to further understanding and solutions. And in-depth observation of the current domestic telecom operator’s highly bad debt risk in DCB and development situation and dilemma of the NFC related mobile payments. Finally, suggestion one is to facilitate the establishment of "Telecom’s Joint Credit Information Center" to reduce the risk of bad debts and then analyze the consumption items of DCB subscribers for precise marketing to enhance ARPU. Suggestion two is to promote “Mobile Connect” digital authentication solution with “Mobile Directory Number” in mobile payment’s platform. It not only increases the revenue of telecom operators, but also satisfy needs of consumer’s about seeking fast, convenient and safe. 行動支付直接運營商支付近距離無線通訊每客戶平均貢獻度行動連接 Mobile payments Direct carrier billing Near field communication Average revenue per user Mobile connect
38	Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services Perlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links) The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. \| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD Agents Airtime transfer Airtime -based SOV Allocation of loss Allocation of risk Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Aristotle Australian school Auto-subscription Banks Banks Act Bilateral Juristic Act Bottom of Pyramid Branchless Banking BSD Business of banking Cash-In /Cash out Central Bank Claim school Competition Commission Condictiones Consumer protection Consumer Protection Act (CPA) Contract law Convergence CTF Dedicated Banks Bill Delict Regulatory philosophies Deposits Deposit-taking Directives Dodd-Frank Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic money (e-money) Electronic Money Directive (EMD) European Union (EU) FA Mann Fiat Fiat-based SOV FICA Financial inclusion Financial literacy Foley v Hill Hacking ICASA Kenya KYC Legal capacity m-Banking Means of exchange Means of payment MFS MFSP Miller v Race Minors MNO Mobile Banking (m-Banking Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Mobile Financial Service Provider (MFSP) Mobile Financial Services Provide (MFSP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) Mobile payments Mobile payments (m-Payments) Mobile purse Mobile wallet Money Money Laundering (ML) m-Payments m-pesa National Consumer Commission National Payment System National Payment System Act (NPSA) Non-Banks NPSA Orthodox school Oversight Payment instrument Payments law Pooled accounts Position paper Proportional regulation Prudential Regulation PSD PSPL PSRA Redeemable funds Regulator's dilemma Regulatory capture Remittances (RICA) (South Africa) Security SIM Card SIPS South African Reserve Bank SOV Specie Store of Value (SOV) Stored Value Account (SVA) Subscriber Supervison Systemic risk Telecommunications Transformational banking Trust accounts Unbanked Underserved Underbanked Unit of account United Dominions Trust (UDT) Unjustified enrichment USA Value Added Services (VAS) Wallet WASP WASPA Additive banking Regulatory arbitrage 346.82120680285 Banks and banking, mobile --South Africa
39	Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services Perlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links) The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. \| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D. Agents Airtime transfer Airtime -based SOV Allocation of loss Allocation of risk Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Aristotle Australian school Auto-subscription Banks Banks Act Bilateral Juristic Act Bottom of Pyramid Branchless Banking BSD Business of banking Cash-In /Cash out Central Bank Claim school Competition Commission Condictiones Consumer protection Consumer Protection Act (CPA) Contract law Convergence CTF Dedicated Banks Bill Delict Regulatory philosophies Deposits Deposit-taking Directives Dodd-Frank Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic money (e-money) Electronic Money Directive (EMD) European Union (EU) FA Mann Fiat Fiat-based SOV FICA Financial inclusion Financial literacy Foley v Hill Hacking ICASA Kenya KYC Legal capacity m-Banking Means of exchange Means of payment MFS MFSP Miller v Race Minors MNO Mobile Banking (m-Banking Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Mobile Financial Service Provider (MFSP) Mobile Financial Services Provide (MFSP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) Mobile payments Mobile payments (m-Payments) Mobile purse Mobile wallet Money Money Laundering (ML) m-Payments m-pesa National Consumer Commission National Payment System National Payment System Act (NPSA) Non-Banks NPSA Orthodox school Oversight Payment instrument Payments law Pooled accounts Position paper Proportional regulation Prudential Regulation PSD PSPL PSRA Redeemable funds Regulator's dilemma Regulatory capture Remittances (RICA) (South Africa) Security SIM Card SIPS South African Reserve Bank SOV Specie Store of Value (SOV) Stored Value Account (SVA) Subscriber Supervison Systemic risk Telecommunications Transformational banking Trust accounts Unbanked Underserved Underbanked Unit of account United Dominions Trust (UDT) Unjustified enrichment USA Value Added Services (VAS) Wallet WASP WASPA Additive banking Regulatory arbitrage 346.82120680285 Banks and banking, mobile --South Africa

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