Orientador: Lucas Angioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_FrancineM._M.pdf: 1073485 bytes, checksum: 61b5a8a4997a983b538dbf5f532bae26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: De acordo com Aristóteles, conhecemos algo cientificamente quando apreendemos a causa pela qual essa coisa é e apreendemos, também, certa relação necessária entre aquilo que pretendemos conhecer e o que descobrimos ser a causa adequada que explica por que tal fato é o caso. Além disso, o filósofo identifica o conhecimento científico com a posse de um silogismo científico ou demonstração. Neste trabalho, analisamos a relação entre a teoria demonstrativa que Aristóteles desenvolve, principalmente, no livro I dos Segundos Analíticos e sua teoria silogística dos Primeiros Analíticos I e tentamos responder por que o conhecimento científico deve ser via silogismo. Também procuramos explicitar como as noções de causa e de necessidade, pelas quais Aristóteles define o conhecimento científico, são contempladas pela exigência de que as proposições de uma demonstração sejam per se. Finalmente, discutiremos como essas noções de per se, necessidade e causa se encaixam na estrutura silogística, uma vez que conhecer algo cientificamente é possuir um silogismo científico / Abstract: According to Aristotle, we know something scientifically when we grasp not only the cause by which this something is and but also a certain kind of necessary relation between what we intend to know and what we have discovered to be the adequate cause that explains why this is the case. In addition, the philosopher identifies the scientific knowledge with the possession of a scientific syllogism or demonstration. In this work, we examine the relationship between the demonstrative theory that Aristotle develops mainly on book I of Posterior Analytics, and his syllogistic theory, presented in Prior Analytics I. We try to answer why scientific knowledge must be presented via syllogism. We also intend to explicit how the notions of cause and necessity, through which Aristotle defines scientific knowledge, are contemplated by the requirement that the propositions of a demonstration must be per se (in itself). Finally, we discuss how these ideas of per se, necessity and cause fit in the syllogistic structure, since knowing something scientifically means to have a scientific syllogism / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

This paper contributes to the field of research on entrepreneurship and self-employment. More explicitly, it contributes to the research regarding heterogeneity by studying the ‘necessity’ self-employed. In this paper, we question the notion of ‘necessity’ and its connection to weak labour market attainment by measuring individual’s human capital in relation to local labour market structures. The used data derives from relevant labour market data combined with data from a postal survey study conducted in 2011, containing self-employed between the age 25–64. The results show no connection between labour market attainment and ‘necessity’ self-employment. The results however indicate a correlation between sociodemographic-aspects and ‘necessity’ self-employment.

This research is a historical-exegetical analysis of Hegel’s reformulation of Kant’s regulative principle of teleology into a constitutive principle. Kant ascribes teleology to the faculty of reflective judgment where it is employed as a guide to regulate inquiry, but does not constitute actual knowledge. Hegel argues that if Kant made teleology into a constitutive principle then it would be a much more comprehensive theory capable of overcoming contingency in natural science, and hence, bridging the gap between natural science and theology. In this paper I argue that Hegel’s defense of the transition from natural science to theology is ultimately unsuccessful because it is built upon on an instinct of reason, which is the instinctive feature of human rationality to transition beyond the contingency remaining in our empirical understanding of nature, to a theological understanding of nature, in which all aspects of nature are necessarily related.

More than fifty investor-state arbitration claims have been filed by foreign investors against the Republic of Argentina due to the country's adoption of measures to mitigate the consequences of a severe financial crisis that struck the country in the early 2000s. Argentina invoked the Non-Precluded Measures (NPM) clause in the U.S.-Argentina Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and the necessity defence in customary international law as its defense in these arbitrations. As a result of taking divergent approaches to interpreting the NPM clause in the U.S.-Argentina BIT, the tribunals reached inconsistent decisions on Argentina’s liability for damages incurred by foreign investors, which intensified the legitimacy crisis in the investment arbitration regime. Consequently, the tribunals’ approaches to interpreting the nexus requirement of the treaty NPM clause (the "necessary for" term) caused a fierce academic debate among scholars. This thesis studies the issues related to the inconsistent interpretation of treaty NPM clauses and the customary necessity defense in the investment arbitration regime. It presents a detailed examination of the necessity defense in customary international law and treaty NPM clauses through the lens of regime theory. By applying relevant concepts of regime theory, such as regime formation, regime attributes, regime consequences and regime dynamics, this work explores the origins and evolution of the necessity doctrine, and provides a comparative analysis of the attributes, structural elements and the consequences of invoking the customary necessity defense and treaty NPM clauses. This thesis analyses the interpretative issues in the Argentine cases, and based on the dynamics of developments in the practice of states, it arrives at concrete proposals that will contribute to the coherent practice of investment arbitration tribunals in interpreting treaty NPM clauses. By applying the concept of interaction of regimes, this thesis provides a comparative analysis of tests suggested by scholars for interpreting Article XI of the U.S.-Argentina BIT. It examines whether the interpretative testsmargin of appreciation, proportionality and less restrictive meansused by dispute settlement bodies in other specialized treaty regimes have the potential to serve as an optimal standard for interpreting Article XI. This work explains the contents of these tests and inquires as to the advantages and criticisms related to their application in the investment arbitration regime. This thesis further advances the argument that the interpretation of treaty NPM clauses (Article XI of the U.S.-Argentina BIT) should be performed with strict adherence to the general rules of interpretation as established under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Specifically, it argues that in cases when tribunals fail to define the meaning of a treaty provision under Article 31 (1) and (2) of VCLT, they should not look for guidance from other specialized treaty regimes, but rather, must have recourse to general international law, specifically, customary rules of international law. As a methodology for performing this interpretation, this thesis proposes to apply a systemic integration approach through operationalizing Article 31(3)(c) of VCLT. Furthermore, this thesis advances the argument that the interpretation of the only means requirement of the customary necessity defense (Article 25 of Articles on the Responsibility of States) does not accurately reflect the contemporary customary rules on necessity. Thus, by applying the concept of regime dynamics, it proposes to reconceptualise the interpretation of the only means requirement through incorporating the elements of a more progressive version, which is found in the international trade regime. Unlike the scholars who rejected the application of the customary necessity elements, and proposed the direct importation of the LRM test from the international trade regime to interpret Article XI, this thesis proposes a different approach to taking advantage of the WTO jurisprudence. Specifically, it argues that WTO jurisprudence can be incorporated into the investment regime indirectly by serving as a source from which we can identify the development of state practice in examining the "only means" nature of state measures adopted in emergency (necessity) circumstances. It is contended that such state practice represents a more progressive and practical approach to interpreting the only means requirement of customary necessity defense, and thus, should be incorporated into the interpretation practice of investment arbitral tribunals.

La recherche présente s’intéresse à l’idée de « composition » chez Kandinsky, au sens à la fois théorique et artistique qui inspire son art dit « peinture compositionnelle ». La composition, élément technique dans la peinture traditionnelle, acquiert un sens créateur avec Kandinsky. Sur son idée novatrice qui reflète la mutation de la pensée moderne et l’exigence singulière du spirituel propre à l’artiste, converge, tout en se dépassant, toute la tradition méthodologique de la peinture figurative. Nous avons ainsi abordé ce sujet selon trois approches : l’étude de l’héritage conceptuel et méthodologique de théories traditionnelles en peinture pour comprendre et mesurer la métamorphose que lui impose la composition selon Kandinsky ; puis l’étude de la motivation personnelle de Kandinsky gravitant autour de l’idée du spirituel et de l’intériorité, pour en dégager la logique interne qui préside à sa création picturale ; enfin, nous nous sommes attachée à la théorie même de la composition qui s’exprime à travers deux sous-théories, celles de la couleur et de la forme graphique, en les confrontant aux deux styles principaux relativement opposés et liés à deux périodes, celles de Munich et du Bauhaus, ce qui nous a permis de saisir l’idée de composition dans sa réalisation effective. / The present research investigates the idea of "composition" in Kandinsky’s art in both senses of theoretical and artistic activity. With Kandinsky, the composition, which is only a technical element in traditional painting, gains a creative meaning. The whole methodological tradition converges on his innovative idea that reflects the mutation of modern thinking as well as the exigency for the spiritual peculiar to the artiste, and, doing so, surpasses itself. We have adopted three different approaches to this question. First of all, we study the conceptual and methodological legacy of the traditional theories in painting in order to understand – and weigh up – the metamorphosis induced by the composition according to Kandinsky. Then, we study Kandinsky’s personal motivation, which revolves around the idea of the spiritual and the one of interiority, in order to draw from it the very theory of composition expressing itself through two sub-theories, color’s theory and graphic form’s theory, which we compare with both of his main styles, connected to two periods, Munich period and Bauhaus period, and quite different. It is this comparison in particular that allows us to grasp Kandinsky’s idea in its effective achievement.

This dissertation explores how economic, organizational, and personal factors affect self-employment transitions, occupational decisions, and firm formation activities of individuals at different positions in the skill distribution. The first essay of my dissertation studies how local unemployment rates differentially affect entry into self-employment by individuals at different places in the skill distribution. The empirical results show a positive correlation between local unemployment rates and entry into self-employment for low-ability workers, but not for high-ability workers. Including employer size to eliminate possible distortions showed that the positive association between unemployment and self-employment among low-ability workers is in fact driven by the small firm effect. Controlling for firm size yields a negative association between unemployment and self-employment among high-ability workers. Effects of organizational capital, human capital and physical capital, on the firm formation activities of people at distinct skill levels depend on the type of the industry which is chosen for the new firm. Two types of industries, capital-intensive and ability-intensive, are utilized to explore this hypothesis in the second essay. A capital-intensive industry requires more physical investment, and consequently more funds, whereas, an ability-intensive industry requires more human capital. It is shown that high human capital requirements are associated with higher earnings among the most able individuals, and therefore makes them more likely to found firms in an ability-intensive industry. Wealthy people are more likely to establish both capital-intensive and ability-intensive firms, even though the amount of funds necessary for two industry types differs. Moreover, entry into both industries is predicted to happen later in life due to the removal of entry barriers constituted by required investment spending using savings when old. Empirical mixed results are observed. The third essay investigates earning differentials between future entrepreneurs and their non-entrepreneurial colleagues. Results show that high-ability firm-owners in an ability-intensive industry were earning more than those that remained in wage-work, whereas, low-ability firm-owners in a capital-intensive industry were earning less than those remaining in paid-work.

O consumo de alimentos é influenciado por inúmeros fatores, entre os quais podem ser destacados os culturais, nutricionais, socioeconômicos e demográficos. Reconhece-se que, na medida em que esses aspectos favorecem a adoção de novos padrões alimentares, também poderão causar repercussões distintas sobre os níveis de atendimento das demandas nutricionais da população. Neste trabalho foi utilizada como base de dados parcela das informações (referentes à população das Regiões Norte e Sul), obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2002-2003), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. Dentre os objetivos da presente pesquisa destacam-se a análise da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes, no âmbito dos domicílios. Visou-se também avaliar a participação dos grupos de alimentos e dos macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total - VET, bem como a variação dos mesmos segundo o rendimento mensal per capita e a localização do domicílio (rural e urbano). Para a elaboração das cálculos referentes ao conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, utilizou-se o software Virtual Nutri. Adotou-se como parâmetro para a avaliação da disponibilidade de vitaminas, minerais e fibras, os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997,1998, 2000, 2001, 2002). Quanto à avaliação do conteúdo de colesterol, adotou-se a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (2003). As análises estatísticas foram viabilizadas por meio do software SAS (1999). Para a avaliação da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes conforme o rendimento mensal per capita, foi adotado o modelo de regressão múltipla. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se a reduzida disponibilidade (média) de energia para as famílias moradoras nas áreas urbanas de ambas as regiões e um incremento do conteúdo energético à medida que crescem os rendimentos. Quanto aos macronutrientes, verificou-se uma relação inversa entre a participação dos carboidratos no VET e os rendimentos familiares. A contribuição dos lipídios para o VET apresentou tendência de crescimento, de acordo com o aumento da renda. Com relação aos micronutrientes, os resultados revelaram reduzida disponibilidade, nos domicílios, das vitaminas C, B6, B12, D, E, folacina, ácido pantotênico e dos minerais cálcio, zinco, cobre, manganês e iodo para a totalidade das famílias integrantes da pesquisa. Salienta-se que o conteúdo dos minerais ferro, selênio e fósforo se aproximou do valor (médio) preconizado, apenas para as famílias das áreas rurais. A disponibilidade de fibras se revelou muito inferior ao valor mínimo recomendado para as famílias de ambas as regiões analisadas. A disponibilidade de colesterol revelou forte associação com os rendimentos familiares. Destaca-se a expressiva presença desse elemento, notadamente, nos domicílios das famílias da Região Sul. Quanto à participação dos distintos grupos de alimentos no VET, destaca-se a reduzida contribuição energética das frutas, verduras e legumes para praticamente a totalidade dos grupamentos familiares. Foi identificada a indesejável contribuição – considerada excessiva – dos doces, açúcares e refrigerantes para o VET disponível para as famílias. / Food consumption is influenced by countless factors, among which can be emphasized the cultural, nutritional, socioeconomic and demografic ones. One acknowledges that, as these aspects benefit the adoption of new nutritional patterns, it will also be possible to distinguish the level of fulfillment of nutritional demands of the population. Information obtained through the Family Budget Survey (POF 2002-2003), accomplished by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, concerning the population of the North and South Regions of Brazil was utilized as database in this work. An analysis of energy and nutrients disposal, at domiciliary extent, outstands among this researches’s main goals. It was also intended to assess the relative participation of groups of food and macronutrients in the Total Energetic Value – VET, as well as their variation according to the per capita monthly income and the situation of the place of residence (rural and urban). The Software Virtual Nutri was utilized for the elaboration of the analysis related to the energy and nutrients disposal. As a parameter for the assessment of vitamins, minerals and fibers disposal, it was adopted the recommendations prescribed by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002). Concerning the assessment of cholesterol content, the recommendation of the World Health Organization – (2003) was adopted. The statistical analysis were accomplished through the SAS (1999) Software. The multiple regression pattern was adopted in order to assess the energy and nutrients disposal, according to the per capita monthly income. Among the results, it outstands the low energy disposal for the families living in urban areas of both regions and an increase of energetic content while monthly income grows. Regarding macronutrients, it was verified a reversed relation between the participation of carbohydrates in VET and the family monthly income. The relative participation of fats presented a growth tendency proportional to an increase of income. In relation to micronutrients, the results showed a low disposal of vitamins C, B6. B12, D, E, folacin, pantotenic acid and mineral such as calcium, zinc, copper, manganese and iodin in residences for the families of North and South Regions in both geographic stratum. One emphasizes that the iron, selenium and phosphor contents approached the average forecast value only to the families of rural areas. The fiber disposal revealed to be much lower in relation to the minimum recommended value in both of the analyzed regions. The disposable content of cholesterol showed a strong association with the family incomes, with a notorious and expressive presence in residences of the South Region families. Regarding the participation of distinctive groups of food in VET, it outstands the reduced energetic contribution of fruits, vegetables and legumes for virtually all the familiary groupings. It was identified the undesirable contribution of sweets, sugars and soft drinks to the disposable VET for the families that participated in the research.

In war military necessity to some extent justifies breaches to some international humanitarian law rules. However, there is no justifiable causes for breaching rules with the objective to reduce humanitarian suffering. Professor Gabriella Blum is the creator of the humanitarian necessity theory which investigates the possibility for humanitarian necessity as a ground for freedom from responsibility in armed conflicts.  By applying the humanitarian necessity theory to the Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis case this thesis strives to investigate how a humanitarian necessity theory would affect international humanitarian law on an operational level of war.  The result of the analysis shows that the theory would weaken existing international humanitarian law and have high risks of blurring the limits between legitimate targets and protected persons. The implementation of the theory could result in creating an even more complex environment where the humanitarian necessity theory causes negative humanitarian effects instead of decreasing humanitarian suffering.

This essay is one part of my Bachelor's degree project, the other part being a dance performance with the title practical, efficient, necessary that was premiered in January of 2021. The essay discusses the main problem of the project (which was necessary movements and the lack thereof in dance) as for thoughts and methods that was used in the project in working with the theme of necessity. The essay begins by looking into movements of necessity from the perspective of a necessary movement being a practical movement that is in relation to survival and sprung out of urgency. It further explores necessary movements from the martial arts-perspective, and more specifically Muay Thai. The essay touches upon subjects such as the nervous system and the stress response as for preparatory movements as long term responses to urgency, while also looking into body-mind split theories. The essay also discusses protests as a method of self-defence, referring to artist and activist Rodney Diverlus analysis of the movements used in Black Lives Matter demonstrations. The main reference and conversation partner to many of the topics discussed in the essay is Pragmatist philosopher John Dewey and his thoughts in Art as Experience (1932) and Experience and Nature (1925). Further the essay describes the various methods used in the process of making the performance such as 'systematic choreographing' and 'temporary truths'. This allowed for further explorations of topics in the essay such as the starting and ending of movements, the power of repetition and sounds as necessity. The essay ends with reflections and refiguring of the concept of necessary movements. / <p>This work includes both a performing and a written part.</p>

美國商務部國家通信及資訊委員會自1995年起連續四年發佈的數位落差調查報告指出，美國雖然在電話與電腦之普及率和網際網路之使用率等資訊基礎建設發展程度已逐年提昇，但同時卻也會隨民眾之收入狀況、種族、教育程度以及居住區域的不同而有相當大的差異，此即一般所謂之「數位落差」。數位落差一詞在學術及實務上，因研究或運用方向之不同，而有不同之定義與內涵，本文認為在儘量擴張數位落差之內涵下，舉凡群體間「擁有及運用」「數位科技」之「高、低（甚至是無）」程度差距，均屬數位落差。 從法律面來探討消弭數位落差之法律基礎，多數學者以「平等權」、「言論自由權」、「受益權」、「基本權」等模糊之法律概念論述，此正足以反映出數位科技發展過程中，人民基本權益內涵之變動。以21世紀的角度來看1994年司法院大法官釋字第364號，本文認為國家有作為的義務，實現公眾接近利用數位設備，以達言論自由與個人表達權利之實現，同時也應保障通訊方法、工具、媒介的充分供應。 依照2001年，台北市原住民事務委員會對於台北市原住民之全面性調查，台北市原住民受訪者家中擁有電腦之比例為55.7%，相較於整個台北市市民擁有電腦之比例將近80%而言，同為台北市居民，原住民與非原住民之間，顯然有數位落差存在。2001年4月24日台北市政府依據「台北市政府資訊推動策略會議紀錄」，訂定「台北市政府推動縮短數位落差執行計畫」，其中明定：「以戶為單位，提供新台幣五千元至一萬元補助原住民學生購置電腦，或捐贈二手電腦，減輕其資訊設備負擔。」，經費則由台北市公益彩券盈餘分配基金支應。此一對於台北市原住民的經濟補助政策，本文由憲法層次往下探討其是否合法，認為應判斷以下層次：一、外部差別待遇：該政策只補助原住民，而不及於其他台北市民或其他與原住民居於相同處境之人民（如漢人、殘障族群等）。二、內部差別待遇：該政策只補助設籍台北市滿一年以上，就讀公私立學校，具原住民身分學生之家庭。三、必要性與相當性：給予原住民最低標準之基本需求，或是超出基本需求的給付。 本文採用質化研究之深度訪談法，訪談該政策之使用者，檢驗上開外部差別待遇、內部差別待遇、必要性與相當性等，三個層次的合法性問題，發現在「外部差別待遇」、「必要性與相當性」上，合法性較無問題，但是在「內部差別待遇」上，以「具有原住民學生身分」為分界點，完全未考慮各個原住民家庭或個人之實際需求，造成某些真正迫切需要該補助之台北市原住民的不利益。該政策應該有補救之方法，對於不符合「具有原住民學生身分」之申請者，為實質審查，倘確有補助之需要，仍應予以補助，以免某些確實有迫切需求的原住民，無法申請到補助，否則該政策在此一「內部差別待遇」之合法性上，應為不合法之判斷，當然，該政策倘若直接刪除「具有原住民學生身分之家庭」此一條件之限制，亦屬適當。