The objective of this research is to understand how consumers perceive mobile payment services and the consumers’ maturity level to adopt mobile payments in the Swedish market. To reach our objective interviews were conducted asking about consumers experience with current payment methods and how consumers perceive mobile payment services. Questions from the interviews are derived from theories about technology adoption mainly from Diffusion of Innovations and Technology Acceptance Model. In addition questions about how consumers perceive mobile payment services are based on existing and concept based features. The results show that consumers are open to, and can even consider paying to use the mobile phone as a payment instrument. At the moment mobile payment services are either based on Near Field Communication (NFC) or Quick Response (QR) code technologies at Point of Sale(POS) purchases. Consumer perceive each payment solution differently; NFC based payments were perceived as more convenient while QR code were perceived as more secure. In addition mobile payment services have the potential to incorporate additional features that can increase its attractiveness, such as storing loyalty cards digitally and the ability to transfer moneybetween accounts. The maturity level among the consumers are in an early stage because their knowledge about mobile payment services is very low at the moment, due to that the interviewees did not consider themselves as early adopters when new technologie s are introduced.

For the last decades there has been a steady shift from cash to card payments and with increased smart phone penetration, payments have started to move into our mobile devices. This thesis studies how mobile payments can change the traditional payment landscape. The purpose is to assess the disruptiveness of the Swedish mobile payment market and describe key stakeholder strategies for managing a potentially disruptive change. The study has been designed as a combination of a theoretical and an empirical study where the theoretical part consisted of a literature review that hinted on a gap in terms of available literature on the disruptiveness of different mobile payment business models. Main theoretical concepts used are; disruptive innovation, business model innovation, and theories on competing solutions and dominant design. The subsequent empirical study consisted of a number of qualitative, indepth interviews with key stakeholder from the Swedish mobile payment industry: five mobile payment providers, one major merchant, and the Swedish Trade Federation. This thesis shows that two fundamentally different types of mobile C2B payments are emerging; mobile payment solutions based on existing card payment schemes and mobile payment solutions that build on new and independent payment schemes. The independent model has been defined as the most powerful disruptive force in relation to the existing market for card payments, mainly because it offers opportunities for innovative players to build simple new payment schemes that bypass traditional card payment players and therefore can be made far more cost efficient. However, many established card payment players are inhibiting this development since they are afraid it could seriously harm their existing card business.

The mobile payments industry, which is currently at an early stage of development, is taking the direction to be established mainly as an NFC-based industry, and, moreover, led by the mobile digital wallets setting. A mobile digital wallet is a complete payment app for your NFC-enabled mobile phone that enables consumers to pay at stores at the point of sale with a mobile phone. The digital wallet, which is associated with a credit card, integrates all payment-related services like the management and storage of receipts, coupons and offers, and loyalty cards. Currently, there are three big partnerships going ahead of the NFC mPayments stream: Google Wallet, VISA’s Digital Wallet and ISIS Mobile Wallet. Each one of these three mobile digital wallets is led by an actor coming from a different industry of origin. Google Wallet is led by Google, an internet and technology actor. VISA’s Digital Wallet is managed by Visa, a traditional payment processor. And ISIS Mobile Wallet is led by three of the largest US telecom operators: AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon. Thus, applying a business network theory to analyse how the industry of origin of the mobile digital wallet affects the interaction within the partnership formed is a unique and perfectly fitted opportunity. The aim of this Master Thesis was to analyse the influence, regarding interaction, of the origin industry of the leading partners on the NFC-based mobile digital wallet partnerships of the mobile payments developing industry. A literature review on business network theory was conducted, in order to identify key features of the business landscape affecting interaction on business networks, as well as an industry analysis of the mobile payments developing industry. Then, the business network theory approach was applied to the study of the mobile payments digital wallet setting, conducting a discussion based both on the industry analysis performed and a set of interviews with experts on the mobile payments industry.

La téléphonie mobile occupe une place importante dans notre société. Nous sommes passés de téléphones n’ayant que pour principale fonction la communication, à de véritables instruments de développement économiques. Désormais utilisées dans le monde entier et adopté par des populations issues de toutes les classes sociales, les transactions effectuées par la téléphonie mobile doivent aujourd’hui indéniablement être astreintes à un encadrement juridique efficace, orienté sur la protection des consommateurs de ces services. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous avons décidé de nous consacrer à l’analyse des prestations de services de paiements mobiles. Ces dernières, qui sont particulièrement appréciées des populations africaines, nous ont menés à analyser le contrat qui lie les consommateurs de ces services. Malgré l’existence de certaines règles importantes, il est apparu que de nombreuses insuffisances mettant en danger le consommateur pouvaient être relevées. Cette réalité n’est que le fruit de plusieurs obstacles qui se dressent face à l’élaboration d’un cadre juridique adapté aux consommateurs. Ils proviennent essentiellement du fait que le continent africain n’est autre que celui qui accueille cette nouvelle technologie, qui n’a pas encore été appréhendée par d’autres continents dont certains États membres ont longtemps constitué un exemple pour ceux-ci. Même au sein du continent africain, les efforts déployés par certains États d’Afrique de l’Est n’ont pu être textuellement retranscrits, au vu de la particularité de chaque État, et de chaque système juridique. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous verrons comment le législateur pourrait être en mesure de réduire les inégalités qui existent entre le consommateur d’une part, et les professionnels d’autre part. / Mobile telephony has an important place in our society. We have gone from mobile phones having only the main function of communication, to real instruments of economic development. Now used around the world and adopted by populations from all social classes, transactions carried out by mobile telephony must now undoubtedly be subject to an effective legal framework geared towards the protection of consumers of these services. As part of our study, we decided to devote ourselves to the analysis of the provision of mobile payment services. These transactions, which are particularly appreciated by the African populations, have led us to analyze the contract that binds the consumers of these services. Despite the existence of certain important rules, it appeared that many shortcomings which endangered the consumer must be noted. This reality is only the fruit of several obstacles that stand in the way of the development of a legal framework adapted to consumers. They are mainly due to the fact that the African continent is no other than the one which develops this new technology, which has not yet been approved by other continents of which some member states have been an example for them. Even within the African continent, the efforts made by some West African states could not be textually transcribed, because of the particularity of each state, and each legal system. As part of our study, we will see how the legislator could be able to reduce the inequalities that exist between consumers on the one hand, and professionals on the other.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию развития мобильных платежей в Китае и России. Предметом исследования выступают выявление проблем развития мобильных платежей, выработка стратегии решения и перспективы сотрудничества двух стран. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка комплексной концепции налогообложения субъектов малого бизнеса на основе теоретического обоснования мобильных платежей, выявление проблем, существующих в развитии мобильных платежей в России и Китае, выработка стратегии их решения и изучение перспектив развития мобильных платежей. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по сотрудничеству Китая и России в сфере мобильных платежей. / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the development of mobile payments in China and Russia. The subject of the research is the identification of problems in the development of mobile payments, the development of a solution strategy and prospects for cooperation between the two countries. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a comprehensive concept of taxation of small businesses based on a theoretical justification of mobile payments, identifying problems existing in the development of mobile payments in Russia and China, developing strategies for solving them and studying the prospects for the development of mobile payments. The report identifies recommendations for cooperation between China and Russia in the field of mobile payments.

The 2015 mandate of Europay MasterCard and Visa (EMV) “chip card” technology in the U.S. left the payments market primed for the adoption of alternative technologies. The goal of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to the adoption of new, alternative payment technologies by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Switching Cost Theory and operationalizing both theories in a consumer context. Through a survey of 210 chip card and mobile payment users, this study finds the TAM dimensions of self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, and social influence are key determinants of a user’s propensity to use a new technology in a mandated consumer context and introduces switching costs as an important antecedent to a consumer’s likelihood to use an alternative payment technology. More generally, this work integrates those theories to gain insight into how industry mandates influence user behavior with regards to consumer acceptance of alternative technologies. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

Syfte: Identifiera de olika betalningsmedlen för att finna samband mellan upplevelserna av deras säkerhet, enkelhet och hur dessa aspekter påverkar valet av betalningsmedel. Metod: Kvantitativ metod Teori: Litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och empiriska rapporter Empiri: En enkätundersökning gjordes för datainsamling Slutsats: Undersökningen bekräftar att både upplevelsen av säkerhet och enkelhet påverkar konsumenterna i valet av betalningsmedel. Vår undersökning visar att enkelhet ör den vanli-gaste och viktigaste orsaken för en konsument i valet av betalningsmedel. Undersökningen visar även att i olika ålderskategorier skiljer sig användandet av de olika betalningsmedlen åt och den visar även på olika värderingsgrunder vad gäller säkerhet och enkelhet mellan ålders-kategorierna för valet av betalningsmedel. / Purpose: Identify the different payment methods to find a connection between the perceived safety, the ease of use and how those aspects affects the choice of pay method in a buying process. Method: Quantitative method Theory: Literature, scientific articles and empirical reports Empirical foundation: A survey was made to collect data Conclusion: The research confirms that both safety and ease of use affects consumers in the choice of pay method. Our research shows that the ease of use is the most common and im-portant reason for a consumer when choosing a pay method. The survey also shows that in different age categories the use of the various means of payment is different and also shows a difference in the valuation of qualities as safety and ease of use between age categories for the choice of payment.

Submitted by Geraldo José Martins dos Santos (gera-martins@uol.com.br) on 2014-12-22T23:36:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-12-23T11:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-23T11:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / This study objects to identify aspects that can promote or limit the emergence of mobile payment arrangements (m-payments) that can be used in microcredit initiatives in Brazil. The microcredit theme was chosen not only for the huge potential to perform microcredit operations in Brazil but also for the aspect of economic and social integration that microcredit operations can provide. The choice of mobile payment theme was based on the versatility and innovation of this payment method, with potential for a major transformation of payment methods in the Brazilian market. The analysis of the use of mobile payment initiatives in microfinance arose due to the contributions this mode of payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. The objective of this qualitative study is to assist in understanding the supportive and limiting aspects for the use of mobile payment initiatives in microcredit, as well as to verify what contributions the use of mobile payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. Additionally, using the information obtained from the Relevant Social Groups (RSG) involved in these payment arrangements, this work also aims to identify the influences of these agents to form and to adapt these arrangements. Information to conduct this study was collected primarily through in-depth interviews with selected participants of RSG from these payment arrangements representatives. The interviews were transcribed at the end of this work and represent an important source of information to those interested in the subject, considering the richness of detail presented. For the understanding and interpretation of the object of study, the theoretical framework presented by Coase and Williamson (Transaction Costs), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework) was used. With the publication of Resolution 4.282 of Brazilian Central Bank in November 2013, establishing the regulatory framework that governs the authorization and operation of arrangements and payment institutions in Brazil, the subject of this study becomes even more relevant for the academic community participants in the microfinance market and RSG members of the mobile payment arrangements. We hope with this study contribute to a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators for adoption and development of mobile payment arrangements, but mostly that this study may contribute to a greater interaction of these arrangements with microcredit initiatives. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os aspectos que podem promover ou limitar o surgimento de arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment (pagamentos móveis) que possam ser utilizados nas iniciativas de microcrédito no Brasil. O tema microcrédito foi escolhido em função do enorme potencial para a realização de operações de microcrédito no Brasil, bem como pelo aspecto de integração econômico-social que as operações de microcrédito podem proporcionar. A escolha do tema mobile payment ocorreu em função da versatilidade e inovação desta modalidade de pagamento, com potencial para uma grande transformação dos meios de pagamentos no mercado brasileiro. A análise da utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito surgiu em função das contribuições que tal modalidade de pagamento pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. O objetivo deste estudo qualitativo é auxiliar na compreensão dos aspectos limitadores e incentivadores para a utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito, bem como verificar quais contribuições a utilização do mobile payment pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. Adicionalmente, por meio das informações obtidas junto aos Grupos Sociais Relevantes (GSR) envolvidos nos arranjos de pagamentos, a presente pesquisa pretende ainda identificar as influências destes agentes para a formação e adaptação desses arranjos. As informações para a realização deste estudo foram coletadas principalmente por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com representantes selecionados dos GSR participantes dos arranjos de pagamentos. As entrevistas realizadas foram transcritas e constam no final do trabalho, representando uma fonte importante de informação aos interessados no tema, em função da riqueza de detalhes apresentados. Para a compreensão e interpretação do objeto de estudo, foi utilizado o referencial teórico apresentado por Coase e Williamson (Teoria dos Custos de Transação), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework). Com a publicação da Resolução 4.282 do Banco Central do Brasil em novembro de 2013, instituindo o marco regulatório que disciplina a autorização e o funcionamento de arranjos e instituições de pagamento no Brasil, o objeto de análise em questão torna-se ainda mais relevante para a comunidade acadêmica, participantes do mercado de microcrédito e GSR integrantes dos arranjos de mobile payment. Espera-se com isso contribuir para um melhor entendimento das barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção e desenvolvimento dos arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment, e, principalmente, que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para uma maior interação destes arranjos com as iniciativas de microcrédito.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer las razones de la resistencia a la adopción de pagos móviles de la generación X de la ciudad de Chiclayo, el cual, se cumplió utilizando la literatura sobre la resistencia a la innovación y aplicando un enfoque cualitativo descriptivo, se entrevistó a 12 adultos pertenecientes a la generación X, que, hasta el momento de la entrevista, no hayan hecho uso del pago móvil para pagar en una tienda física. Las razones de resistencia se clasificaron en 5 barreras: uso, valor, riesgo, tradición e imagen. Para la barrera de uso se mencionó la falta de adopción comercial de los pagos móviles por parte de las tiendas, desconocimiento de uso y la fragmentación de las aplicaciones de pago móvil. Respecto a la barrera de valor, hubo características resaltantes como la rapidez y el evitamiento de contacto con el dinero, adicional a esto se mencionaron motivadores de uso como el mejoramiento del servicio e incentivos promocionales. En la barrera de riesgo, la preocupación de ser asaltados, estafados y la falla en los aplicativos de pago móvil e incluso su propio dispositivo móvil, se mostraron como principales inquietudes. Los motivos de no adopción en la barrera de tradición están la comodidad y funcionalidad que les aporta su método de pago actual, tarjeta o efectivo, y el hábito y costumbre de usar métodos de pago tradicionales. Por último, en la barrera de imagen no se encontró razones de resistencia al uso de los pagos móviles. / The objective of this research was to know the reasons for the resistance to the adoption of mobile payments of generation X of the city of Chiclayo, which was fulfilled using the literature on resistance to innovation and applying a descriptive qualitative approach, interviewed to 12 adults belonging to generation X, who, until the moment of the interview, had not used mobile payment to pay in a physical store. The reasons for resistance were classified into 5 barriers: use, value, risk, tradition and image. For the use barrier, the lack of commercial adoption of mobile payments by stores, ignorance of use and the fragmentation of mobile payment applications were mentioned. Regarding the value barrier, there were outstanding characteristics such as speed and the avoidance of contact with money, in addition to this, motivators of use were mentioned, such as the improvement of the service and promotional incentives. In the risk barrier, the concern of being robbed, scammed and the failure of mobile payment applications and even their own mobile device, were shown as the main concerns. The reasons for not adopting the tradition barrier are the convenience and functionality provided by their current payment method, card or cash, and the habit and custom of using traditional payment methods. Finally, in the image barrier, no reasons for resistance to the use of mobile payments were found.

The Near Field Communication (NFC) and mobile payments are two areas in constant development in current market. Today when we use the wallet, we can found cash of different values, coins, debit and credit cards of one or two banks, loyalty cards from restaurants and shopping receipts. Even though these items found in the wallet have a symbolic value of utility, they are becoming outdated, as a plethora of plastic and paper that will not make much sense in the near future. The revolution of mobile payments is imminent and is already happening. Instead of wallets, we have mobile phones with NFC on their hardware and software that transform them into a digital wallet (e-wallet). What matters now are not the papers and cards, but stay connected to your e-wallet account\'s that has your bank details. The main objective of this dissertation is to present the development of a mobile payment system called S-Wallet system, using the technology of NFC. This work also includes the development of a protocol for mobile payments, the protocol SWEP, which performs the whole process of message exchange, data exchange and payment execution. Besides the App S-Wallet, an application interface to android users use. In addition, an account that stores users data remotely, called S-Wallet account. As part of the evaluation of the S-Wallet, we perform tests of integration of all the entities of the system. These tests showed that the S-Wallet provides usability, security and privacy to users. Further, we had performed usability tests with users showing that the S-Wallet system is easy to use and we had indicated it for the real scenario studied: payment between two users, peer-to-peer (P2P) and retail vending. This work shows that the NFC technology is secure for mobile payments and is very useful for its expansion in the commercial sector. / A Comunicação por Proximidade de Campo do inglês Near Field Communication (NFC) e os pagamentos móveis são duas áreas em constante desenvolvimento no mercado atual. Hoje ao utilizar a carteira são encontradas cédulas de diferentes valores, moedas, cartões de débito e de crédito de um ou dois bancos, cartões fidelidade de restaurantes e recibos de compras. Mesmo que esses itens encontrados na carteira tenham um valor simbólico de utilidade, eles estão se tornando ultrapassados, como uma infinidade de plástico e papel que não fará muito sentido em um futuro próximo. A revolução dos pagamentos móveis é iminente e já está acontecendo. No lugar das carteiras estão entrando os celulares com dispositivos NFC em seu hardware e software que os transformam em uma carteira digital (e-wallet). O que interessa não são mais os papeis e os cartões, mas sim estar conectado com sua conta da e-wallet que possui seus dados bancários. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de pagamentos móveis denominado sistema S-Wallet, utilizando como base a tecnologia NFC. Este trabalho também inclui o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de pagamentos móveis, o protocolo SWEP, que realiza todo o processo de troca de mensagens, troca de dados e execução do pagamento. Além da App S-Wallet, uma aplicação com interface android para os usuários utilizarem. Assim como uma conta que armazena os dados dos usuários remotamente, denominada conta S-Wallet. Como parte da avaliação do sistema S-Wallet, foram realizados testes de integração das entidades desse sistema. Esses testes mostraram que o sistema S-Wallet proporciona usabilidade, segurança e privacidade aos usuários. Além disso foram realizados testes de usabilidade com usuários que mostraram que o sistema S-Wallet é fácil de usar e que pode ser indicado para o cenário pesquisado: pagamento entre dois usuários do inglês peer-to-peer (P2P) e máquinas de venda do varejo. Este trabalho mostra que a tecnologia NFC é segura para pagamentos móveis e é de grande utilidade para a expansão da mesma no setor comercial. / Mestre em Ciências