Abstract  In Sweden, moderators of Facebook groups are currently required to remove illegal content from their forums according to BBS-lagen. The law is however old and rarely used, and the impact of it’s existence is unclear. The purpose of the essay is to gain understanding on how moderators of Facebook groups think and act on illegal/inappropriate content that is published within their groups, and what impact the current legislation on the subject in Sweden has on their behavior. In order to examine this the following questions was asked:  -       How does moderators of big Facebook groups reason and act on potentially illegal/inappropriate content in their groups?  -       How do moderators of big Facebook groups reason and act on potentially illegal/inappropriate content in their groups, in relation to the law on bulletin board systems (BBS-lagen)?  The theoretical vantage points were the Public Sphere by Habermas and Panopticon by Foucault, to explain the actions of the moderators and the impact of legislation. The methods used were semi-structured qualitative interviews with moderators of Facebook groups, in combination with an analysis on relevant legal documents.  The study found that the majority of the interviewed Facebook moderators had a semi - rigorous moderation approach, where freedom of speech was important, but also second to the wellbeing of the community. The forums had to have some level of surveillance on a regular basis, often following use of the Facebook report function. They were mostly aware of the legislation but did not actively use it as a tool for moderation, they leaned on the group's internal regulations instead.    Keywords: BBS-lagen, democracy online, surveillance, Facebook moderation, illegal content

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka (a) sambanden mellan perfektionism, motivationsklimat och prestationsångest, samt (b) hur motivationsklimatet modererar styrkan i relationen mellan perfektionism och prestationsångest. Studien var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där datainsamlingen genomförts via ett bekvämlighetsurval. Totalt deltog 92 damfotbollsspelare som var aktiva i division 1, åldern på  deltagarna var mellan 15–30 (M = 20.84, SD = 3.64). Fem hypoteser skapades utifrån studiens två syften och har testats genom en korrelationsanalys och två modereringsanalyser, vidare har det fastställts att resultatet delvis stämmer överens med hypoteserna. Resultatet av korrelationsanalysen rapporterade ett positivt signifikant samband mellan perfektionistiska strävanden och prestationsångest. Vidare rapporterar resultatet ett positivt signifikant samband mellan perfektionistiska bekymmer och prestationsångest. Ytterligare visade resultatet en positiv korrelation mellan resultatorienterat motivationsklimat och prestationsångest, medan uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat visade ett icke signifikant samband med prestationsångest. Den första modereringsanalysen rapporterade att uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat modererar styrkan i relationen mellan perfektionistiska bekymmer och prestationsångest, däremot rapporterades ingen modererande effekt gällande att resultatorienterat motivationsklimat påverkar styrkan i relationen mellan perfektionistiska bekymmer och prestationsångest. Den andra modereringsanalysen rapporterade att varken uppgift- eller resultatorienterat motivationsklimat modererar relationen mellan perfektionistiska strävanden och prestationsångest. Resultatet belyser vikten av att ta hänsyn till psykosociala aspekter i damfotboll för att atleten ska löpa mindre risk att uppleva prestationsångest. / The purpose of the present study was to investigate (a) the relationships between perfectionism, motivational climate and performance anxiety, and (b) how the motivational climate moderates the relationship between perfectionism and performance anxiety. The study were a quantitative cross-sectional study where the data collection was carried out by an availability sample. A total of 92 woman’s soccer players who were active in division 1participated in the study and the age of the participants was between 15-30 (M = 20.84, SD =3.64). Five hypotheses were created based on the purpose of the study and tested through a correlation analysis and two moderation analyses; it has also been established that the results are partly consistent with the hypotheses. The result of the correlation analysis reports a positive significant relationship between perfectionistic strivings and performance anxiety. Furthermore, the correlation analysis shows a positive significant relationship between perfectionistic concerns and performance anxiety. The correlation analysis also shows a positive correlation between result-oriented motivational climate and performance anxiety, while there where a non-significant relationship between task-oriented motivational climate and performance anxiety. The first moderation analysis reported that task-oriented motivational climate moderates the relationship between perfectionist concerns and performance anxiety, but no moderating effect has been shown regarding that result-oriented motivational climate affects the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and performance anxiety. The second moderation analysis reported that neither task or resultoriented motivational climate moderates the relationship between perfectionistic strivings and performance anxiety. The results highlight the importance of taking psychosocial aspects into account within women´s soccer so that the athlete is in less risk of experiencing performance anxiety.

I dagens digitala medielandskap har deltagandet och engagemanget av användargenererade kommentarer (AGK) ökat, på gott och ont. Relationen mellan publik och journalister är i ständig förändring, där karaktären av både användare och dess kommentarer kategoriseras samt värderas. Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att bidra med en ökad förståelse för de utmaningar som nyhetsarbetare möter i den modererande yrkesrollen. Studiens resultat identifierades med hjälp av de teoretiska ramverken Boundary Theory (Gränsteorin), Emotionellt arbete och Copingteorin. Resultatet visar på att gränsdragningar var viktiga för att nyhetsarbetare skulle kunna distansera sig från publiken, samt för att upprätthålla deras journalistiska auktorit. Gränsdragningarna resulterade även i förhöjda förväntningar som upprätthölls av känsloregler för hur de bör agera samt vilka emotioner de har rätt att uttrycka i arbetet. Där individuella och organisatoriska copingstrategier tillämpades för att hantera det emotionella arbetet som genererats av gränsdragningarna.

Managing digital conversations: Municipal moderation on social platforms The aim of this study is to examine how Swedish municipalities relate to moderation practices on social media. The study is based on qualitative interviews with ten communicators within nine Swedish municipalities, which varied in size and in geographical location. The empiricism has then been coded, themed and analyzed through a thematic analysis. The analysis is supported by a theoretical framework that consists of theories relating to the municipal sector, the communicative conditions of the municipality and the municipality on social media.  The result shows that all municipalities use manual moderation, and in two cases a technical moderation tool has also been implemented. The moderation practices are affected by resources and by how the social media work is prioritized compared to other work tasks. The study also shows that the municipalities rely on similar guidelines in their moderation work, where comments that violate these guidelines can be deleted or hidden. However, in some cases the moderation is based on former experiences and “gut feeling” in what should be moderated. It also became clear that the municipalities mostly focuses on answering questions and reminding the commenters of keeping a good tone before applying strategies such as deleting or hiding comments. They emphasize the importance of not censoring criticism directed towards the municipality. Regarding the external and internal communication about the moderation practices, it is expressed how the internal communication consists of coordination between the communicators and other departments. This was shown in the bigger municipalities, where the responsibility for the moderation is divided. The external communication varies, in some cases the guidelines and the fact that the comment section has been moderated is communicated towards the citizens. However, in some cases it is not communicated. Further it also became clear that there are tensions between encouraging a dialogue with citizens and at the same time having control over it. In order to keep the control, the municipalities in the majority of cases adjust their social media content to precede eventual moderation. The adjustments are made according to time of publishing, tonality, place and the content in posts.

Portfolio allocation theories have been studied and used ever since the mid 20th century. Nevertheless, many investors still rely on personal expertise and information gathered from the market when building their investment portfolios. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to examine how personal preferences and expertise perform compared to mathematical portfolio alloca- tion theories and how the risk between these di↵erent strategies di↵er. Using two portfolio allocation theories, the Black-Litterman model and mod- ern portfolio theory (Markowitz), a portfolio managed by the investment firm Placerum Kapitalf ̈orvaltning in Ume ̊a will be compared and challenged to investigate which strategy gives the best risk adjusted return. Using scenario modelling, the portfolios can be compared using both historical data and future forecasted scenarios to analyze the past, present and future of the allocation theories and Placerum’s investment strategy. The first allocation theory, the Black-Litterman model, combines historical information from the market with views and preferences of the investor to select the optimal allocations derived from return and volatility. The second allocation theory, the modern portfolio theory (Markowitz), only uses histori- cal data to derive correlations and returns which are then used to select the optimal allocations. By analysing several risk measures applied on the portfolios historical and forecasted data as well as comparing the performance of the portfolios, it is shown that the investment strategy used at Placerum succeeds with its intentions to achieve relatively high return while reducing the risk. However, the portfolios given using the two allocation theories results in higher potential returns but at the cost of taking on a higher risk. Comparing the two studied allocation theories, it is shown that when using the Black-Litterman model with the assumptions and views defined in this project, modern allocation theory actually beats it in terms of potential return as well as in terms of risk adjusted return, even though its underlying theory is much simpler.

Ministers have a very unique occupation with designated job demands and incongruous resources at their disposal. Over the past few years numerous studies have been undertaken different occupations’ regarding job demands and job resources. In contrast, limited studies were done among ministers of religion, particularly in the context of the three Reformed sister churches in South Africa. This is the case even though these ministers play such a key role in the current social and religious sphere. Results from previous studies have shown that job demands and the lack of resources have a major impact on the experience of work-nonwork interference among individuals (Koekemoer & Mostert, 2006; Mostert, 2009, Mostert & Oosthuizen, 2006; Tshabalala, 2007; Van Aarde & Mostert, 2008).This trend, however, has not been researched amongst ministers before – particularly how ministers cope with this interference. The overall objective of the present study was to investigate job demands and job resources as significant predictors of work-nonwork interference for ministers of the three sister churches. The focus also was on coping strategies that are significant in dealing with work-nonwork interference. The possible moderation brought about by these coping strategies was also investigated. Various hypotheses related to the overall objective were tested in the empirical study. The design used for this study was a cross-sectional survey design undertaken among ministers of the three sister churches mentioned. Various job demands, job resources, worknonwork interference and coping strategies were measured. This was done by employing the instruments of Peeters, Montgomery, Bakker and Schaufeli, (2005); Buys and Rothmann (2009); Koekemoer, Mostert and Rothman, 2010; Geurts et al. (2005) and Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989). Construct validity of all the instruments were proven with the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) in the SPSS program. Descriptive statistics, cronbach alpha coefficients, Pearson and Spearman product-moment correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Moderation regression analyses were also done to test for possible moderation of specific coping strategies. Results indicated that cognitive demands were related to the dimension of work-parent interference. Emotional demands and pace and amount of work had a relation with all the various dimensions of the work-nonwork interference. Congregational support related work-home interference as well as work-religion/spirituality interference. Financial support, lack of autonomy, as well as social support, related to all three dimensions of work-nonwork interference. Job significance related work-religion/spirituality interference, whereas job accomplishment predicted work-home interference and work-religion/spirituality interference. The results of the predictors on work-parent interference included the following: cognitive demands, pace and amount of work, financial support and turning-to-religion. Work-home interference was predicted by the variables pace and amount of work and financial support. Work-religion/spirituality interference were predicted by pace and amount of work, job significance and turning to religion. The various coping strategies (turning-to-religion, seeking-emotional-support, active coping, acceptance coping, planning and avoidance coping) functioned as moderators between certain specific job demands, job resources and dimensions of work-nonwork interference. Limitations of the study were discussed and recommendations were put forward for future studies on this topic. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Ministers have a very unique occupation with designated job demands and incongruous resources at their disposal. Over the past few years numerous studies have been undertaken different occupations’ regarding job demands and job resources. In contrast, limited studies were done among ministers of religion, particularly in the context of the three Reformed sister churches in South Africa. This is the case even though these ministers play such a key role in the current social and religious sphere. Results from previous studies have shown that job demands and the lack of resources have a major impact on the experience of work-nonwork interference among individuals (Koekemoer & Mostert, 2006; Mostert, 2009, Mostert & Oosthuizen, 2006; Tshabalala, 2007; Van Aarde & Mostert, 2008).This trend, however, has not been researched amongst ministers before – particularly how ministers cope with this interference. The overall objective of the present study was to investigate job demands and job resources as significant predictors of work-nonwork interference for ministers of the three sister churches. The focus also was on coping strategies that are significant in dealing with work-nonwork interference. The possible moderation brought about by these coping strategies was also investigated. Various hypotheses related to the overall objective were tested in the empirical study. The design used for this study was a cross-sectional survey design undertaken among ministers of the three sister churches mentioned. Various job demands, job resources, worknonwork interference and coping strategies were measured. This was done by employing the instruments of Peeters, Montgomery, Bakker and Schaufeli, (2005); Buys and Rothmann (2009); Koekemoer, Mostert and Rothman, 2010; Geurts et al. (2005) and Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989). Construct validity of all the instruments were proven with the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) in the SPSS program. Descriptive statistics, cronbach alpha coefficients, Pearson and Spearman product-moment correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Moderation regression analyses were also done to test for possible moderation of specific coping strategies. Results indicated that cognitive demands were related to the dimension of work-parent interference. Emotional demands and pace and amount of work had a relation with all the various dimensions of the work-nonwork interference. Congregational support related work-home interference as well as work-religion/spirituality interference. Financial support, lack of autonomy, as well as social support, related to all three dimensions of work-nonwork interference. Job significance related work-religion/spirituality interference, whereas job accomplishment predicted work-home interference and work-religion/spirituality interference. The results of the predictors on work-parent interference included the following: cognitive demands, pace and amount of work, financial support and turning-to-religion. Work-home interference was predicted by the variables pace and amount of work and financial support. Work-religion/spirituality interference were predicted by pace and amount of work, job significance and turning to religion. The various coping strategies (turning-to-religion, seeking-emotional-support, active coping, acceptance coping, planning and avoidance coping) functioned as moderators between certain specific job demands, job resources and dimensions of work-nonwork interference. Limitations of the study were discussed and recommendations were put forward for future studies on this topic. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood has since the start of the Syrian uprising in March 2011 moved from a low-key position in exile to become one of the main actors in the political opposition. There appears to be a consensus among researchers today on the democratic commitment of the Syrian Brotherhood. However, ambiguity remains regarding its commitment towards gender equality, women’s rights and participation. This essay focuses on the gender discourse of the Syrian Brotherhood’s leadership, according to its policy-documents, from 2004 – 2013. By applying a critical discourse analysis, a movement from a more Islamist, exclusionary discourse in 2004 towards a more inclusive, feminist inspired discourse in 2013 becomes apparent. Nonetheless, traditional gender roles linger and more Islamist and pan-Arab, pan-Islamic discourses are not distant features. The movement of the gender discourse towards greater inclusion confirms claims made by democratic theorists on inclusion and moderation.