New technological advancements such as the “Hyperloop” touted as “the fifth mode of transport” could be an answer to the problems ailing the current transport industry. Hyperloop consists of transport pods running through low pressure tubes for the high speed(upto 1000 km/hr) transportation of goods and people. This technology came into prominence after the open design concept “Hyperloop Alpha” was published by Musk (2013) and since then several governments, academia and private firms have shown interest in the technology with a few test tracks being built in the U.S and Europe. The first Hyperloop human passenger tests at 48m/s (173kmph) inside the vacuum tube were successfully carried out by Virgin Hyperloop at Las Vegas, U.S.A in November 2020 (Mlot, S., 2020). Hardt in collaboration with the Province of North Holland had published a concept study on the impact of 5 proposed Hyperloop routes in Northern Holland (Prov. N-Holland & Hardt, 2020). This research project explores the proposed Hyperloop transport solution in North Holland and its neighbouring areas from a social, socio-economic and environmental perspective as a comparison with existing rail and aviation transport alternatives. A Multi-Criteria Analysis of one of the proposed Hyperloop transport project routes was conducted as a comparison with existing rail and aviation transport alternatives. Results showed that Hyperloop was the highest ranked transport alternative overall in this study, closely followed by Rail, and Aviation was ranked last. Within the social criteria, Hyperloop was ranked best whereas within socio-economic and environmental criteria, Rail was ranked as the best alternative. This MCA could be useful as an aid to decision makers such as regional and national governments, transport policymakers or investors for any similar Hyperloop transport projects within Europe. / Nya tekniska framsteg som ”Hyperloop” som ”femte transportsättet” kan vara ett svar på de problem som drabbar den nuvarande transportbranschen. Hyperloop består av transportbälgen som går genom lågtrycksrör för transport av gods och människor med hög hastighet (upp till 1000 km / tim). Denna teknik kom till framträdande efter att det öppna designkonceptet ”Hyperloop Alpha” publicerades av Musk (2013) och sedan dess har flera regeringar, den akademiska världen och privata företag visat intresse för tekniken med några testspår som byggs i USA och Europa. De första Hyperloop-testningarna för mänskliga passagerare vid 48m / s (173kmph) inuti vakuumröret utfördes framgångsrikt av Virgin Hyperloop i Las Vegas, USA i november 2020 (Mlot, S., 2020). Hardt i samarbete med provinsen Nordholland hade publicerat en konceptstudie om effekterna av 5 föreslagna Hyperloop-rutter i norra Holland (Prov. N-Holland & Hardt, 2020). Detta forskningsprojekt utforskar den föreslagna Hyperloop-transportlösningen i Nordholland och dess närliggande områden ur ett socialt, socioekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv som en jämförelse med befintliga tåg- och flygtransportalternativ. En multikriterieanalys av en av de föreslagna vägarna för Hyperloop-transportprojekt genomfördes som en jämförelse med befintliga järnvägs- och flygalternativ. Resultaten visade att Hyperloop var det högst rankade transportalternativet totalt sett i denna studie, tätt följt av Rail, och Aviation rankades sist. Inom de sociala kriterierna rankades Hyperloop bäst medan inom socioekonomiska och miljömässiga kriterier rankades Rail som det bästa alternativet. Denna MCA kan vara användbar som ett hjälpmedel för beslutsfattare som regionala och nationella regeringar, transportpolitiker eller investerare för liknande Hyperloop-transportprojekt inom Europa.

Sweden has a great potential for offshore wind energy production. As technology develops and policies change, construction of offshore wind farms in the country is likely to increase. The presented methodology is to apply MCDM and AHP methods in a GIS to produce an evaluation map of potential sites for offshore wind energy production.  The aim of this thesis was to determine what data is relevant and needed to translate Swedish and international standards and regulations regarding offshore wind farm siting into one or more layers of GIS data within the exclusive economic zone of Sweden. Furthermore the locations of the existing Areas of National Interests for offshore wind energy production have been evaluated using the evaluation map. The evaluation map has been obtained using several exclusionary criteria and buffer distances as well as four evaluation criteria. In addition, the results of this study have been used to calculate a potential net annual energy production for offshore wind energy in Sweden. The analysis considers some of the social, technical and environmental constraints present in offshore wind farm siting. The exclusion, buffer and evaluation criteria were determined in the initial literature review of previous studies on the topic. Datasets were collected from several different open online resources and Swedish government agencies, the analysis was performed using the QGIS software. To assess the results, the resulting evaluation map has been classified into four different categories: poor, average, good and excellent. The analysis shows that it is possible to translate Swedish and international standards into one layer of GIS data. Furthermore the results of this study show that 52% of the defined Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production should not be considered for wind farm siting according to the exclusion constraints, additionally only 19% of the Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production are classified as good or excellent. In contrast, 20.3% of the entire study area is deemed to be suitable for offshore wind farm siting, out of which 62.7% is classified as good or excellent. The potential net annual energy production has been estimated to be 56.1 TWh annually within the Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production and 915.3 TWh annually within the entire study area. / Sverige har en stor potential för produktion av havsbaserad vindkraft. När teknologin utvecklas och de politiska förutsättningar förändras, kommer konstruktionen av havsbaserad vindkraft i landet troligtvis öka. Den presenterade metodologin går ut på att använda MCDM och AHP metoder i ett GIS för att producera en utvärderingskarta för potentiella platser att producera havsbaserad vindenergi.  Målet med den här studien har varit att ta reda på vilken data som krävs och är relevant för att överföra svensk samt internationell standard och regler kring placeringen av havsbaserad vindkraft till ett eller flera lager av GIS data inom Sveriges exklusiva ekonomiska zon. Vidare har de existerande riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft utvärderats med hjälp av utvärderingskartan. Denna karta har blivit framtagen med hjälp av flertalet buffertzoner samt exkluderings- och fyra stycken utvärderingskriterier. Slutligen har studiens resultat används för att beräkna en potentiell årlig energiproduktion för offshore vindkraft i Sverige. Studien beaktar några av de sociala, tekniska och miljömässiga begränsningar som finns för havsbaserad vindenergi. Buffertzonerna samt exkluderings- och utvärderingskriterierna har bestämts med hjälp av en inledande litteraturstudie av tidigare forskning på ämnet. Den datan som använts i analysen har inhämtats från flera olika öppna onlineresurser samt från svenska myndigheter. Den efterföljande analysen har genomförts med hjälp av programmet QGIS. För att möjliggöra en kvantifiering av resultaten har utvärderings kartan omklassificerats till fyra olika kategorier: “poor”, “average”, “good” samt “excellent”. Studien visar att det är möjligt att överföra svensk samt internationell standard och regler till ett lager av GIS data. Resultatet visar att att enbart 48% av arean inom de definierade riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft bör beaktas vid allokering av havsbaserad vindenergi, enligt de begränsningar som definierats i denna studie. Vidare påvisar resultatet att enbart 19% av arean inom de utpekade riksintressena för vindkraft kan klassificeras som “good” eller “excellent”. Samtidigt påvisar studien att 20.3% av studieområdet bedöms som lämpligt för allokering av havsbaserad vindkraft, av dessa lämpliga områden klassificeras 62.7% som “good” och “excellent”. Den potentiella årliga energiproduktionen uppskattas till 56.1 TWh inom riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft samt till 915.3 TWh inom hela studieområdet.

Övergödning är ett utbrett miljöproblem i hav och sjöar, som yttrar sig i toxiska algblomningar och en minskad biodiversitet. Eftersom kväve är en betydande källa till övergödning, har flera avloppsreningsverk (ARV) krav på kväveavskiljning innan utsläpp i recipient. Tierp ARV omfattas [TA1] för närvarande inte av sådana utsläppskrav på kväve, men förväntas bli det i och med kommande lagstiftning. En utbyggnad av det biologiska reningssteget, som idag endast medför viss kväveavskiljning, kan därför bli nödvändigt för att åstadkomma fullständig kväverening.  Syftet med examensarbetet var att föreslå reningstekniker som kan åstadkomma tillräcklig kväveavskiljning vid Tierp ARV och bedöma vilken av dessa som är mest fördelaktig för implementering. Vidare utvärderades nuvarande reduktion av kväve och organiskt material samt rådande nitrifikation i det biologiska reningssteget. Massbalanser upprättades utifrån provtagning på dessa parametrar. Lämpliga kvävereningstekniker föreslogs med hänsyn till lokala krav och förutsättningar. Dessa tekniker jämfördes därefter i en multikriterieanalys med avseende på platsåtgång, växthusgasutsläpp, drift- och underhållskostnader, kapitalkostnader och arbetsinsats.  Massbalanserna uppvisade en reduktion på 31 % för totalkväve, 10 % för ammoniumkväve, 63 % för nitratkväve, 7 % för nitritkväve, 62 % för COD och 67 % för BOD7. Nuvarande nitrifikation bedömdes vara relativt låg, vilket troligtvis är resultatet av den låga temperaturen på avloppsvattnet, eventuell otillräcklig syretillförsel samt ogynnsamt pH. De reningstekniker som föreslås kunna minska kväveutsläppen från Tierp ARV är aktivslamprocess, membranbioreaktor (MBR) och hybridprocess med biofilmsbärare och aktivslam (IFAS). Utifrån en samlad bedömning av kriterierna i multikriterieanalysen bedömdes IFAS som mest fördelaktig för etablering och MBR som minst gynnsamt. / Eutrophication is a major environmental problem in oceans and lakes, which manifests itself intoxic algal blooms and reduced biodiversity. As nitrogen is a significant contributor toeutrophication, numerous wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) have requirements for nitrogenremoval before discharge into the recipient. Tierp WTP is not currently subject to suchregulation, but is expected to be so with forthcoming legislation. Consequently, an expansion ofthe biological treatment, which presently facilitates only partial nitrogen removal, may becomepertinent to achieve complete nitrogen removal. The objective of this thesis was to propose treatment methods capable of achieving adequatenitrogen removal at Tierp WTP and evaluate the most suitable option for implementation.Furthermore, the current nitrogen and organic material reduction, as well as present nitrificationin the biological treatment, were assessed. Mass balances were established based on sampling ofthese parameters. Suitable nitrogen purification techniques were proposed, considering localrequirements and conditions. These techniques were then compared through a multi-criteriaanalysis, taking into account space occupancy, greenhouse gas emissions, operation andmaintenance costs, capital costs and workload. The mass balances revealed reductions of 31% for total nitrogen, 10% for ammonium nitrogen,63% for nitrate nitrogen, 7% for nitrite nitrogen, 62% for COD and 67% for BOD7. The currentnitrification was assessed as relatively low, likely attributable to the low temperature of thewastewater, possibly insufficient oxygen supply and unfavourable pH. The treatment methodsproposed in the thesis to achieve sufficient nitrogen removal at Tierp WTP are the activatedsludge process, membrane bioreactor (MBR), and hybrid process with biofilm carriers andactivated sludge (IFAS). According to the multicriteria analysis, IFAS was deemed the mostadvantageous option for implementation, while MBR was evaluated as the least favourable.

Face à la forte concurrence internationale, de nombreuses entreprises manufacturières orientent leurs investissements vers les marchés africains pour accroître leur part de marché et rester compétitives sur le marché mondial. Ces marchés sont effet en plein essor mais demandent des produits de grande diversité. En dépit de cette attractivité, les flux commerciaux en Afrique demeurent faibles en raison de la faible qualité des infrastructures et de l’absence d’écosystèmes logistiques régionaux connectant les pays africains de manière fiable et efficace.C’est pourquoi cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la modélisation et à la résolution du problème de conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides en Afrique, intégrant des plateformes de distribution et de personnalisation finale des produits. Ces réseaux incluent, en amont, des hubs régionaux servant de porte d’entrée vers les marchés d’une région continentale. Le report de la personnalisation finale en aval du réseau logistique permet de réduire les délais de livraison aux marchés et le coût de distribution tout en maintenant une économie d’échelle. La méthodologie que nous proposons repose sur deux grands axes de recherche :▪ Le premier axe vise à définir la localisation des hubs logistiques régionaux, sur la base d’une analyse multicritères floue, version améliorée de TOPSIS floue et d'AHP ;▪ Le deuxième axe aborde conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides servant des marchés fortement diversifiés (exemple : marchés des engrais). Nous avons proposé deux nouveaux modèles d'optimisation multi-objectifs minimisant le coût total d’exploitation et d’investissement, maximisant la proximité des produits aux marchés et minimisant les dommages sur les produits finis durant leur distribution. Le premier modèle est déterministe tandis que le deuxième propose une conception flexible alignée sur la dynamique et l’incertitude de l’évolution des marchés africains. / In the context of intense international competition, many manufacturing firms are directing their investments toward African markets to increase their market share and maintain their competitiveness in the global market. These markets are rapidly growing but require customized products. Despite their attractivity, trade flows in Africa remain low due to the poor quality of infrastructure and the lack of regional logistic ecosystems, connecting African countries through reliable and efficient services.This doctoral thesis therefore focuses on modelling and solving the problem of designing hybrid distribution networks in Africa, integrating distribution and final customization platforms. These networks incorporate, upstream, regional hubs that serve as gateways to regional markets. The postponement of final customization downstream of the logistics network reduces the delivery times and downstream distribution costs while maintaining upstream economies of scale.The methodology we suggest is based on two main areas of research:▪ The first axis aims to define the location of regional logistics hubs, based on a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis approach, which is an improved version of TOPSIS fuzzy and AHP;▪ The second axis focuses on the design of hybrid distribution networks serving highly diversified markets in Africa (for example: fertilizer markets). To this aim, we propose two new multi-objective optimization models minimizing total operating and investment costs, maximizing product proximity to markets and minimizing damage to finished products during their distribution. The first model is deterministic while the second one proposes a flexible design in response to the dynamics and uncertainty of the evolution of African markets.

Les grands réaménagements urbains génèrent d’importants volumes de terres excavées, dont la valorisation est désormais possible si elles sont compatibles avec le fond pédo-géochimique du site receveur. Afin de faciliter cette valorisation, cette thèse s’intéresse à des méthodologies de traitement de données acquises à d'autres fins que la détermination du fond pédo-géochimique, afin de fournir un référentiel de qualité géochimique des sols urbains à l'échelle d'un quartier ou d'une ville. Les premiers tests montrent les limites des calculs statistiques, usuellement utilisés avec des données dédiées au fond pédo-géochimique du fait de leur sensibilité à la limite de quantification, à la loi de distribution ou encore au pourcentage d'anomalie. Le découpage du territoire en entités géographiques cohérentes à partir de la nature des sols et sous-sols et des pressions anthropiques (actuelles ou passées) permet la constitution de différents niveaux de fond suivant la qualité géochimique des sols, mais une des difficultés concerne le renseignement de l'ensemble des entités. La classification statistique des échantillons, même spatialisée, n'apporte, actuellement pas de résultats exploitables pour la gestion des terres excavées. Enfin, le filtrage géostatistique via un modèle linéaire de corégionalisation présente une alternative solide pour le filtrage des anomalies et l'estimation du fond à l'échelle d'un quartier. / Large urban redevelopments generate large volumes of excavated soils whose reusability is now possible if they are compatible with the pedo-geochemical background of the receiving site. In order to facilitate this valorization, this thesis focuses on processing methodologies on data acquired for other purposes than the determination of the pedo-geochemical background, in order to provide a geochemical quality reference system for urban soils at the scale of one neighborhood or city. The first tests show the limits of the statistical stresholds, usually used with data dedicated to the pedo-geochemical background because of their sensitivity to the limit of quantification, to the distribution law or to the percentage of anomaly. The segmentation of the territory into coherent geographical entities based on the nature of the soil and subsoil and the anthropogenic pressures (current or past) allows the constitution of different geochemical background levels according to the geochemical quality of the soils, but one of the difficulties concerns the information of all entities. The statistical classification of the samples, even if spatialized, does not currently provide usable results for the management of the excavated earth. Lastly, geostatistical filtering via a linear model of coregionalisation provides a solid alternative for anomaly filtering and background estimation at a neighborhood scale.

Efficient management of natural resources (NRM) needs to be built on a correct understanding of the objectives of different stakeholders. Therefore, it is required to actively involve experts and stakeholders in the decision making process. However, the introduction of these knowledge claims is controversial. This is due to differences in the quality of the underlying involvement methods. The principle objective of this study was therefore to develop, apply and critically analyse improved (hybrid) methodologies to integrate expert and local knowledge in existing NRM decision making frameworks. Research is performed on 2 case studies. The SAFE case study deals with the development of a framework for evaluating sustainability levels in agricultural systems in Belgium, while the ALERT case study deals with sustainable management of water resources in semi-arid regions, applied to the Andarax catchment in Spain. The analysis of pro's and contra's of both the technocratic and the pure participatory approaches sets the blueprint for a hybrid decision making framework. Experience shows that decision support is improved when an indicator-based assessment structure is embedded in the participatory approach. This is facilitated through the use of soft operational research techniques. A sound methodology for participatory indicator selection is presented and clear-cut answers to problems with reliability of judgments are provided. The design of different typologies of membership functions is an important step to future deliberation of participatory-based norms. A computerized decision support system (DSS) is developed as it proves to be an important means to deal with increased information and complexity in decision support for NRM. In response to calls for greater collaboration with local actors, the DSS contains different functionalities that are designed to be interactive, while optimal default values ensure basic quality standards. Multi-criteria analysis allows an evaluation of alternatives and scenarios in the hybrid decision making framework. We deal with important choices that have to be made when interpreting spatio-temporal variabilities in management performances and the implications thereof on the final projections towards decision makers. The propagation of uncertainty in the hybrid decision making frameworks is critically evaluated. In order to consider uncertainty in an integrated way, a combined uncertainty/sensitivity analysis is presented. This analysis includes uncertainty related to norms, weights and indicators. Finally, guidelines for communication of the findings towards decision makers are drafted. / Pour être efficace, la gestion des ressources naturelles (GRN) doit prendre en compte correctement les objectifs de différents acteurs. Il est dès lors recommandé d’inclure activement les experts et les parties prenantes dans le processus de prise de décision. Cependant, la meilleure manière de prendre en compte différents types de savoir est sujette à controverse. L’objectif principal de cette étude est donc de développer, appliquer et évaluer des méthodes améliorées (hybrides) de prise en compte du savoir des parties prenantes et des experts dans les systèmes actuels de prise de décision pour la GRN. Cette recherche a été appliquée sur deux cas d’étude. Le premier, appelé SAFE, traite du développement d’un cadre pour évaluer la durabilité des systèmes agraires en Belgique. Le second, ALERT, traite de la gestion durable de l’eau dans des régions semi-arides, appliquée ici au bassin de l’Andarax (Espagne). L’analyse comparée des points forts et des points faibles des approches participatives et technocratiques fournit le cadre pour une approche hybride de prise de décision. Les expériences montrent que l’aide à la décision est améliorée lorsqu’une évaluation par des indicateurs est ancrée dans une approche participative. Des techniques de « recherche opérationnelle douce » permettent cette prise en compte. Nous présentons une méthode pour définir les indicateurs d’une façon participative qui permet de donner des réponses claires aux problèmes liés à la fiabilité des jugements. La définition d’une typologie de fonctions d’appartenance spécifique pour les indicateurs est une étape importante pour le choix participatif des normes. Un système informatisé d'aide à la décision (SIAD) a été développé afin de faire face à l’accroissement de la quantité d’information et de la complexité dans l'aide à la décision. En réponse à la demande d'une plus grande collaboration avec les acteurs locaux, le SIAD contient différentes fonctionnalités qui peuvent être configurées interactivement. Par default on propose des valeurs optimalisées pour assurer des standards de qualité. L'analyse multicritère permet une évaluation des alternatives de gestion et des scénarios dans le cadre de la prise de décision hybride. Nous traitons des choix importants à faire lors de l'interprétation des variations spatio-temporelles des performances de gestion et des implications de ceux-ci sur les avis finaux relayés aux décideurs. La propagation des incertitudes dans la prise de décision des cadres hybrides est aussi évaluée. Afin d'examiner l'incertitude d'une manière intégrée, une analyse mixte de sensibilité et d’incertitude est présentée. Celle-ci porte sur l’incertitude liée aux normes, aux poids et aux indicateurs. Afin de mener à une gestion efficace et durable des ressources naturelles, nous proposons des solutions techniques aux décideurs pour mieux valoriser la connaissance intrinsèque des acteurs de terrain et des gestionnaires.

Having been running for over 10 years, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is considered an innovative and successful mitigation initiative. CDM has the dual aims of helping industrialised countries achieve compliance with their emission limitation and reduction commitments in a cost-effective way, while simultaneously assisting developing countries in sustainable development. This thesis does a comprehensive analysis of the dual aims of CDM and is intended to assist in discussions about the post-2012 regime regarding CDM. To analyse the aim of assisting mitigation in a cost-effective way, the prices of certified emission reductions (CERs) on the international carbon market was studied and the provision of CDM was tested by comparing the amount of CERs with the mitigation commitments of the Annex I countries. It was found that CDM plays an important role in maintaining the international carbon price at a low level and that the total amount of CERs alone had already reached up to 52.70% of the entire mitigation commitments of industrialized countries by the end of 2010 and was continuing to grow before 2012. A theoretical analysis of the impacts of CDM showed that CDM has a double mitigation effect in both developing countries and industrialised countries, without double counting at present. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of China’s CDM projects on China’s total emissions showed that the contribution of CDM projects to limiting total emissions is small due to the dominance of fossil fuels, but CDM’s role in stimulating renewable energy is significant, e.g. about 11% of hydropower and 93% of wind power was generated by CDM projects in 2010. The results provide strong evidence in support of CDM’s contribution under the current Kyoto Protocol mitigation regime. To analyse the aim of promoting sustainable development in developing countries, popular methods such as checklist, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) were reviewed, a CBA of co-benefits of China’s CDM projects was carried out, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied in an experimental study. The results showed that every method has its own advantages and problems. In other words, neither the CBA of co-benefits nor the AHP method alone is able to assess sustainable development in a completely satisfactory way. Currently, a bottom-up approach through engaging local stakeholders in CDM design and approval, combining a mandatory monitoring and evaluation of co-benefits, could be more effective for safeguarding local sustainable development than any consolidated standards. The future of the CDM is still unclear mainly due to uncertainties about the post-2012 regime. This thesis shows that there is more than sufficient reason for CDM to continue after 2012. Industrialised countries in general should make more substantial efforts to reduce their domestic emissions rather than blaming developing countries. For developing countries, learning from the CDM projects and further applying the knowledge, technology and experiences to their domestic development agenda could be more valuable than the present CER revenues. CDM can be an important starting point for developing countries to gradually make incremental greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and limitation efforts. / QC 20110817

La recherche développée dans cette thèse propose une méthodologie pour faciliter la recherche d'un site favorable à I'installation d'un parc d'énergie marine, ainsi qu'un ensemble de solutions techniques appropriées au site lui-même et aux contraintes économiques. Dans le but de simplifier les processus de décisions, une approche multicritère est proposée. La méthode développée intègre un système d'information géographique, une méthode d'analyse multicritère et un algorithme d'optimisation. Cette stratégie est appliquée dans le cadre d'un projet d'implantation d'un parc d'hydroliennes. Trois critères sont utilisés : I'acceptation sociale, l'énergie produite et le coût global du projet.Le premier critère à modéliser est I'acceptation sociale qui permet de discrétiser spatialement la zone d'étude. Cette modélisation vise une segmentation de I'espace maritime suivant son potentiel à réduire les conflits. L'agrégation des différentes contraintes spatiales est obtenue en utilisant la méthode Electre III. Des modèles de coût et de production énergétique ont été ensuite intégrés en prenant en compte la possibilité de combiner plusieurs technologies. Les sites d'installations proposés sont définis par I'intersection de la carte d'acceptabilité avec les cartes relatives aux contraintes géographiques intervenant dans I'estimation du coût de l'énergie produite. La technologie utilisée, les principaux paramètres de dimensionnement des machines et les caractéristiques géographiques des sites d'installation permettent l'évaluation des deux derniers critères. Pour chaque site d'implantation, les machines offrant le meilleur compromis coût/ énergie produite sont identifiées grâce à un algorithme génétique. La méthode d'analyse multicritères Electre III est également appliquée dans le processus de décision final incluant les trois critères. Un classement des différentes régions de I'espace maritime, auxquelles une machine optimisée est associée, est obtenu. Ce classement est adapté à la vision du problème des décideurs grâce aux possibilités de paramétrage des différents critères dans Electre. / The research developed in this thesis introduces a methodological approach whose objective is to facilitate the search of a favorable site for the installation of a marine energy converter park in the maritime domain. In order to efficiently install a marine energy farm in a suitable region, two main objectives are considered. The first one is to identify the best location for a given technology, and the second one aims is to find the optimal farm configuration and the most adequate technologies for a given region.The introduced methodology is based on a combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and an optimization algorithm. Three main criteria are considered in the approach: the global cost of the project, quantity of energy produced and social acceptance. The social acceptance criterion is evaluated by the MCA. The MCA retained is Electre III. The research develops a combination of Electre and GIS analysis that takes into account the conflicting nature of the different spatial constraints. The geographical dimension is taken into account thanks to a grid-oriented structural representation in which each elementary region is ranked according to the potentialities and the conflicts that may arise. The approach is complemented by the application of a genetic algorithm whose objective is to select the technical options for each spatial subdivision in order to optimize the criteria of cost and produced energy by the converters. The last step of the methodology applies Electre again to provide a decision-aid support. The whole approach generates a potential classification of the different sub-regions of the maritime space considered, according to the different technologies considered, and this by summarizing the three main criteria. Overall the method provides a decision-aid system based on the flexibility offered by the Electre parameters that can be used by both engineers and decisionmakers when studying the potentiality offered by the development of marine energy converters.

Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Politische Ökonomie von Forstplantagen in den Tropen. Die Analyse der Makroebene zeigt dabei eine globale Perspektive auf, sowie historische Veränderungen von Paradigmen in Bezug zu Waldplantagen. Der zweite Teil der Studie analysierte Plantagen auf der Mikro-Ebene im Hinblick auf divergente geographischen Zusammenhänge, nämlich Paraguay und Indonesien. Fallstudien eignen sich hierbei, um ein vielfältiges Spektrum von Waldplantagen darzustellen, sowie Beispiele für die in der Makroebene abgeleiteten Paradigmen zu illustrieren. Abschließend verbindet die Studie die Entwicklungen der Makro-Ebene mit Belegen aus der Mikro-Analyse. Hierauf ableitend werden Empfehlungen für die Anlage zukünftiger Plantagen getätigt. Die Methodik wurde den Untersuchungsebenen in einem iterativen Prozess angepasst. Der Umfang variiert dabei von Makro- bis Mikroanalysen, sowie vom theoretischen bis zum empirischen Niveau. Auf der Makroebene wurde eine Politische-Ökonomie-Analyse und eine Untersuchung desrelevanten historischen Materials durchgeführt. Weiterhin wurden Plantagen Paradigmen anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren abgegrenzt. Für die Mikroebene wurden Fallstudien mit lokalen Interviews durchgeführt, welche Daten für eine Mehrkriterienanalyse (MCA) lieferten. Die Kombination der Mikro- und Makroanalyse erfolgte durch eine Korrelationsanalyse und wurde durch eine Diskussion abgerundet. Das Forschungsergebnis aus der globalen Analyse ist eine Typologie von sechs Paradigmen und deren Untervarianten, welche als theoretisches und analytisches Werkzeug in der Forschung zu Plantagen dienen können. Die Paradigmen wurden klassifiziert als: i) das vorindustrielle P.; ii) das kolonial industrielle und national industrielle; iii) das Schutzparadigma; iv) das soziale P.; v) das neo-liberale und modifiziert neoliberale P. und vi) das globalpolitische Paradigma. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien und MCA zeigen zum einen sichtbare Mängel in Plantagen unter verschiedenen Paradigmen auf und unterstreichen zum anderen positive Effekte bestimmter Paradigmen. Die MCA Bewertungspunkte zeigen zum Beispiel, dass manche Paradigmen mit dem Kriterium Landkonflikt korrelieren, oder präsentieren unterschiedliche lokale Beteiligung auf verschiedenen Plantagen, illustrieren Vorteile, die Plantagen für unterschiedliche Interessengruppen bringen. Die MCA bewertet weiter die Wirtschaftsleistung der Plantagen und vergleicht Faktoren, wie Nutzenverteilung, Rentabilität, Marktzugang und Rahmenbedingungen für Investitionen. Sie analysiert soziale Faktoren, wie Arbeitssicherheit, Zugang zu Dienstleistungen, Beteiligung oder Personalmanagement. Weiterhin werden Umweltprobleme durch die Studie aufgegriffen, z.B. Landnutzungsänderungen, Wasser- oder Boden- Auswirkungen, Lebensraumfunktion usw. Wie die vergleichende Analyse zeigt, ist die modifizierte Neoliberale Paradigma Plantage (Outgrower-Scheme) besonders geeignet, um sowohl soziale als auch wirtschaftliche Vorteile zu sichern (90 % und 84 % in den entsprechenden Feldern gegenüber dem hypothetischen Idealtyp Plantage). Andere Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf wichtige Erkenntnisse bei der Plantagenentwicklung hin, die auf der Plantagen-Ebene und bei der Gestaltung nationaler Rahmenbedingungen für den Plantagensektor berücksichtigt werden sollten. Handlungsempfehlungen für die forstwirtschaftliche, epistemische Gemeinschaft zur Gestaltung der weiteren Diskurse in Bezug auf globalen Plantagen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys kan användas för att föreslå en hållbar lokalisering av ny bebyggelse på landsbygd. Covid-19 pandemin har utmanat invanda beteendemönster och värderingar. Social distansering och att arbeta på distans har blivit det nya normala och det finns anledning att tro att distansarbete kommer att vara mer accepterat även efter det att pandemin är över. Redan innan pandemin fanns en svagt uppåt-gående trend med befolkningsökning i tätortsnära landsbygdssamhällen. Om attraktionen för bostäder inom tätortsnära landsbygdssamhällen ökar blir det viktigt att fundera på hur en nyetablering av bebyggelse kan ske på ett så håll-bart sätt som möjligt. En fallstudie genomfördes över ett mindre landsbygds-samhälle med fokus på att identifiera utmaningar ur hållbarhetssynpunkt och vilka kriterier som är viktiga att beakta vid lokalisering av nya bostäder. Plats-analys, enkät och intervju användes för att välja ut kriterier till den GIS-baserade multikriterieanalysen och för att utvärdera resultatet. En enklare känslighetsanalys genomfördes för att bedöma om den valda metoden var robust och vilken inverkan de olika kriterierna och deras viktning hade på slut-resultatet. Fem platser med en area större än 1000 m² pekades ut i analysen som de bäst lämpade platserna för lokalisering av nya bostäder. Vid utvärde-ringen av platserna i verkligheten visade sig samtliga ha brister som förbisetts i analysen. När slutresultatet vidgades till att inkludera även de näst bästa plat-serna uppvisade flera av platserna potential för etablering av nya bostäder. Slutsatsen av studien var att GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys innebär många osäkerhetsfaktorer och att det är viktigt att valet av kriterier anpassas till för-utsättningarna inom studieområdet för att resultatet ska bli tillförlitligt. Resul-tatet från GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys behöver utvärderas noggrant och be-slutsfattare bör inte enbart koncentrera sig på platserna med de högsta värdena i analysen utan behålla ett bredare perspektiv och även utvärdera de näst bästa platserna. Ett spektrum av kriterier som inbegriper såväl miljömässiga som so-ciala och ekonomiska aspekter av hållbarhet ökar förutsättningarna för att den föreslagna lokaliseringen ska bli så hållbar som möjligt. GIS-baserad multi-kriterieanalys kan, rätt använd, vara ett värdefullt verktyg för att hitta en så hållbar lokalisering som möjligt för nya bostäder på landsbygd. / The aim of the study was to examine how GIS-based multicriteria analysis can be used to propose a sustainable location for new buildings in rural areas. The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged behavior patterns and values. Social distancing and remote work have become the new normal and there is reason to believe that remote working will be more accepted when the pandemic is over. There was an upward trend of population growth in rural communities close to urban areas even before the Covid-19 pandemic. If the attraction for housing in rural communities increases, it will be important to consider how a new establishment of buildings can take place in a sustainable way. A case study was conducted over a small rural community. Focus for the study was identification of challenges from a sustainability point of view and conside-ration of the most important criteria when locating new houses. Place ana-lysis, questionnaire and interview were methods used to select criteria for the GIS-based multicriteria analysis, and evaluation of the results. A simplified sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the robustness of the chosen method and impact of criteria weighting on the result. Five sites with an area larger than 1000 m² were pointed out in the analysis as the most suitable for new housing. In the evaluation of the sites, they all turned out to have short-comings that were overlooked in the analysis. When the result was expanded to include even the second-best places, several of the places showed potential for new housing establishment. The conclusion of the study was that GIS-based multicriteria analysis involves many uncertainty factors and study area conditions must be considered then criteria choices are made for the result to be reliable. The result of the analysis needs to be carefully evaluated and de-cision-makers should not only concentrate on the places with the highest value in the analysis but maintain a broader perspective and evaluate the second-best places as well. A criteria spectrum including both environmental, social, and economic aspects of sustainability increase the probability for the proposed locations to be truly sustainable. GIS-based multi-criteria analysis can be a valuable tool in finding a location as sustainable as possible for new housing in rural areas, if used correctly.