In the postscript to The Concept of Law, H.L. A. Hart describes the on-going debate inspired by his book, focusing on the criticisms of Ronald Dworkin. In this essay, I will discuss Dworkin’s criticisms of Hart, as well as Hart’s responses, showing that while Hart responds adequately to some criticisms, he fails to respond adequately to others. I will also reconstruct and evaluate the arguments given for and against the separation thesis by Dworkin and Hart. Finally, I will argue that the debate about the separation thesis – the thesis that morality and law are separable – is misguided, conflating as it does two distinct questions. These are the questions of what the positive law is, that is, the law that is posited in a specific time and place, and of what the natural law is, that is, the law that (if it exists) is universal and timeless. Once we distinguish these questions, we will see that the answer to the question of whether law is separable from morality depends on which sense of ‘law’ is relevant, and that there are two different answers corresponding to the two senses of positive law and natural law. Positive law is separable from morality while natural law is not. / text

A common conceptual framework depicts morality as an alien force commanding us from on high; in contrast, this dissertation presents a picture of morality that is deeply social. It is not an abstract morality that commands us, but we who place demands on each other. On this picture, we are equal participants in morality, rather than mere subjects of morality. This participation has fundamentally important implications for the shape and structure of morality; or so this dissertation argues. By way of introducing the work as a whole, I will here note some of the key facets of the social nature of morality that the dissertation develops. Our participation is primarily as enforcers, rather than followers, of morality. We hold people accountable to moral requirements through emotional responses like resentment, as well as actions and relations that follow from that attitude. As I argue, these emotions carry an important representational content, displaying the other person as having shown ill will. This ill will can be best understood as a disregard for relevant moral considerations that are available to the resented agent. Despite the negative tone of resentment, it is an aspect of being in community with each other. Someone who can be resented is a co-member of a community with us upon whom we can make demands and who can make demands upon us. We may not share community with some people regarding some issues, such as across religious divides, while still seeing them as people with whom we share at least some form of community, as within the system of basic liberal rights. There are people, as I discuss, who fail to be eligible for responsibility to even basic demands. With such people we have no community; they are to us like forces of nature, and the most dangerous of them are for us monsters. Though many endorse conceptions of community focused on shared experiences or values, I argue that such a notion of community is not appropriate for modern, diverse societies. In modern, particularly liberal, societies, we cannot expect to share religion, occupation, views of the good life, or the like, so these cannot constitute community among the members of society. A shared moral framework, however, provides a promising conception of community for diverse societies like our own. Our shared morality may thus be among the most important forms of community we can have on the large scale of modern society. That same diversity, however, raises problems for a shared morality. As I argue, our interpersonal moral demands will have to be justified to each other, given our different perspectives, and such justification may be difficult. I address both the nature of this interpersonal justification, as well as the difficulties of achieving it, within this dissertation. This dissertation shows that morality is social in yet another way. Focusing on justice, as a central part of the morality, I argue that the content of the principles to which we hold each other accountable itself emerges from our social institutions as those develop over time through our interactions. The diverse members of society must be able to share an understanding of their mutual expectations, but such members tend to disagree about how to interpret and apply moral values and principles. Social institutions, such as legal systems with courts to interpret law, can provide a common interpretation of expectations. If the rules that emerge from these institutions are justified to the members, then those rules may constitute justice within that society. This dissertation, then, presents a picture of morality that is social through and through. Morality is constructed within our social institutions, enforced interpersonally, restricted to what is mutually justified to society’s members, and ultimately constitutes one of our primary forms of community.

Once convicted, always doomed, How Lexbase emerged, disappeared and reappeared, by Fanny Krafft and Per Rosander, is a case study based on the Social Shaping of Technology (SST) perspective. The study deals with the controversial service Lexbase and how the reaction in the media highlights the phenomenon as very critical in line with our society. The study intends to explain what the phenomenon Lexbase is an expression of, based on the media's reactions in the newspaper through a content analysis. This analyze of the reactions, shall be able to answer the problem statement. This is;how can the appearance of a service like Lexbase explained? In order to answer the problem statement, intends the study to manage a variety of literatures that are systematically selected for the study purpose and question. The literature will explain how Lexbase could occur.   The purpose of this study is to try to investigate how Lexbase has been made possible and what underlying factors existed to create the service.To study the phenomenon will the study use STT as theoretical framework, as well as other theories that are considered relevant to handle. The study will also assume the causal factors that made Lexbase available in the market such as internets condition, Swedish legislation and entrepreneurship among others.   The result shows that Lexbase has occurred by society interactions with technology, which has opened up a glade in the market. In the empirical evidence clearly shows that the community is critical to the service, but because it is legally legitimate are the discussions about the basis of an ethical and moral perspective.

In final MA degree work it is reviewed ethics place in public administration institutions of EU and Lithuania, identified some problems and possible treats, discussed some EU ethics aspects in forming policy and examined the acknowledged common ethics principles, values and standards of EU. In the work it is estimated EU influence and new challenges upon ethics of Lithuania office employees after she became EU member. As well it is analyzed ethics infrastructure and its establishment development in public administration and government of state of Lithuania. It was attempt to look at office employee real values from the point of view of the current situation and values to be strived for after municipalities and ministries employee questioning. Summarizing findings some attention should be attract to the fact that in public administration system of Lithuania we feel the absence of ethics values emphasized in European Union, and there is need for office employees professional ethics improvement. In the work some appropriate recommendations for establishing and improving ethical infrastructure (conduct code, anticorruption services, ethic education and so on) in the Republic of Lithuania are presented.

Postmodern social philosophy of Z. Bauman is considered in this master’s thesis making emphasis on its main frames and aspects. The thinker analyses the phenomenon of globalization basing on dialectics of globalism and localism and states that globalization in fact is glocalization, that means some are becoming more and more global while others become more local and provincial. Globalization and localization are two sides of this process: some are globalizing because others are localizing, and there are no any without others. In Z. Bauman’s opinion, the phenomenon of globalization has become vital for the concept of the society itself. Release from the panoptical individuals’ levelling mechanisms and regimes of modernity marks the end of the traditional community as well as reign of individualistic communitarianism. In his philosophy, Z. Bauman emphasizes significance of growing urbanization and individualization as its result for decay of collective relations. This problem discloses transformations of postmodern ethics and morality. Z. Bauman defines postmodern morality as morality without ethics. Following E. Levinas’ asymmetry of I-Thou relation, the thinker analyses problems of individual’s identity, mass culture and Holocaust. Z. Bauman’s social research of postmodernity is essential for philosophic consideration of certain transformations of modernity phenomena in the era of postmodernity and for defining of modernity and postmodernity relation as well distinguishing... [to full text]

Dorinis ugdymas yra sudėtingas procesas, nes dorovė neturi vienos reiškimosi sferos ir vienos ugdymo srities. Mokiniai ugdomi visose gyvenimo ir ugdymo srityse atskleidžiant žmogiškąsias vertybes ir vertybinius santykius. Sėkmė priklauso nuo to, kaip šios vertybės įsisąmoninamos, kiek jos tampa asmenybės savastimi (Girdzijauskas, 2004). Mokytojo pareiga – padėti mokiniams suprasti dorinę visuomenei reikšmingos veiklos prasmę, suvokti, kad žmonės vieni kitiems turi daryti gera pirmiausia nuoširdžiai veikdami bendram labui. Darbo tikslas yra aprašyti dorinio ugdymo organizavimą pradinėse klasėse. Tyrimo uždaviniai: - atskleisti dorinio ugdymo paskirtį pradiniame ugdyme; - atrinkti dorinio ugdymo formas ir metodus, taikytinus pradiniame ugdyme; - išskirti dorinio ugdymo aplinkas, kuriose gali vykti dorinis ugdymas; - aprašyti dorinio ugdymo organizavimą pradinio ugdymo institucijose; - aprašyti dorinį ugdymą Marijampolės savivaldybės pradinėse klasėse. Tyrimo tipas aprašomasis. Darbe derinama kokybinė ir kiekybinė metodologijos. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai - mokslinės, metodinės literatūros analizė taikoma, atskleidžiant dorinio ugdymo paskirtį pradiniame ugdyme, apibūdinant dorinio ugdymo formas ir metodus, aprašant dorinio ugdymo aplinkas; empiriniai – Marijampolės savivaldybės bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų mokytojų, dirbančių pradinėse klasėse, anketinė apklausa raštu (anketavimas) ir mokyklos direktorių pavaduotojų, kuruojančių dorinį ugdymą, atviro pobūdžio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Moral education is a complicated process as morality has no single sphere of expression or single field of education. Education of children covers all aspects of life and education by revealing human values and value relations. Success depends on how these values are realized, how much they become the self of a person (Girdzijauskas, 2004). Duty of the teacher is to help schoolchildren to understand the moral meaning of an activity meaningful for the society and to realize that people must be good to each other by, first and foremost, making sincere actions for the common welfare. The aim of the thesis was to describe the organization of moral education in primary classes. The goals of the research: - to reveal the purpose of the moral education in primary education; - to select forms and methods of the moral education applicable in primary education; - to distinguish the environment of the moral education; - to describe the organization of moral education in the primary education institutions; - to describe the moral education in primary classes of Marijampolė municipality. Type of research – descriptive. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used. Research method: theoretical – analysis of scientific and methodological literature, revealing the purpose of moral education in primary education, describing forms and methods of moral education and its environment; empirical – written questionnaire for the teachers of schools of Marijampolė municipality working in... [to full text]

Vertybių hierarchija ankstyvojoje Jono Mikelinsko kūryboje Pagrindinis darbo „Vertybių hierarchija ankstyvojoje J. Mikelinsko kūryboje“ tikslas yra atskleisti lietuvių rašytojo sukurto personažo asmenybės koncepciją, įvertinti autoriaus pristatomą moralų herojų pagal filosofo I. Kanto kategoriškąjį imperatyvą, o taip pat – atskleisti šio literatūros kūrėjo meninės saviraiškos būdus bei priemones, iš kurių ryškiausia yra ezopinė kalba. Rašytojas J. Mikelinskas – tai vienas moraliausių lietuvių literatūros atstovų, sukūręs įvairaus žanro epinių kūrinių, kuriuose talpinamos moralės, sąžinės, tiesoieškos temos. Todėl darbe mėginama išspręsti žmogaus moralinių ir etinių vertybių hierarchijos problemas, atskleisti autoriaus norą savo kūryboje nupiešti individą, kuris gyvenime nuolatos ieško teisybės kelio. Šis kelias neišvengiamai susijęs su įtemptais visuomenės santykiais lietuvių 7-jame dešimtmetyje, ir tai J. Mikelinskas aprašo be melo ir dailių metaforų, o tiesiog prisidengdamas Ezopo kalba: įvardydamas aktualias tuometines problemas, iliustruodamas tautos padėtį. Rašytojo sukurtas herojus – vienišas žmogus, kuris jaučia didelį poreikį tapti savo ir kitų individų sąžinės teisėju. Ir būtent dėl to, kad sąžinės teismas negali apsieiti be I. Kanto moralės filosofijos, darbo tema glaudžiai siejama su kategoriškuoju imperatyvu. J. Mikelinsko ankstyvuosiuose kūriniuose pagarba, atsakomybė, pareiga, užuojauta – tai kiekvienos asmenybės gyvenimo pagrindas ir esmė. Taigi, rašytojas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The hierarchy of the virtues in the early period of the creative work by Jonas Mikelinskas Main goal of work „ The Hierarchy of the Virtues in the Early Period of the Creative Work by Jonas Mikelinskas” is to reveal writer’s created character personality conception, to evaluate the author's moral hero according to the philosopher I. Kant categorical imperative, also - to reveal the literary creator's artistic expression techniques and tools, the most prime is Aesop's language. Writer J. Mikelinskas - one of most moral Lithuanian literary agents, created a different genre of epic works, which are posted on morality, conscience topic. Therefore, the work attempts to solve human moral and ethical values in the hierarchy of issues, to reveal the author's desire in his works, to draw the personage which is constantly looking for the truth path in his life. This path inevitably associated with the intensive relationship in the Lithuanian society 7th decade, and all that J. Mikelinskas writes without lies and beautiful metaphors, but simply using the Aesop's language: stating that moment problems, illustrating the situation. The writer’s created hero – a lonely man who feels a strong demand to become a conscience judge of himself and other individuals. And precisely because the court of conscience can’t manage without Kant's moral philosophy, the work subject is closely associated with imperative. In early J. Mikelinskas works respect, responsibility, duty, compassion - each... [to full text]

<p>This thesis is the result of an ethnographic study of the multilingual literacy practices of a group of families in their particular spaces within the urban context of the community of Manenberg, with the specific view of investigating the links between spatial and urban capital and the literacy practices to be encountered amongst these families. The following questions form the core of the study: 1. What are the parental ethnotheories about literacy and schooling? 2. Are there family literacy practices that may enhance preschool children&rsquo / s ability to make meaning within the school system? The results of the thesis show a range of beliefs resulting in parents adopting a range of strategies in terms of&nbsp / language choice and literacy socialisation of their children. The thesis also shows that the vast majority of parents view acquisition of English as important, that there is a definite concern about access to libraries and about safe places for children to engage in extramural activity. Parental ethnotheories have a direct bearing on how the preschool child is oriented towards literacy. This includes implications for what languages the preschool child is exposed to, what medium of instruction parents prefer for their children (which is often not the language of highest competence of the child), whether or not various supposedly accessible resources for the promotion of children&rsquo / s literacy are tapped into, and whether or not parents become actively involved in the literacy acquisition of their children. However, these findings need to be seen in the larger context of the research participants&rsquo / perceptions and discourses about space, multilingualism, and literacy. Some unexpected findings are shown as a result of listening to people&rsquo / s voices on the ground. The&nbsp / respondents&rsquo / ethnotheories of multilingualism, space, and literacy produce narratives of local patriotism, pride in Cape Afrikaans, and of emplacement rather than displacement.&nbsp / Urban planning structures, whether envisaged under apartheid or by successive regimes in the post apartheid era, are shown to have become less rigid, fluid, and porous. The&nbsp / local moral economy works to legitimise poverty, so that living in a shack is not stigmatised, and gang members are seen to be full members of the local community, ignoring&nbsp / normative structures that would treat such agents in a punitive manner beyond the borders of Manenberg. Residents, though mostly impoverished and lacking in high levels of&nbsp / education, are shown to remain marginalised through a lack of material resources, with many in need of a strategic orientation to resources, including those which would enable&nbsp / them to orient their children to literacy in such a way as to enable them to make a successful transition to the school system.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In this thesis, I show how a current radio program, War of the Roses, acts as a ritual of shaming that affirms the social order as moral order, involving moral condemnation, degradation of social identity, and public embarrassment (Goffman, 1956, 1967; Turner 1987). I use discourse analysis (DA) (e.g., Bergmann, 1998; Tracy, 2001; Tracy & Mirivel, 2008) and membership categorization analysis (Baker, 2000; Roulston, 2001) to examine eight transcripts from multiple versions of the War of the Roses radio program across the country. The basic premise of the radio program War of Roses involves a "caller" who suspects her or his partner of infidelity colluding with the radio DJ to devise a test to confirm whether or not the partner is in fact "cheating" on the relationship. The sequencing of the show inevitably involves exposing and confronting the cheater with their infidelity, and embarrassing the cheater in the public forum of the radio medium. Specifically, I trace how morality is enacted as a dynamic of talk-in-interaction, which requires a negotiation and authorization of claims, and involves differential access on the part of the DJ, the "cheater," and the victim to the social discourse of shaming and embarrassment.