This thesis deals with the language of players of video games, especially computer games. The language sample was taken from written as well as spoken sources - magazines, web reviews and Let's Plays - and is limited to action, strategic and RPG games with some overlap with action-adventures. Researched words are mainly keywords of video game players' vocabulary. The goal of this thesis was to describe the language of video game players from several language viewpoints and briefly describe the slang of the players. The first part deals with introducing the researched material, video games as a whole and their history and also the subculture of video game players. The second part analyses the sample in terms of lexical semantics and word formation, describes the extent of adaptation of loanwords, also stabilization of words, neology and the words' affiliation to slang, terminology and common vocabulary. Then the thesis attempts to briefly describe the slang of video game players. Generally, the slang includes a large number of anglicisms and expressions from informatics (in a large part technical terms), while loanwords are adapted to a varying degree. Many expressions in the slang of video game players can also be considered professionalisms given the existence of professional players and...

This thesis deals with the language of players of video games, especially computer games. The language sample was taken from written as well as spoken sources - magazines, web reviews and Let's Plays - and is limited to action, strategic and RPG games with some overlap with action-adventures. Researched words are mainly keywords of video game players' vocabulary. The goal of this thesis was to describe the language of video game players from several language viewpoints and briefly describe the slang of the players. The first part deals with introducing the researched material, video games as a whole and their history and also the subculture of video game players. The second part analyses the sample in terms of lexical semantics and word formation, describes the extent of adaptation of loanwords, also stabilization of words, neology and the words' affiliation to slang, terminology and common vocabulary. Then the thesis attempts to briefly describe the slang of video game players. Generally, the slang includes a large number of anglicisms and expressions from informatics (in a large part technical terms), while loanwords are adapted to a varying degree. Many expressions in the slang of video game players can also be considered professionalisms given the existence of professional players and...

Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению проблем перевода английских социально-политических неологизмов на русский язык. Рассмотрены основные теоретические особенности понятия «неологизм»: его трактование и классификации. В работе также представлены основные способы перевода неологизмов в целом. Поскольку данная магистерская диссертация изучает особенности перевода социально-политических неологизмов, была дана подробная характеристика социально-политическому дискурсу. Для того, чтобы проверить, с какими проблемами сталкивается переводчик при работе с данной лексикой, было проведено исследование, в котором нами было отобрано 104 неологизма, появившихся после 2018 года и не закрепленных в словарях, и 161 вариант их перевода. В результате можно отметить, что на сегодняшний день не существует универсального способа, который подходил бы для перевода незакрепленного социально-политического неологизма. Кроме этого, существует большая вариативность полученных при переводе результатов, возникают трудности при передаче сложной структуры неологизма и зачастую отсутствует точное понимание значения нового слова. Это говорит о том, что проблема перевода неологизмов является одной из ключевых проблем современного переводоведения. / This master’s thesis is devoted to the study of the problems of translation of socio-political neologisms from English into Russian. The main theoretical features of the concept «neologism» such as interpretation and classification have been considered. The paper also presents the main methods of translation of neologisms. In this paper a detailed description of socio-political discourse was given because this master’s thesis studies the peculiarities of translation of socio-political neologisms. To understand which problems the translator faces when he works with this lexis we conducted a research where we have selected 104 neologisms, which appeared after 2018 and were not fixed in the dictionaries, as well as 161 versions of their translation. As a result, it can be noted that today there is no universal method that would be suitable for the translation of every socio-political neologism. Moreover, there is a huge translation variability. Also, there are difficulties in transmitting the complex structure of neologism and often there is no clear understanding of the meaning of the new word. Therefore, the problem of translation of neologisms is one of the key problems of modern translation science.

Dans la présente étude, nous avons pour objectifs d’extraire et d’analyser les néologismes des technologies langagières du point de vue de la traductologie et de ses domaines connexes, d’utiliser ces néologismes comme fenêtre sur l’évolution des connaissances relatives aux technologies langagières, et de mettre à l’épreuve la méthodologie élaborée dans le cadre de l’étude. Les technologies langagières occupent une place centrale en traductologie. Pour l’extraction et l’analyse, nous utilisons alors un corpus diachronique composé d’articles publiés en français et en anglais, de 1966 à 2019, dans les revues traductologiques Meta : journal des traducteurs et TTR : traduction, terminologie et rédaction. Nous proposons une méthodologie innovatrice en terminologie pour l’extraction et l’analyse des néologismes, qui combine l’utilisation d’un corpus d’exclusion, d’un calcul des fréquences et des plongements lexicaux diachroniques. Enfin, nous validons et analysons les néologismes sur la base de leur concordance et selon la typologie de Rondeau (1984). Nous visons plus précisément les termes d’un lexique bilingue des technologies langagières que nous avons compilé à partir d’ouvrages spécialisés. Les résultats nous permettent de faire état de la néologie, en anglais et en français, des technologies langagières utilisées en traductologie et dans ses domaines connexes. Les données recueillies évoquent une variété de domaines, d’événements et de thématiques que nous analysons et qui représentent de nouvelles avenues à explorer. De plus, elles signalent la similarité de la néologie du domaine dans les deux langues et nous permettent d’observer la popularité, la trajectoire et l’instabilité des néologismes au sein du corpus. Ainsi, nous offrons une perspective novatrice sur les technologies langagières et sa terminologie pour les spécialistes de la traductologie et de ses domaines connexes. / In this study, we aim to extract and analyze language technologies neologisms from the point of view of translation studies and its related fields, to use these neologisms as a window on the evolution of knowledge about language technologies, and to put the methodology developed as part of the study to the test. Language technologies hold an important place in translation studies. For the extraction and analysis, we then use a diachronic corpus built from articles published in French and English, from 1966 to 2019, in two translation studies journals, Meta: translators’ journal and TTR: traduction, terminologie et rédaction. We develop an innovative methodology in terminology for the extraction and analysis of neologisms combining the use of an exclusion corpus, a frequency analysis and diachronic word embeddings. Finally, we validate and analyze neologisms based on their concordance and according to Rondeau’s typology (1984). We focus on terms that are part of a bilingual glossary of language technologies that we compiled for this study from specialized works. The results enable us to describe the neology, in French and English, of language technologies used in translation studies and its related fields. Collected data relate to a variety of fields, events and themes that we analyze, and which provide leads for further analysis. Also, the data point to the similarity of the domain’s neology in both languages and enable us to observe the popularity, trajectory, and stability of neologisms within the corpus. In this way, we offer an innovative perspective on language technologies and its terminology to translation studies and related fields experts.

Questo lavoro presenta uno studio comparativo dei principali caratteri della terminologia specialistica della Smart City in lingua francese, italiana e inglese, e si propone di approfondire la conoscenza dell’ambito disciplinare in analisi. Viene adottato un modello descrittivo ampio, fondato su diversi approcci metodologici. Lo studio è articolato in tre parti, precedute da una premessa dedicata all’analisi diacronica del termine urbanisme. La prima sezione ha lo scopo di delineare e definire il concetto di Smart City, con particolare riguardo alle motivazioni dell’emergere di tale modello urbano all’inizio del XXI secolo, ai principali soggetti coinvolti nella sua realizzazione e al contenuto semantico-retorico che nel tempo ha acquisito l’aggettivo smart, epiteto tutt’altro che neutro o alla moda. Successivamente vengono esaminate la neologia specialistica e le politiche linguistiche romanze: dopo i riferimenti teorici, si procede alla verifica delle potenzialità neologiche delle lingue francese e italiana in relazione alle neoformazioni inglesi nel settore specifico della Smart City. Infine, la terza parte è dedicata alla costruzione di una risorsa terminologica – un glossario plurilingue, allegato al lavoro – intesa come contributo alla definizione e alla divulgazione del concetto di Smart City. In conclusione, si ripercorrono i risultati salienti della ricerca e si delineano ulteriori prospettive di indagine. / This work presents a comparative study of the main features of Smart City terminology in French, Italian and English, and it aims at deepening the knowledge of the disciplinary field analysed. A broad descriptive model is adopted, based on several methodological approaches. The study is divided into three parts, preceded by a preface with the diachronic analysis of the French term urbanisme. The first section aims at outlining and defining the Smart City concept, with particular emphasis on the causes of the emergence of this urban model at the beginning of the 21st century, its main stakeholders, and the semantic-rhetoric content of the adjective smart, which is far from being a neutral or fashionable label. Then, terminological neology and normalization in the Romance languages are investigated: the theoretical framework is followed by the study of the neological potential of French and Italian compared to the new English terms appearing in the Smart City domain. Finally, the third part focuses on realizing a terminological resource – a multilingual glossary, in annex – which is designed as a contribution to the definition and dissemination of the Smart City concept. The conclusion includes the main research outcomes and further perspectives of study.

The aim of the interdisciplinary doctoral dissertation is to answer the research question What is a neologism? The research was inspired by the methodology relying on three types of data that J. Bartmiński specifies for studying stereotypes as part of the language picture of the world, i. e. systemic, textual and empirical data. Neologisms are expounded by confronting the linguistic, media and everyday picture of the world with the use an explicative characteristic including connotations of the concept. After introducing the neologism within the context of words marked stylistically with respect to time, the exposition is structured according to (non- homogeneous) criteria, on the basis of which neologisms in the reviewed literature are defined: the criterion of existence, the criterion of time, the lexicographic criterion, the psychological criterion, the structural criterion, the criterion of variety and the criterion of instability and stability. The media image of neologism was examined using the qualitative-quantitative method of content analysis in 93 media texts from 2006 and 2007, and 2016 and 2017. The empirical data were obtained by questionnaires from 2017 and 2018 with 100 respondents aged 11 to 81. In summary, the concept of neologisms is understood as a very heterogeneous one. A list...

The present thesis deals with the study of neology and neologisms in contemporary French. The theoretical part defines the concepts of neology and neologism, word-formation processes in general and specific word-formation processes classified as formal neology, semantic neology and borrowings. The empirical part describes the formation of the corpus created for the purposes of the thesis, which is based on texts selected form current French press (the daily broadsheet Le Monde and the weekly tabloid Voici). The core section of the thesis presents samples and analyses of individual word-formation processes which appeared in the author's corpus. The data are accompanied by a basic statistical analysis of the relative proportions of individual word-formation processes. The research shows that borrowings, especially those from English, represent the most frequent word-formation process in both newspapers. Borrowings constituted nearly a half of all identified neologisms (45%) in Voici and nearly one third of the neologisms (28%) in Le Monde. KEYWORDS Neology, neologism, language registers, official word formation, word-formation processes, French press, Le Monde, Voici

L’objectif de cette étude est de repérer des néologismes à partir de corpus de textes français au moyen d’une méthode semi-automatique. Plus précisément, nous extrayons les néologismes de corpus associés à deux domaines différents, mais traitant du même thème, nous examinons leur répartition et nous les classons selon leur type. L’étude s’appuie sur l’analyse de corpus traitant des médias sociaux. Le premier aborde les médias sociaux du point de vue de la communication, l’autre le fait du point de vue de l’informatique. Ces points de vue ont été privilégiés, car la communication considère ce qui a trait l’utilisation des médias sociaux et l’informatique aborde leur cartographie. La méthode fait appel à l’extracteur de termes TermoStat pour recenser la terminologie des médias sociaux pour chaque point de vue. Ensuite, nous soumettons les 150 termes les plus spécifiques de chaque point de vue à une méthode de validation divisée en trois tests destinés à valider leur statut néologique : des dictionnaires spécialisés, des dictionnaires de langue générale et un outil de visualisation de n-grammes. Finalement, nous étiquetons les néologismes selon la typologie de Dubuc (2002). L’analyse des résultats de la communication et de l’informatique est comparative. La comparaison des deux corpus révèle les contributions respectives de la communication et de l'informatique à la terminologie des médias sociaux en plus de montrer les termes communs aux deux disciplines. L’étude a également permis de repérer 60 néologismes, dont 28 sont exclusifs au corpus de la communication, 28 exclusifs à celui de l’informatique et 4 communs aux deux corpus. La recherche révèle également que les composés par subordination sont les types de néologismes les plus présents dans nos résultats. / The objective of this study is to identify the neologisms within corpora of French texts by means of a semi-automatic method. More precisely, we will extract the neologisms from corpora associated to two different areas; however dealing with the same topic, we examine their distribution and we classify them according to their type. This study is based on an analysis of two corpora within social media. The first one approaches social media from the point of view of communication, and the other approaches it from the point of view of computer science. We prioritize these two points of view being that communication is used as the main source of social media’s utilization and that computer science allows us to understand what is involved to allow for social media to be functional. For this method, we use the TermoStat term extractor in order to take census of terminology for each point of view. We then submit 150 of the most specific terms related to each point of view by way of an exclusion corpus from which we divide into three different tests meant to validate their neological status: specialized dictionaries, general language dictionaries, and a visualization tool for n-grams. Lastly, we label the neologisms according to Dubuc’s (2002) typology. The analysis of the results obtained for communication and computer science uses a comparative method. The comparison of the two corpora reveals the respective contributions from communication and computer science with respect to the terminology of social medias, as well it demonstrates common terms found within the two disciplines. This examination also allowed for the identification of 60 neologisms; of which 28 are exclusive to the corpus of communication, another 28 are exclusive to that of computer science, and four were found to be common to both corpora. This research also reveals that subordinate compounds are the most present types of neologisms according to our results.

La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives. / The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time.