Submitted by LILIAN FACHIN LEONARDO BETIOL null (lilianfacleo@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-04T18:12:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Formatada (1) Corrigida.pdf: 1975637 bytes, checksum: a2ca74a2f726452b217e860e0c11c866 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-06T13:52:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 betiol_lfl_me_sjrp.pdf: 1975637 bytes, checksum: a2ca74a2f726452b217e860e0c11c866 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T13:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 betiol_lfl_me_sjrp.pdf: 1975637 bytes, checksum: a2ca74a2f726452b217e860e0c11c866 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-21 / As isotermas de sorção tornaram-se importantes para prever o comportamento da cinética de secagem e as condições de armazenamento de resíduos da indústria alimentícia. O conhecimento de tal propriedade é útil para projetar equipamentos ou operações para fins de armazenamento ou processamento. O bagaço quando é apenas descartado, representa um desperdício de matéria prima, de compostos orgânicos com categoria bioquímica definida (proteínas, açúcares, ceras, graxas, resinas), que poderia ser aproveitada. Dentro deste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente o bagaço de mandioca e fazer a determinação experimental das isotermas de sorção destes resíduos da indústria de fécula, além de calcular a entalpia e entropia, temperatura media harmônica e calor isostérico de adsorção. Para isso, o teor de umidade de equilíbrio nas isotermas de sorção, de bagaço de mandioca, foi determinado utilizando o método gravimétrico estático nas temperaturas de 20 a 80 °C. Modelos teóricos e empíricos foram usados para representar os valores experimentais das isotermas de sorção, sendo que o modelo de GAB foi o que apresentou os melhores ajustes. Utilizando o modelo de GAB foi possível determinar o calor isostérico de adsorção como função do teor de umidade. A teoria da compensação foi confirmada pela relação linear entre entalpia e entropia. Maiores valores de temperatura isocinética do que a temperatura harmônica reforçam a teoria da compensação e sugeriram que a adsorção de água pelo bagaço de mandioca é considerado um processo conduzido pela entalpia. / The sorption isotherms become important to predict the drying kinetics behavior and waste storage conditions of the food industry. The knowledge of such property is useful for designing equipment or operations for storage or processing. The bagasse is only when discarded, is a waste of raw materials, organic compounds with defined biochemical category (proteins, sugars, waxes, greases, resins), which could be harnessed. Within this context, this study aimed to chemically characterize the Cassava Bagasse and make the experimental determination of the sorption isotherms of these starch industry waste and calculates the enthalpy and entropy, harmonic average temperature and isosteric heat of adsorption. For this, the equilibrium moisture content in the sorption isotherms of cassava bagasse was determined using the gravimetric static method in temperatures 20-80 ° C. Theoretical and empirical models were used to represent the experimental values of sorption isotherms, and the GAB model was the one that presented the best fit. Using the GAB model was possible to determine the isosteric heat of adsorption and moisture content of the function. The theory of compensation was confirmed by the linear relationship between enthalpy and entropy. Isokinetic higher temperature values than the harmonic temperature reinforce the theory of compensation and suggested that the adsorption of water by mancioca bagasse and considered one of enthalpy driven process.

As sementes de Myrciaria dubia apresentam curta longevidade e demandam a ampliação do conhecimento sobre fatores interferentes na sua conservação. Diante disso, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar as influências do grau de umidade e da temperatura do ambiente na manutenção da qualidade dessas sementes. Para tanto, sementes com 48, 43, 40, 34, 30, 24, 18 e 14% de água, acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno, foram armazenadas sob temperaturas controladas de 10ºC, 20ºC e 30ºC, durante 280 dias, e submetidas, periodicamente, a avaliações do grau de umidade, da germinação, do vigor e da sanidade. Foi constatado que as sementes têm a conservação favorecida pela associação do grau de umidade de 43% com a temperatura de armazenamento de 10°C; sob essa condição, a incidência de Fusarium sp. não prejudica o desempenho fisiológico das sementes. / Seeds of Myrciaria dubia have a short lifespan and increased knowledge of the factors that interfere with their conservation is required. The aim of this study was to verify influences of moisture content and storage temperature on the maintenance of seed quality. Seeds with 48, 43, 40, 34, 30, 24, 18 and 14% water were kept in polyethylene bags at 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC for 280 days, and submitted to periodic evaluations of moisture content, germination, vigour and sanity. Seed conservation was favored by the 43% water and 10°C storage temperature association. In this condition, the incidence of Fusarium sp. does not hamper the seed physiological performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_madelon_lopes.pdf: 412041 bytes, checksum: 7cffdcc13d1d613161f3352ea9700569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-05 / The aim of this work was to a) compare the standard official methodology in Brazil for the determination of the moisture content of rice and soybean seeds (i.e. oven dried at 105°C for 24 hours) to the ISTA standard method (103°C for 17 hours), and b) test the possibility to determine whether the moisture content (MC) of rice and soybean seeds can be accurately estimated drying for a period shorter than 24h. Previously, a study was performed to establish the influence of the sample position within the oven, aimed to reduce the variation of the results on MC among different seed samples. The rice and soybean seeds tested in the experiment showed MC as determined by oven drying at 105°C/24h of 9.0%; 17.6% and 7.5%; 16.8%, respectively. The MC of whole rice and soybean seeds was estimated through oven drying at temperatures of 70, 103, 105 e 130°C for periods of 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for each level of temperature. Following ISTA standards, ground seeds were employed to determine their MC through the standard procedure (oven dried at 103°C/17h), whereas for the alternative procedure rice seeds were oven dried at 130°C for two hours. It was concluded that drying at 105°C/24h either underestimate the MC of rice and soybean seeds, when the MC was under 10% and overestimate when was equal or superior of 17,6%. It is possible to estimate its value in whole soybean seeds by drying them at 130°C for less than 24h depending of the seeds MC. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) comparar o método oficial de determinação do grau de umidade de sementes de arroz e soja utilizados no Brasil (Estufa a 105°C/24 horas) com o método de referência Estufa a 103°C/17 horas, adotado pela ISTA, e b) verificar a possibilidade de determinação do grau de umidade das sementes de arroz e soja em tempo inferior a 24 horas. Estudo prévio foi realizado para verificar a influência da posição da amostra na estufa com a finalidade de reduzir a variação na determinação do grau de umidade das sementes analisadas. Foram utilizadas sementes de arroz e de soja, com graus de umidade obtidos pelo método de Estufa a 105°C/24 horas de 9,0%; 17,6% e 7,5%;16,8%, respectivamente. Foram determinados os graus de umidade das sementes inteiras de arroz e soja, em estufa do tipo mecânico de ar forçado, submetidas às temperaturas de 70, 103, 105 e 130°C por um período de 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas, para cada uma das temperaturas utilizadas. Foram utilizadas sementes moídas, segundo critérios da ISTA, para a determinação do teor de água pelo método de referência (Estufa a 103°C/17 horas), e para a determinação do grau de umidade pelo método alternativo para sementes de arroz Estufa a 130°C por 2 horas. O método de Estufa a 105ºC/24h subestima o teor de água das sementes de arroz e soja com grau de umidade inferior a 10% e superestima o teor de água das sementes quando for igual ou superior a 17,6%. É possível determinar o teor de água das sementes de soja em tempo inferior a 24 horas, utilizando sementes inteiras e temperatura de 130ºC, dependendo do teor de água das sementes.

Dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated due to anthropogenic activities in any barren land or out fields causes severe hazards to human populations, ecosystems and the environment. In order to avoid this, it is required to design landfills in an engineered and scientific manner. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of landfills over a period of time, to design landfills for site specific conditions. In this thesis such an attempt is made to evaluate performance of conventional landfill system using a large scale anaerobic reactor in the laboratory. The performance of the containment (bottom liner and final cover) systems is evaluated through numerical modelling and reliability based analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to develop linear regression models. Influence of various parameters and their uncertainty on the reliability of the containment systems are studied for various scenarios and conditions. Reliability assessment of containment systems play a decisive role in taking remedial measures in order to reduce its adverse affects on the environment and human health in the vicinity of landfill sites. On the other hand, pre-assessment of risk guides the engineers, planners and decision makers in achieving the goal of sustainable solid waste management as well as safe landfills. The thesis also includes assessment of vulnerability of groundwater to contamination, identification and ranking of suitable sites for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in the Bengaluru district, using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integrated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi criteria decision making tool. The study considers various land use, geological, hydrogeological and environmental factors as criteria. As a result, two most suitable locations are identified around the Bengaluru city and their descriptions are provided. Further, reliability analysis of the suitability of sites is evaluated considering criteria as random variables. The proposed reliability based approach helps the decision makers and planners to choose site locations having low probability of environmental pollution. The provided methods in the thesis can be effectively used for engineered design of landfills.

This thesis deals with massive wooden buildings especially with regard to the current approach to their design, assessment and approval. In this thesis are shown future possibilities of development of traditional wooden buildings with regard to current thermal technical requirements. Theoretical considerations are then compared with measurements which were performed on massive wooden wall samples.

The global energy demand supplies mainly from fossil fuels, which is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly and aims to global warming. Therefore, both more investments in renewable energy sources such as bioenergy are required, as well as new technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to handle the emissions from existing combined heat and power (CHP) plants. In this degree project, the focus is to determine the moisture content, ash content, heating value, and elemental compositions of solid biofuel mixtures in real-time by utilizing the optical technique of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A total number of 150 samples of solid biofuel mixtures were prepared and illuminated by NIR light. All spectra of the samples were recorded in a wavenumber range of 12000 cm-1 – 400 cm-1 in a dish on a turn table which was in a moving mode with a speed of 0.5 m/s. Each sample was scanned three times to avoid, or at least minimize the deviation of the spectra and the samples were mixed between each scan to get more reliable representative spectra data. Partial least square regression models were created to analyze the spectra data. A data split was done randomly, 100 for calibration and 50 for validation. Then the data was pre-processed with different methods including multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay 1st derivative (SG 1st), Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative (SG 2nd), and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) to reduce noise and scatter effect. The results of NIR spectra treated by OSC method obtained  , RMSE and SE of 0.900, 2.241 and 2.204, respectively for prediction of moisture content, 0.424, 0.913 and 0.922 for prediction of ash content, 0.640, 0.370 and 0.368 for prediction of heating value, respectively. The obtained prediction of  , RMSE and SE were 0.687, 0.066 and 0.058 for nitrogen, 0.636, 0.361 and 0.364 for carbon, 0.483, 0.269 and 0.270 for hydrogen, respectively. As the results shows, these models to predict the ash content and hydrogen content has a lower accuracy than what is expected in process modeling while the prediction of moisture content has the highest accuracy.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The constant growth experienced by the coffee industry has led to the high-volume production of coffee waste worldwide. One of the main coffee wastes is spent coffee ground (SCG), a residue obtained after the ground coffee beans are treated under pressure. The present study was aimed to investigate the utilization of SCG to amend soil physicochemical properties. This study was conducted at Greenhouse Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa, where the effect of various rates of SCG concentration in volume percentage (vol%) was tested for a period of nine months. The spent coffee ground residue was collected from four restaurants at Haenertsburg, and the application rates were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 vol%. To evaluate the change in soil physicochemical properties overtime, the incubation period was divided into four test periods namely T1 was after a month, T3 after 3 months, T6 after 6 months, and T9 after 9 months. Physicochemical properties including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), total organic carbon (TOC), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C:N ratio, large macroaggregates (LM), small macroaggregates (sM), microaggregates (m), unaggregated silt and clay (s+c), mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil moisture content (SMC) were quantified at the end of each test period. Results revealed that the interaction between incubation periods and various SCG application rates significantly (p<0.05) increased pHw, EC, MWD, LM, base cations and significantly decreased TOC, heavy metals, SMC, m, and sM. Spent coffee ground increased pHw and EC of the soil at all application rates and reached a maximum of 7.8 units at T6 in treatment SCG-5 and 202.30 S/cm at T9 in treatment SCG-50 above the control respectively. Total organic carbon increased by 548% above control in the highest treatment (SCG-50) at T1, but, however, started declining from T3 in all treatments across the incubation period. SCG’s highest application rates (SCG-20 to SCG-50) reduced the soil Cd toxicity (threshold of >2 mg/kg), but however, also reduced the availability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) during the incubation period. At T9, Mg, Ca, K, and P increased from mean values of 55.9 to 77.9, 40.9 to 62.2, 77.4 to 112, and 22.0 to 30.0 mg/Kg above control in treatments with high application rates. LM increased whilst sM, and m decreased across the incubation period in all treatments. MWD increased by 46% at T1 and reached its maximum of 56% at T6 in treatment SCG-50 above control. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between LM and MWD. Soil moisture content however increased to 60.26% at T1 in treatment SCG-50 and decreased from T3 across the incubation period. Spent coffee ground has the potential to be used as a liming material, a chelating agent, and for water management in semi-arid areas. It retains and cycles nutrients and improves soil structure through aggregation. However, research should be done in field conditions to access the effectiveness of this residue. / NRF

The primary objective of this research was to quantify the improvement in service life of a flexible pavement constructed using full-depth reclamation (FDR) in conjunction with cement stabilization when specified reductions in the spatial variability of specific construction-related parameters are achieved. This study analyzed pavement data obtained through field and laboratory testing of a reconstruction project in northern Utah. Data analyses included multivariate regression, Monte Carlo simulation, and mechanistic-empirical analyses of a model pavement structure. The results of the research show a steadily increasing trend in 28-day unconfined compressive strength of the cement-treated base (CTB) layer with increasing reductions in variability for cement content, moisture content, and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content across each of five different reliability levels. The most significant increases in CTB strength occurred with reductions in the standard deviations of moisture content and RAP content. Decreasing the variability of cement content did not provide significant additional strength to the CTB layer. Therefore, when involved on FDR projects, members of the pavement industry should focus energy on reducing the variability of both moisture content and RAP content, which both significantly impact pavement life, to achieve high-quality, long-lasting pavements.

No description available.