[pt] A figura da migrante trabalhadora do sexo pode ser interpretada de múltiplas formas de acordo com interesses, visões morais e objetivos políticos dos atores em jogo. Este trabalho analisa as perspectivas de segurança, gênero e resistência promovidas, respectivamente, por atores governamentais, associações e pelas próprias migrantes brasileiras na França. Investiga como as interações sociopolíticas das brasileiras trabalhadoras do sexo cisgêneros e transgêneros configuram, em conjunto, uma economia moral da mobilidade de trabalhadores sexuais. Mais especificamente, esta tese tem como intuito elucidar de que forma o rótulo de vítima vulnerável, por um lado, e os de criminosa, cafetina, clandestina e transgressora, por outro, são produzidos e mobilizados pelos diferentes atores envolvidos na regulação da migração laboral sexual. A análise realizada neste trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa de inspiração etnográfica, descrevendo o campo da prostituição brasileira nas cidades francesas de Paris, Lyon e Toulouse. A partir dessa imersão, a tese demonstra como as articulações existentes entre a categoria de vitima - de tráfico, de exploração laboral sexual, do patriarcado, do capitalismo desigual - e a categoria de criminosa - por cafetinar as amigas, por ser clandestina, por alimentar o mercado negro, por exercer uma atividade imoral - são mobilizadas nesse contexto. Revela uma realidade altamente nuançada e ambivalente, uma vez que as brasileiras prostitutas são muitas vezes, ao mesmo tempo vítimas e autônomas, manipuladas e oportunistas, cafetinas e exploradas. / [en] The migrant sex worker character can be interpreted in multiple ways according to the interests, moral views and political goals of relevant stakeholders within this context. This work analyzes how the perspectives of security, gender and resistance, respectively promoted by government actors, associative agents and the subjects themselves reverberate in the empirical practice, that is, through the interactions of Brazilian cisgender and transgender sex workers with the other actors surrounding them and with whom they together configure the moral economy of the mobility of sex workers. More specifically, this thesis aims to investigate how the label of vulnerable and naive victim on the one hand, and the labels of criminal, pimp, illegal and transgressive on the other are produced and mobilized by the different actors involved in the regulation of sexual labor migration. The analysis carried out in this work is based on ethnographic-inspired research, describing the field of Brazilian prostitution in the French cities of Paris, Lyon and Toulouse. From this immersion, the thesis demonstrates how the articulations between the category of victim - of trafficking, of sexual labor exploitation, of patriarchy, of unequal capitalism - and the category of criminal - for pimping friends, for being clandestine, for feeding the black market, for exercising an immoral activity - are mobilized in this context. It reveals a highly nuanced and ambivalent reality, since Brazilian prostitutes are often simultaneously victims and autonomous, manipulated and opportunists, pimps and exploited.

La thèse a pour objet de comprendre le sens que le consommateur donne à ses actes quand il pratique la maîtrise de sa consommation électrique (MCE), au sein de son foyer. La valeur produite par les différentes activités relevant de la MCE, comme, par exemple, éteindre les appareils en veille, constitue un reflet du sens que le consommateur attribue à cette pratique. Nous nous sommes, dans un premier temps, interrogés sur la nature des sources de valorisation et de dévalorisation qui émergent de la MCE. Nous avons identifié vingt-cinq sources qui sont autant d’appréciations ou de dépréciations de la MCE pour le consommateur. Nous avons ensuite cherché à déterminer comment ces sources sont structurées et nous avons pu déterminer que, dans l’esprit du consommateur, la valeur de la MCE se caractérise selon sept composantes. Quatre sont des composantes de valorisation (environnementale et citoyenne, de gestion du foyer, du bien-être eudémonique et des bénéfices secondaires) et trois sont des composantes de dévalorisation (expérientielle, sociale et associée au manque de connaissance). Nous avons ensuite cherché à comprendre comment la valeur de la MCE émerge de la pratique et quel peut être le rôle des différentes composantes (de valorisation et de dévalorisation) dans la formation de la valeur pour le consommateur et dans la conduite de son action. Nous avons pu confirmer que plus un individu réalise des gestes de MCE, plus il apprécie cette pratique via les composantes de valorisation et moins il la déprécie via les composantes de dévalorisation. Nous avons aussi constaté que le sens de la pratique évolue et s’enrichit quand elle s’intensifie. Deux leviers principaux se distinguent : la valorisation de la MCE au travers de ses conséquences sur la gestion du foyer et le bien-être de type eudémonique qui est retiré de cette pratique par l’individu. Le premier possède une influence très forte sur l’évaluation de la MCE par les consommateurs, et le second, dès lors qu’un individu pratique réellement la MCE, conduit les individus à poursuivre dans cette voie. / This thesis aims to understand the meaning that the consumer ascribes to his acts when one practises electricity consumption control (ECC) inside the dwelling. The value perceived by consumers associated with the various ECC’s activities, as, for example, to switch off devices in sleep mode, constitute a reflection of the meaning the consumer confers to this practice.We wondered, at first, about the nature of the sources of valuation and depreciation which emerge from the ECC. We identified twenty five sources which are so many appreciations or depreciations of the ECC for the consumer. Then, we tried to determine how these sources are structured and we were able to determine that, for consumers, the value of the ECC is characterized by seven components. Four of them are components of appreciation (environmental and citizen, of household management, the eudemonistic well-being and secondary profits). The three other are components of depreciation (experiential, social and associated with a lack of knowledge).Subsequently, we tried to understand how the value of the ECC emerges from the practice itself. We, also, wondered about the role of the various components (of appreciation and depreciation) in the ECC valuation for the consumer and in the conduct of action. We were able to confirm that the more an individual realizes ECC’s gestures, the more he appreciates this practice via the components of appreciation and the less he depreciates it via the components of depreciation. We also noticed that the meaning of the practice evolves and expands when practice becomes intensified. Two main levers set apart: the appreciation of ECC through its consequences on the household management and the eudemonistic wellbeing which is removed from this practice by the individual. The first one has a very strong influence on the evaluation of ECC by the consumers, and the second, once an individual really practises ECC, drives him to continue along this path.

Temporary migrant workers and circular migration constitute a growing global phenomenon as the management of migration becomes increasingly important to policymakers. This thesis takes academic discussions on citizenship and migration as its starting point, and examines the role of employers in terms of defining temporary migrant workers and their role in the Swedish labour market. The concept of moral economy is applied in particular to analyse the justifications and negotiations through which working conditions of migrant workers, and their role in local and transnational economies, are established and contested. The role of capital in migration management is studied through ethnographic fieldwork and through interviews with managers in the Swedish wild berry and IT industries; two very different industries that are, however, both shaped by particular structures of seasonal labour and international outsourcing and that increasingly rely on temporary foreign workers from Thailand and India respectively. The conceptualisation of supply chains in these industries offers a particular framework through which relations, as well as management discourses, can be analysed. The study explores how notions of circularity, nation, cultural difference, and transnational economic difference, are managed by private sector actors. It also explores how managers relate to public discourse and emotions in the face of global economic restructuring and changing citizenship, which situates temporary migrants as part of, yet different from, Swedish labour. / Temporära migrantarbetare och cirkulär migration utgör ett växande globalt fenomen till följd av intresset bland regeringar och myndigheter att styra genom sk ”managed migration”. Denna avhandling tar avstamp i forskning om medborgarskap och migration för att undersöka vilken roll arbetsgivare får när det gäller att definiera tillfälliga migrantarbetare och deras roll på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Begreppet moralisk ekonomi används för att lyfta fram och analysera de praktiker genom vilka migrantarbetarnas arbetsvillkor förhandlas och rättfärdigas, samt hur deras roller i lokala och transnationella ekonomier befästs eller förändras. Ekonomins roll i migrationshantering studeras i denna avhandling genom etnografiskt fältarbete och intervjuer med chefer inom den svenska bärindustrin samt IT industrin; två mycket olika industrier som dock båda struktureras av säsongsarbete respektive internationell outsourcing, och som alltmer använder tillfällig utländsk arbetskraft från Thailand respektive Indien. Genom begreppet utbudskedjor (supply chains) möjliggörs en analys av de relationer, samt de managementdiskurser, som påverkar dessa industrier. Avhandlingen utforskar hur föreställningar om cirkularitet, nation, kulturella skillnader, samt transnationella ekonomiska skillnader, förhandlas av aktörer inom näringslivet. Vidare diskuteras hur chefer relaterar till de diskurser och emotioner som en global ekonomisk omstrukturering och ett förändrat medborgarskap ger upphov till, vilket positionerar tillfälliga migrantarbetare som en del av, men ändå annorlunda än, svensk arbetskraft.

Les chocolatiers bean-to-bar redéfinissent le chocolat en mettant l’accent sur le processus de transformation et la biodiversité cacaoyère. Basée sur une ethnographie multisituée à Montréal et à Piura (nord péruvien), cette recherche retrace le trajet de la fève de cacao le long d’une filière de chocolat bean-to-bar pour analyser l’articulation entre les valeurs des économies morales des chocolatiers et des producteurs de cacao fin. Grâce à une incursion dans l’histoire du chocolat, l’économie morale des chocolatiers est définie comme un positionnement contre l’industrie du chocolat conventionnel et ses standards. Alors que les valeurs des chocolatiers gravitent autour d’une éthique gustative engendrant des préoccupations pour la biodiversité cacaoyère et les droits des cacaoculteurs, celles des producteurs visent plutôt à renforcer leurs rôles familiaux et communautaires et à mettre en place un projet de développement local collectif. Cette étude suggère qu’une analyse des économies morales peut rendre compte de l’articulation entre des économies capitalistes et précapitalistes et des phénomènes qui y sont créés, dans le cas présent, la production d’une localité cacaoyère. / Bean-to-bar chocolate makers redefine chocolate by drawing attention to the transformation process and cacao biodiversity. Based on a multi-sited ethnography in Montreal and Piura (northern Peru), this research follows the cacao bean through a bean-to-bar chocolate filière to study how the values of chocolate makers and fine cacao producers' moral economies are embedded. Through an incursion into the history of chocolate, the moral economy of chocolate makers is defined as a posture against the conventional chocolate industry and its standards. While chocolate makers' values gravitate towards a taste ethic that generates preoccupations for cacao biodiversity and cacao farmers' rights, producers' values aim to reinforce their family and community roles and to implement a collective project of local development. This research puts forward moral economy as a conceptual tool for studying the embeddedness between capitalist and pre-capitalist economies and the phenomena that emerge from this nexus, in this case, the production of a cacao locality.

In the neoliberal era, there has been a global trend towards increased labour market insecurity and inequality, even in countries traditionally emblematic of union strength and socio-economic security such as Sweden. In this study, I present the first ethnographic research conducted in anthropology of negotiations between the central Swedish union and employer peak bodies (known as the ‘labour market partners’). These negotiations were conducted in 2020 against the background of a political crisis and political pressure to modernise and liberalise longstanding and fundamental job security protec- tions in the Employment Protection Act (LAS). Through the lens of these negotiations, I investigate the role of the labour market partners in moderating neoliberal trends and how the partners see their relationship and role in society. I investigate, for example, why Swedish employers support unions and a system that ostensibly curbs their own power. I employ the notions of moral economy and em- bedding to look beyond economic self-interest, to the moral and institutional norms that help explain the partners’ co-operation over time and the role they see themselves as playing as guardians of the social peace.  I also incorporate interview material describing diverse workers’ experiences of the current job security protections under LAS. I argue that workers’ voices and experiences reveal a parallel moral economy, where current job security protections are revealed to be important but inadequate, and that job security is a highly nebulous, ambivalent and contextual phenomenon. I argue the moral economy of job security is one of entangled reciprocity between employer, worker and the state, and I consider the proposed reforms in this context. The study shows that even in the context of increasing market- isation of labour and society, reciprocity and cooperation both at the workplace and during the LAS negotiations serve to de-commodify labour and embed the economy in various moral norms. In this way, the research contributes to the anthropological literature on embeddedness and moral economy. It also contributes to both an ethnographic and theoretical understanding of job security.