No description available.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of my study is to examine how preschool children experience nature and how the educationalists at the preschool can make nature more exciting and support the children’s personal growth. I have also studied what the educationalists of the preschool do and what they can do to make nature more interesting and playful for the children. Observations and interviews have been conducted at a preschool in a small town. The preschool is situated close to nature, that is, close to a small forested area. I have chosen to conduct interviews and observations with a group of children that consists of six five year olds. Interviews have even been conducted with pedagogues that work at the preschool department. I have received positive response for my activities with the children. I consider that the children’s understanding of concept of nature has changed towards stronger connected to the concept of forest. The pedagogues at the preschool strive for spending time outside and they follow the curriculum that they incorporate into the daily activities of the preschool. I believe that possibilities exist to utilize the forested area even more by conducting gatherings and even longer periods of time outside. I consider that they are headed in the right direction.</p><p>Keywords: Preschool children, nature, pedagogues, pedagogy outdoors.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med mitt arbete har varit att undersöka på hur barn uppfattar naturen och hur pedagogerna på förskolan kan göra naturen spännande och utvecklande.</p><p>Jag har även studerat vad pedagogerna gör och kan göra för att göra naturen intressant och lekfull för barnen. Undersökningsförsök och intervjuer har jag genomfört på en förskola i en mindre stad. Förskolan ligger nära naturen, d.v.s. nära ett mindre skogsområde. Jag har valt att föra samtal och observationer med en barngrupp bestående av sju femåringar. Jag har även gjort intervjuer med pedagogerna som arbetar på avdelningen. Barnen har gett mig positiv respons på mina aktiviteter. Jag anser att barnen har fått en annan uppfattning om begreppet natur och att det kan kopplas samman med begreppet skog. Pedagogerna på förskolan arbetar för att barnen ska vistas utomhus och de följer styrdokumenten som vävs in dagligen i förskolans verksamhet. Men jag anser att det finns ytterligare chanser att kunna utnyttja naturen ännu mer. T.ex. genom att genomföra samlingar och längre stunder i naturen. Jag anser att den studerade förskolan är på god väg till ett utvecklat samarbete med naturen.</p><p>Nyckelord: Förskolebarn, naturen, pedagoger, utomhuspedagogik</p>

No description available.

<p>I och med de klimatförändringar som sker världen över ökar också frekvensen av naturolyckor. Översvämningar är en av de naturolyckstyper som drabbar nästan alla delar av världen och kan leda till förödande konsekvenser. Översvämningar i Sverige leder oftast bara till ekonomiska förluster medan det i fattiga länder handlar om sociala konsekvenser. Klimatfrågan och dess konsekvenser har satts i centrum för både FN, EU och regeringar runt om i världen och fått högsta prioritet. Dessutom har översvämningar antagits som en egen del av klimatkonsekvenserna och behandlas specifikt av till exempel EU och Sveriges Regering. Uppsatsen tar upp hur konsekvenserna av en översvämning i Mälaren ser ut i Köpings kommun med klimatförändringar och översvämningsproblematik som bakgrund och hur arbetet med anpassning och förebyggande åtgärder ser ut på global, nationell och lokal nivå.</p> / <p>Considering the climate changes that are going on all over the world, the frequency of natural disasters also have increased. Flooding is one of the natural hazards that affect almost all parts of the world and can lead to devastating consequences. In Sweden flooding mostly leads only to economic losses while in poor countries it is a question about social consequences. The question about the climate and its consequences has been the head question for UN, EU and governments all around the world and recived highest priority. Furthermore flooding is considered as an own part of the climate consequences and is specially treated by for example EU and the Swedish government. This essay is treating the consequences of flooding of lake Mälaren in Köping municipality with climate change and flooding problems as an background and how the work with adaptation and precautionary actions looks like at global, national and local level.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>With this c-composition, I am trying to give a view over what has happened in the political area and the issues that concerns environmental aid. My analyze starts in the 60-ies when the environmental debate took of. It continues trough the 70-ies, 80-ies and ends in 1994 with the report that considers the UN-conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992, “Sustainable Aid” and what the results of the more and more important issue “sustainable development” has offered the Swedish government ant there work with environmental aid.</p><p>The question issue is: At what time in history, did the Swedisch government start to addrsess environmental aid? How did the environmental aid come to be addressed and developed in the political area from the Brundtlandreport ”Our common future” from 1987 to the UN-conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992?</p><p>The result is that the environment is getting more and more important in the political arena as the knowledge about the escalating crises with the environmental problems are being taken more seriously. The problems with the environment has to be considered together with the rest of the aid- and developing questions like economy and the struggle to reduce poverty in the world. The issue of “sustainable development” has to be involved in all governmental- and environmental work to create a sustainable future and earth.</p>

This thesis presents results from a longitudinal study of students in compulsory school. The project started in spring 1997 when the students were about six years old, and finished in spring 2006 when they left compulsory school. One aim of the study was to follow individual students' development of conceptions about evaporation during their year in scool. Another aim has been to study how the students used a simplified particle model in their explanations of evaporation. The particle model was introduced early, in their first year. Teaching episodes focused on water, and its changes of state connected to everyday phenomena was taught. The students were interviewed before and after the teaching interventions and the explanations were analysed in order to find a comprehensive description of each student. In my analysis I have among other things found that heat is an important factor for evaporation when students are young but its importance seems to decrease when they get older. I have also seen that particle model has been helpful for the students in their explanations of evaporation. / Denna avhandling presenterar resultat från en longitudinell studie i grundskolan. Projektet startade våren 1997 då eleverna var omkring sex år och avslutades våren 2006 då eleverna lämnade grundskolan. Ett mål med studien var att följa individuella elevers begreppsutveckling kring avdunstning under deras år i skolan. Ett annat mål har varit att studera hur eleverna har använt en tidigt introducerad förenklad partikelmodell i sina förklaringar av avdunstning. Undervisningsinsatser som fokuseras på vatten och dess fasändringar kopplat till vardagsfenomen har genomförts. Eleverna har intervjuats före och efter varje insats och förklaringarna har analyserats för att få en heltäckande beskrivning vad gäller begreppsutvecklingen hos varje elev. I min analys har jag bl.a. funnit att värme är av stor betydelse för de yngre eleverna i deras förklaringar av avdunstning men att denna betydelse minskar då eleverna blir äldre. Jag har också sett att den tidigt introducerade partikelmodellen har varit ett bra hjälpmedel för eleverna i deras förklaringar av avdunstning.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka vad som påverkat olika lärare i deras yrkesval. För detta syfte har jag använt mig av två typer av kvalitativ metod, dels livshistoria och dels kvalitativ intervju. Jag har interv-juat fyra naturvetenskapslärare och tre lärare inom humanistiska ämnen. I bakgrunden redogör jag för naturve-tenskapens historia och jag diskuterar även om naturvetenskapen befinner sig i kris eller inte. Resultatet visar att lärarna ofta görämnesvalet tidigt i livet och att uppväxtmiljö och skola spelar roll för att utveckla dessa intressen. Däremot har ingen av lärarna, utom en, gått direkt från gymnasiet till en lärarutbild- ning. Naturvetenskapslärarna har en tendens att se ner på naturvetenskapen i förhållande till andra ämnen, vil-ket skulle kunna vara en anledning till att negativa attityder kring naturvetenskap sprids bland elever.

Traditional oil analysis methods - e.g. acidity and viscosity measurements - have been used to monitor lubricant conditions. These methods can detect when the useful life of a lubricant is over but fall short when trying to gain insight on how long a lubricant in current use could last. This makes it difficult to make proactive decisions and estimate oil drain periods. Lubricants do not start to degrade until the antioxidants, which prevent from oxidation, have depleted to a certain level where they no longer can protect the base oil from degradation. During the degradation process insoluble contaminants form that can lead to sludge and varnish. Four engine oils were oxidized using oxygen pressurized vessels and four hydraulic oils were oxidized with turbine oil stability test (TOST). At different stages of oxidation, sample aliquots were withdrawn and analysed. A blend of engine oil and biodiesel was also tested as well as a mixture of hydraulic oil and water. Samples of engine oils were also tested from a rig test running at SCANIA’s facilities in Södertälje, Sweden. The samples were evaluated with Remaining Useful Life Evaluation Routine (RULER) and Membrane Patch Colorimetry (MPC). RULER is a voltammetric method that measures the antioxidant level in a lubricant sample and MPC measure the insoluble contaminants by spectrophotometric analysis. Results from these analyses were compared to conventional methods such as acid number, viscosity, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the MPC-analyses showed that this method is dependent on the type of the lubricant tested. RULER performed well for all tested lubricants. It was shown that this analyse method can predict when the lubricant is going to start to degrade due to oxidation. Tests showed that the oxidation of the lubricant starts when there are 20-25% of the antioxidants remaining.

The aim of this project was to describe and to evaluate five small sewage treatment plants in the municipality of Laholm, Sweden, in order to investigate the treatment efficiency and to evaluate if effluents comply with discharge permits. The treatment systems were designed to treat effluents from 90 to 500 population equivalents. A report on the design and the present state of each sewage treatment plant has been made. This was made based upon previous documentation on water quality and by new sampling campaign as there were only a few previous measurements. Data has been evaluated and remedial actions proposed for those treatment plants that don’t fulfill discharge permits. Based upon the scientific investigation in combination with visits to the plants, discussions with the technicians in charge of the operation and literature study the following conclusions have been made: The sewage treatment plant in Hishult doesn’t comply with the permits and the plant will soon be totally renovated. Mästocka and Kornhults sewage treatment plants are complying with discharge permits and will be left without further actions at the present time. Skogaby sewage treatment plant is in need of remedial action and I recommend focusing on the later treatment stages of the plant (pond and infiltration unit). Öringe sewage treatment plant needs to be further investigated before suitable remedial actions can be proposed.

In the constitution of Sweden everyone has the right of common access in the nature. Toprotect these rights, as well as the nature, in areas close to shores the environmental law ofSweden (miljöbalken) protects areas within 100 meters from the waterline. Due to amendmentin this law, Swedish municipalities have to present countryside development areas close toshores. Within these areas, which are to be displayed in the municipality’s comprehensiveplan, it will be possible to get exemptions from the protection if the planned measure willbenefit the development of the region. This study aims to develop a method for findingsuitable and possible areas using geographical information system (GIS) by adding differentparameters together. Using 24 lakes in the municipality of Norrtälje, Sweden, as study areathe analysis weighted four different categories together using multi-criteria analysis. Thisincludes water quality; weakly protected areas; valuable nature; building structure andexcluded areas impossible to build in, such as nature reserve areas. As a result of the analysisseventeen areas, comprising 691 hectares, were classified as suitable areas for countrysidedevelopment areas close to shore. / Enligt regeringsformen (2 kap 18 §) anges allemansrätten som en grundläggande rättighet. Isyfte att trygga allmänhetens tillgång till stränder, liksom naturen i dessa områden, finnsstrandskyddet reglerat i miljöbalken. Generellt gäller skyddet områden inom 100 meter frånvattenlinjen. I och med förändringar av denna lag ska svenska kommuner presenteralandsbygdsutvecklingsområden i strandnära läge (LIS-områden). Inom dessa områden, somska redovisas i kommunens översiktsplan, kommer det att vara möjligt att få dispens frånstrandskyddet om den planerade åtgärden beräknas att gynna utvecklingen i regionenlångsiktigt. Denna studie syftar till att utveckla en metod för att finna lämpliga och möjligaområden med geografiska informationssystem (GIS) genom att vikta ihop olika parametrar.Som studieområde analyserades 24 sjöar i Norrtälje kommun, Sverige, där fyra olikakategorier viktades med multikriterieanalys. Kategorierna innefattar vattenkvalitet, svagtskyddade områden, lokala naturvärden, bebyggelsestruktur. Analysen uteslöt även områdenolämpliga att utse till LIS-områden, exempelvis naturreservat. Som ett resultat av analysenklassificerades sjutton områden, med total area på 691 hektar, som lämpligalandsbygdsutvecklingsområden i strandnära läge.