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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Dobrovolnictví mládeže ve věku 20 - 24 let - zkušenosti, vnímání, role rodiny a vrstevníků v dobrovolnictví / Volunteering of Young People between the age of 20 to 24 - Experiences, perception and the Role of Family and Peers in Volunteering

Ježová, Aneta January 2013 (has links)
Volunteering is a really actual issue in abroad and in the Czech republic, too. It is a necessary part of good working civic society. Activities connected with volunteering is desirable to support and pay attention to them. This thesis handles the topic of young people in the age between 20 and 24 and volunteering. It tries to explore the role of family and peers in young peoples' volunteering. Its aim is to describe the perception of volunteering and the importance/sens for young volunteers. Is there a difference between the welfare and mutual field of voluteering? Also it handles the experiences and reasons for choices of type of concrete volunteering activity. There has been a qualitative research conducted within this thesis. The method of focus group and document analysis were used for it.
252

Early Music Audiences: A Survey and Analysis of Early Music Consumers in Texas

Emanski, Julianna 08 1900 (has links)
Texas has a rich tradition of Early Music ensembles that dates back to 1969. However, there is little reliable information based on statistical data collection and analysis concerning Texas Early Music consumers. Little is known about why they attend Early Music performances or other important factors that affect the Early Music industry. Through the use of an extensive survey and accompanying statistical analysis, this study answers many questions regarding Early Music consumers in the State of Texas. This study collected demographic and psychographic data in January 2020 about the Early Music concert-going public in three major Texas cities - Dallas, Austin, and Houston. Other factors were identified in two primary areas: audience characteristics and ticket pricing practices.
253

Motivace zaměstnanců NNO, zabývajících se péčí o novodobé válečné veterány / Motivation of NGO staff involved in the care of modern war veterans

Beran Gecová, Markéta January 2021 (has links)
The Master's thesis deals with the motivations of employees of non-governmental non- profit organizations that take care of modern war veterans. The various insights into the motivations that NGO employees could have form the theoretical basis of the thesis. The work clarifies the area of interest of war veterans, who are seen as a social problem, and describes the organizations of the civil sector in the Czech Republic, which deal with veteran issues and describes a non-profit sector as well. The empirical section analyzes in-depth interviews with employees of a non-profit organization that provides assistance to war veterans, and finally, the research questions on the topic of employee motivation and motivational tools of veteran NGOs are answered. Keywords: Non-profit organization, war veteran, motivation, employees of non-profit organizations, management and leadership of human resources, motivational tools of the head of the organization.
254

Smysl v práci. Motivace pracovníků vybraných nízkoprahových zařízení pro děti a mládež / Purpose at work. Motivations of Workers of Selected Low-threshold Facilities for Children and Youth

Valentová, Michaela January 2022 (has links)
Purpose at work. Motivations of Workers of Selected Low-threshold Facilities for Children and Youth Bc. Michaela Valentová Abstract Diploma thesis focuses on the experience of purposefulness of employees of low- threshold facilities for children and youth. In theoretical part low-threshold facilities are firstly conceptualized as a part of Czech organized civil society. Secondly, relevant theories of purpose are introduced. In empirical part, qualitative research is conducted by in-depth interviews with nine employees of two typical civil society organizations. Workers of low-threshold facilities for children and youth construct their purpose around four categories: helping clients, professionality, work ethics and self-development. Each of these categories brings specific consequences for their organizations. The theory expects purpose to be inspirational for others, however research participants do not reflect on the possibility to inspire their clients that way. This work suggests it is caused by workers' strong emphasis on professionality which creates borders in relationships between clients and workers and also limits the possibility to inspire one another with purpose. Keywords low-threshold facility for children and youth, civil society organization, CSO, non-profit organization, mission, meaning of...
255

Совершенствование системы управления бизнес-процессами организации : магистерская диссертация / Improving the organization's business process management system

Мурина, Е. Н., Murina, E. N. January 2019 (has links)
Использование процессного подхода к ведению бизнеса, в основе которого лежит детальный анализ существующих бизнес-процессов и их последующая оптимизация, является одним из основных источников долгосрочных конкурентных преимуществ не только промышленных предприятий, но и организаций, выполняющих работы либо оказывающих услуги. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка методики принятия эффективных управленческих решений по совершенствованию системы управления бизнес-процессами некоммерческой организации. Научная новизна работы выражается в обосновании целесообразности применения теоретической базы в области бизнес-процессов к некоммерческой организации, не преследующей цели извлечения прибыли, с применением универсальной процессной модели фреймворк APQC PCF. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности применения описанных алгоритмов совершенствования системы управления бизнес-процессами в деятельности любой организации, имеющей целью повысить свою эффективность за счет повышения процессной зрелости. / Using a process approach to doing business, which is based on a detailed analysis of existing business processes and their subsequent optimization, is one of the main sources of long-term competitive advantages not only for industrial enterprises, but also for firms that provide services. The aim of the master's thesis is to develop a methodology for making effective decisions to improve the business process management system of a non-profit organization. The scientific novelty of the work is expressed in substantiating the appropriateness of applying the theoretical base in the field of business processes to a non-profit organization that does not pursue the goal of making profit, using the universal process model of the APQC PCF framework. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the described algorithms for improving the business process management system in the activities of any organization with the goal of achieving high efficiency by increasing process maturity.
256

”Distinguishing features of visionary non-profit organisations”

Berry, Regan 30 June 2005 (has links)
The researcher undertook exploratory research to see whether characteristics of visionary organizations, as discovered in research undertaken by Collins and Porras (2000), are present and applicable to non-profit organizations in Gauteng, South Africa. The characteristics are: - a core ideology (core purpose and core values) - big hairy audacious goals - a cult-like culture - purposeful evolution and continuous self improvement - management continuity - alignment. A schedule was used to interview directors of ten non-profit organizations. Some staff in each organization were given a questionnaire to see whether their answers correlated with the director responses. The research indicated that most characteristics are present, to some degree, in the non-profit organizations. These characteristics could however be explored more thoroughly in further research. The research includes recommendations for management of non-profit organizations to implement, to become visionary organizations. / Social work / M.A. (Social Work)
257

Etika v účetní profesi / Ethics in Accounting

Ketnerová, Gabriela January 2009 (has links)
The aim of the thesis will focus on ethics for professional accountants, who are not only accountants, but also tax consultants and auditors. Confidence in the profession greatly weakened by major accounting scandals in the U.S. and in Europe at the turn of the millennium. I will focus on ethics from the perspective of philosophy and from the perspective of management in the introduction of the theoretical part. The theory of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility relates also with business ethics. In response to accounting scandals in the U.S. the new law was agredd and this documnet established new requirements for companies trading on the American Stock Exchange and drew an attention to code of ethics for professional accountants. I will describe the different types of accounting fraud in the practical part, said publicated examples.
258

團隊建立法應用於非營利組織運作之研究 / The Research Of Applying Team Building Interventions To Non-profit Organizations’ Operation

鄭瓊芳, Cheng, Chiung-Fang Unknown Date (has links)
公益性非營利組織在國家社會整體的運作中承擔重要的責任,在國外它早已成為社會的主流,在台灣社會於解嚴以後,它的蓬勃發展亦成為一股莫之能擋的社會力;在公共行政的研究中,它更是當今的趨勢議題之一。而將現代經營管理的理念,運用於各類非營利機構中,已愈來愈受到重視,其實那是因為非營利組織之「非營利」性質使然,使得它比任何組織都需要管理的概念;然而在這方面相關的研究卻十分不足。因此,本文主要在探究與非營利組織價值理念相容的團隊建立法的理論與技術,提供非營利組織運作上一個可資應用的管理途徑。 透過探究團隊建立與非營利組織的理論基礎、緣起與發展、運作的內涵等,發現二者在許多特質上非常相似,包括對人性尊嚴與個人價值的重視、使命的確立與履行的重要性、強調人員的參與及承諾、具有彈性與開放等精神、創新的作法與思考方向、充分的溝通與對話模式、共同合作與授權賦能、重視品質管理與顧客的感受等;這是團隊建立對於非營利組織運作適用性的論證基礎。 從理論的演進與發展、內涵的分析、歸納中,界定團隊建立的步驟或要素是:尋找適當的成員、進行團體活動與相關訓練、召開團隊會議;透過這些要項在各方面細節的掌握,可以使團體逐步形成團隊。而在團隊的發展過程中有各個必經的階段—定位或組建、衝突或動盪、協作或規範、生產力或實施、變化或轉變。 非營利組織的「運作」所包含的面向十分廣泛,本文僅針對願景與目標建立、溝通與領導、激勵與授權賦能、決策與品質管理等議題進行探究,從組織狀況的說明及相關運作的困境切入,以前述理論與原則為基礎,提出團隊建立在各方面適用的原因,以及應用的技術與方法。 在實務方面,除了就國外實際個案作說明與分析外,並就團隊建立的過程要素及「運作」的研究焦點面向,擬定題綱,以「理論」及「立意」抽樣法,對所選取的四個以婦女議題為主軸之非營利組織的重要幹部進行訪談,以瞭解非營利組織的實際運作狀況;訪談資料顯示這些非營利組織的運作與團隊建立方式的應用十分相似,而所有受訪者根據他們的經驗及其組織實際的運作狀況,皆對團隊建立的運作方式表示肯定與支持。 總而言之,本研究從理論與實務的探究中發現在非營利組織的運作中,團隊是自然產生而存在的事實,是故,團隊建立法是實務運作者一個價值極高的參考途徑,裨益非營利組織永續經營,提供國家、社會更多、更好的服務。 隊建立法應用於非營利組織運作之研究 目 錄 第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………. 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 …………………………………… 1 第二節 研究範圍、途徑、方法 ………………………………… 8 第三節 研究架構、流程、限制 ………………………………… 13 第四節 重要文獻檢閱 …………………………………………… 17 第五節 相關名詞界定 …………………………………………… 28 第二章 團隊建立理論與技術的探析 ……………………………… 45 第一節 團隊理論的演進與應用 ………………………………… 45 第二節 團隊的內涵 …………………………………………….. 67 第三節 團隊建立的過程 ………………………………………… 79 第四節 團隊運作的限制與成功的要件 ……………………….. 101 小結 ……………………………………………………………….. 111 第三章 非營利組織理論與內涵的探析 ………………………….. 113 第一節 非營利組織的緣起 …………………………………….. 114 第二節 我國非營利組織的發展情形 ………………………….. 125 第三節 非營利組織的基本內涵 ……………………………….. 132 小結 ……………………………………………………………….. 144 第四章 非營利組織的運作:團隊建立途徑 ……………………. 149 第一節 建立共同願景與目標 …………………………………. 149 第二節 溝通與領導 ……………………………………………. 159 第三節 激勵與授權賦能 ………………………………………. 175 第四節 決策與品質管理 ………………………………………. 186 小結 ………………………………………………………………. 198 第五章 個案研究 …………………………………………………. 201 第一節 國外個案探討 …………………………………………. 201 第二節 訪談設計與訪談對象 …………………………………. 209 第三節 國內個案訪談資料分析 ………………………………. 219 小結 ………………………………………………………………. 253 第六章 結論 ………………………………………………………. 257 第一節 研究發現 ………………………………………………. 257 第二節 研究檢討、貢獻與建議 ………………………………. 270 結語 ………………………………………………………………. 279 參考書目 ……………………………………………………………. 281 附錄 附錄一 訪談聯絡信函 …………………………………………...312 附錄二 訪談綱要 ………………………………………………...315 附錄三 訪談紀錄(一) …………………………………………… 318 附錄四 訪談紀錄(二) …………………………………………… 333 附錄五 訪談紀錄(三) …………………………………………… 353 附錄六 訪談紀錄(四) …………………………………………… 373 圖、表目次 壹、圖目次 圖1-1 研究途徑示意圖………………………………………………. 10 圖1-2 研究架構 ……………………………………………………… 14 圖1-3 研究流程 ……………………………………………………… 15 圖1-4 團體與團隊的比較 …………………………………………… 34 圖2-1 全面品質管理模式 ………………………………………….. 62 圖2-2 學習的層次 ………………………………………………….. 64 圖2-3 學習型組織的運作核心 …………………………………….. 65 圖2-4 團隊運作過程 ……………………………………………….. 68 圖2-5 團隊績效曲線圖 …………………………………………….. 78 圖2-6 團體活動與訓練的進行 …………………………………….. 87 圖2-7 團隊型態發展模型圖 ……………………………………….. 94 圖2-8 群體發展階段 ……………………………………………….. 97 圖3-1 我國非營利組織的種類 …………………………………….. 128 圖3-2 非營利組織有效管理的流程 ……………………………….. 135 圖3-3 非營利組織的人力資源發展模式 ………………………….. 137 圖4-1 建立共同願景的意涵與方法 ………………………………. 152 圖4-2 六步溝通模式 ………………………………………………. 161 圖4-3 人際溝通三部曲 ……………………………………………. 163 圖4-4 逐步邁向團隊領導 …………………………………………. 169 圖4-5 團隊領袖角色 ………………………………………………. 170 圖4-6 今日組織環境下的授權賦能 ………………………………. 185 圖5-1 個案實證之五性分析法 ……………………………………. 220 貳、表目次 表1-1 深度訪談對象一覽表 ………………………………………… 12 表1-2 國內團隊組織相關研究論文摘要表 ………………………… 19 表1-3 國外團隊相關研究書籍摘要表 ……………………………… 21 表1-4 國內非營利組織相關研究論文與報告摘要表 ……………… 24 表1-5 美國的非營利組織相關研究摘要整理 ……………………… 26 表1-6 非營利機構與公部門、私人部門之差異 …………………… 43 表2-1 團隊研究的歷史發展與應用 ……………………………….. 67 表2-2 由團隊導向劃分的團隊種類 ………………………………...77 表2-3 團隊會議形式範例 …………………………………………...91 表2-4 團隊發展的階段性特徵 ……………………………………...96 表2-5 團隊失敗的原因 ……………………………………………. 102 表3-1 我國人民團體性質分類 ……………………………………. 129 表3-2 我國各類人民團體統計表 …………………………………. 130 表3-3 我國各類基金會統計表 ……………………………………. 131 表4-1 馬郡社會服務部門價值的聲明 ……………………………. 158 表4-2 單向溝通與雙向溝通之比較 ………………………………. 164 表4-3 當代的激勵研究 ……………………………………………. 176 表4-4 品質的面向 …………………………………………………. 196 表4-5 成功品質團隊的特質 ………………………………………..197 / The non-profit organizations focusing on public interest bear important responsibility in the operations of the whole nation and society. In other countries, the operations of the non-profit organizations have been become the main stream of the society. In Taiwan’s society, after abolishing the martial law, its exuberant development has become a non-blocking social power, too. In the study of public administration, it is also one of the modern trend issues. Applying business management to non-profit organizations has been more and more emphasized. In fact, it is the “non-profit” nature making that. It needs the concept of management more urgent than any other organization, but the relative studies in this area are insufficient so for. This thesis mainly investigates the theories and interventions of team building, because they are matching with the values and ideas of non-profit organizations and provide a useful management approach for the non-profit organizations’ operation. Through the investigation of basic theories, origins, developments, and the content of operation for both team building interventions and non-profit organizations, the author finds that they have many resembling characters, including emphasizing of human dignity and individual values, establishing and fulfilling missions, stressing the individual participation and commitment, possessing the spirit of flexibility and openness, creative conducts and thinking direction, adequate communication and discourse, using cooperation and empowerment, emphasizing quality management and the feeling of customers. Those all are argument bases for supporting the fitness of team building interventions being applied to the operation of non-profit organizations. From analyzing and inducing the development of theories, the author defines the steps or essential factors of team building interventions are as follows: to select the right persons, to proceed group activities and relative trainings, and to hold team meetings. By mastering the details of these key elements, it can make groups become teams progressively. In the developing process of a team, it contains some requisite stages – forming, storming, norming, performing, and transforming. The aspects of the non-profit organizations’ operation are quite extensive, and this thesis focuses only on such issues as vision and goal establishment, communication and leadership, motivation and empowerment, decision making and quality management and so on for investigation. By explaining the conditions of the organization and the difficulties of relative operations, the author brings up the reasons of team building interventions being suitable for every aspect, and the applied techniques and methods. In the aspect of practice, in addition to illustrating and analyzing the actual cases of other countries, the author draws up two categories questions (the key elements of the team building process and the organizations’ operation) to interview the important cadre members of four selected non-profit organizations, which focusing on women’ issues. These interviewed organizations are selected by purposive and theoretical sampling method. These interviews conform that the actual operational conditions of non-profit organizations are very similar to the applying ways of team building interventions. According to their experiences and organizations’ actual operating conditions, all interviewed persons expressed their approving and supporting for the usefulness of the operational ways of team building interventions. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that team building is a natural product in the operations of non-profit organizations basically. Therefore, the author suggests that team-building can be an valuably alternative approach in running organizations for the practitioners. It can benefit non-profit organizations in sustaining operation, and provide better services for the country and society.
259

福利社區化與營利化之探討--以台北市課後照顧為例 / The Study of Welfare Community and Welfare Commercialization

陳雅琴, Chen, Ya-Chin Unknown Date (has links)
台灣近年來在社會服務工作上的發展,有越來越以引進商業經營模式來振興刺激供應不足的人群服務工作,尤其是「托兒」與「養老」被視為可企業化經營以滿足市場需求的兩大產業。不過社會福利事業和一般汽車香水商品在本質上有不同的特性與不同的存在價值,以強調利潤的商業經營模式導入社會服務的工作,是否會模糊社會福利事業的基本精神,是否會造成福利事業的階層化,都是必須考慮的重點。相對於福利的「營利化」方式,福利「社區化」也是最近相當熱門的服務供給模式,此兩種方式背後則隱含右派與左派的意識型態,無論從理論上或者實務上的探討對話,都可以給現階段台灣社會福利服務的發展一些啟發。 為了對福利「社區化」與「營利化」的內含有更深入的探討,本研究以實證研究方式進行,將彭婉如基金會近一年來所推動的「台北市國小學童課後照顧系統」以及「民間業者在國小校園內提供課後活動方案」做了比較,前者是非營利組織以社區動員方式推動課後照顧系統,後者則代表營利業者的商業化方式來提供服務,不過以社區與非營利機構結合所形成的福利「社區化」以及商業組織提供服務的「營利化」僅表示福利社區化與營利化的其中一種模式,政府、社區團體、工會團體也可以推動福利的社區化工作。 根據上述的研究問題,本研究希望能達到的研究目的如下: 1. 探討台灣國小學童課後照顧的需求、台北市政府課後照顧方案,以及「課後活動實施要點」到「公私協營辦法」的事件始末,以及目前公私協營辦法的執行狀況。 2. 探討福利民營化與非營利組織等相關概念,並希望釐清福利社區化與市場化在理論上的概念。 3. 透過教育局官員、基金會的負責人與承辦人員、在公私協營辦法下,運用學校空間提供服務的機構負責人、參與社區照顧的社區人士、學校校長等人的訪談,探討福利社區化與福利市場化的內涵。 資料的收集以深度訪談方法為主,研究範圍主要鎖定在台北市內與「課後照顧」相關的對象,由於事件發展至今約一年,「公私協營辦法」亦在試辦階段,訪談對象的選取以參與「課後活動實施要點」、「公私協營試辦要點」的對象為主,含教育局、主辦學校、合作單位、社區人士等,共計深度訪談對象十七位。 本研究主要針對台北市課後照顧政策(學校課後活動、安親課輔班、才藝班等設置)以及由社區力量與民間業者提供服務的兩種不同模式做分析討論,並在研究中達成以下成果: 1. 根據研究結果給予國小學童課後照顧政策與公私協營辦法建議。 2. 福利社區化與營利化之概念澄清與意識型態的討論。 3. 以台北市課後照顧系統為例,整理實務上福利社區化與營利化之運作方式與實質效果。 4. 根據研究結果提出關於台灣社會福利事業社區化與營利化之建言。 本研究結果認為因為社會福利事業含有以下幾項特質,應避免以講求利潤來方式經營。 1. 用商品化方式經營社會服務事業而得到利潤的來源有兩種,一是提供高品質的服務以增加收費;一是透過成本的降低來達到利潤,但是這兩種得到營收的方式都和社會福利的特質南轅北轍: □ 提供高品質的服務來增加利潤:社會服務的對象大部分是家庭經濟、背景不好、缺乏社會支持系統與生活在較差的環境中,無法擁有比較好的商品與享受高級服務,一但市場上的服務價格太高,就會剝削這些弱勢者受到照顧權力,並且加深社會的階層化。 □ 由降低成本來求取利潤:社會服務產業(例如安親課輔)多屬於勞動密集產業,無法像一般產品透過模組化的大量生產,來降低成本以求利潤,除非經營者將勞動者或接受服務者視為物品來管理,而一但制式化的員工、客戶與服務流程產生,受服務者將無法接受到「全人」與「愛心」的對待,員工的工作也產生「異化」。 2. 西方國家所推動的「住屋券」、「教育券」等是由政府幫弱勢族群出錢,讓下層階級的人在自由市場上購買服務的一種方式,在我們的研究實務中,社會局每月給予低收入戶學童5000-7000的課後輔導津貼,可以在「營利化」市場下運作,但是卻造成「烙印」、「政府責任不足、監督太弱」等缺點。在台北市課後照顧系統為例,政府在政策上的規範為了著重開放原則,必須給予民間足夠的空間來經營,所以將監督的責任交給學校單位達成,所以在各民間單位向學校提案申請公私協營的合作時,校長、各處室主任、家長會為主要的監督審核者,雖然不乏公正客觀的學校認真的審核這些競標對象,但是也有許多學校因為受制於原本校內與校外的特殊權利關係,無法客觀的監督服務的提供狀況,而服務的使用者,即這些學童及家長卻多半在審核競標與監督過程中所擁有的權力太小,沒有表達意見的空間,只好接受不好的服務品質。 本研究認為福利原本所含有的「社會正義」、「社會權」等價值,必須透過政府的力量來實踐,無論福利的輸送者為政府或民間單位,政府都不能規避責任。契約外包或公設民營只是一種由政府單位將服務委託給民間辦理的民營化政策之一。民間主動辦理福利服務的力量,也視為福利民營化政策潮流下所催生的產物。不過本篇論文的分析結果指出,「照顧」的工作性質並不合適完全轉移到市場上來提供;如果將福利服務營利化,政府為符合自由主義的鬆綁開放原則,非常難扮演好監督角色,在原本的社會權力結構下,也很難制定遊戲規則;福利營利化勢必犧牲弱勢族群等中下階層的人,形成「烙印」與「標籤」,而抹滅福利中強調正義的精神。 福利社區化所面臨到的問題是來自於「效率」的挑戰,以及服務專業與品質的掌控。福利市場化所面臨的最大挑戰卻是來自於福利中的「公平正義」概念,尤其是公平與分配的議題。值得思考的是,個人得到福利的身份是公民或者消費者?公民資格係依賴國家的法定保障,所有公民皆能享有官僚所提供的標準化照顧,不同於市場的必然付費關係。而市場的福利通常是付得起費用才得享有的福利,對於沒有付費能力者便成為限制所在。由於市場可決定產品提供的內容、標示的價格以利潤為導向,致使人民需要的滿足實際上是由場所決定。 「老人安養照顧」、「幼兒托育」政策希望能以民營化的方式來提供,有些學者也認為這些服務具有商業市場的服務特性,可以回歸市場運作。希望本篇研究協助福利民營化的概念有更清楚的瞭解,如果要將「老人安養」、「幼兒托育」交給市場來提供服務,勢必會造成福利階層化的問題,靠政府監督、領航、協助,依然是讓「價格來決定需要」,真正需要的人依然沒有受到照顧。如果這些服務營利化是不可避免的趨勢,政府就應該相對提供大量的公辦服務,並且扶植社區的力量,以確保人們可以享有普及、平價、有尊嚴的服務。 第一章 前言 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 兒童課後照顧需求的社會環境背景 第二節 福利民營化—福利社區化與福利營利化 第三節 非營利組織的相關理論 第三章 研究方法 第四章 台北市的課後照顧系統 第五章 訪談結果探討 第一節 「福利」、「教育」、「社區」關係的探討 第二節 公私協營辦法之下,課後照顧的內涵與實施評估 第三節 在公私協營辦法下,不同方案的評選與價值 第四節 福利民營化下,社區化與商品化的討論 第六章 結論 第一節 分析結果摘要 一、「福利」與「教育」的關係 二、「課後活動實施要點」與「公私協營辦法」的討論 三、公私協營辦法實施的困難 四、福利商品化的討論 五、福利社區化的討論 第二節 結論與建議 一、福利社區化與商品化的利弊討論與政策建議 二、對台北市課後照顧系統的評價與建議 參考文獻
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營利與非營利機構的營運管理策略 / A Study on Operation Strategies of for-profit and non-profit Firms

宋豪漳, Sung, Hao Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本論文為關於營利與非營利機構之營運管理策略之兩篇理論性質的文章。 第一篇文章旨在探討營利機構之實質盈餘管理策略。本研究檢驗在產品市場競爭下,公司如何透過實質盈餘管理策略來滿足盈餘目標之要求以及公司之實質盈餘管理動機會如何影響市場競爭對手之行為。本文考慮一個兩期非合作之R&D競爭寡占模型。本文假設存在資訊不對稱;具有私人資訊的廠商為追求獲利最大亦或追求盈餘目標達成兩種類型。本文透過完美貝氏均衡 (perfect Bayesian equilibrium) 解出分離均衡 (separating equilibrium) 與混和均衡 (hybrid equilibrium)。 本研究指出追求獲利最大類型之廠商可以藉由影響競爭對手之猜測來進一步左右追求盈餘目標達成類型之目標達成之可能性。在分離均衡中,當外在成本衝擊未超過預期時,追求獲利最大類型之廠商無誘因藉由R&D 投資水準之提升來規避負向成本衝擊以影響市場對手猜測並且進一步提升其產品市場競爭力。因此,追求盈餘目標達成類型之盈餘目標無法達成。 在混和均衡中,當外在成本衝擊超過預期時,追求獲利最大類型之廠商有誘因採取混合策略以誤導市場對手之猜測;該類型之廠商可以藉由部分模仿盈餘目標達成類型之R&D 投資策略以混淆競爭對手之信念並且提升其產品產出、獲利水準。在此,追求盈餘目標達成類型之盈餘目標能夠達成。本研究之結果有別於傳統R&D盈餘管理實證文獻中,公司內部當局有誘因透過R&D支出的減少用以滿足公司短期之盈餘目標 (Barber et. al., 1991; Bushee, 1998; Graham, 2005) 。本研究指出公司可以藉由R&D 投資水準之提升,以創造“cookie jar” 並且有助於公司獲利提升與盈餘目標之達成。此外,本研究與盈餘奇異現象之實證研究 (earnings kinky) 結論一致: 公司可以藉由盈餘管理策略來達成盈餘目標,但是盈餘目標之達成不盡然是透過盈餘管理策略 (Dechow, Richardson and Tuna, 2003)。 第二篇文章旨在探討非營利機構提供非獲利性質服務之策略性之影響。本研究指出非獲利性質服務之提供不僅有助於非營利機構於獲利性質服務之競爭優勢的提升,相對於營利機構。當所有權與經營權分離時,若市場需求彈性為不具彈性時,非獲利性質服務之提供對非營利機構之經理人而言,可以做為一個策略工具藉以促使該機構之所有人提供一個於獲利部分過分補償之薪酬水準。此外,隨著非獲利性質服務之外生價格的提升,當非營利性質服務之外生價格的提升對於非營利機構之所有人與經理人利益衝突影響之間接效果大於對獲利性質服務價格影響之直接效果時,非營利機構之所有人仍然會提供一個獲利部分過分補償之薪酬水準。這會有助於非營利機構於獲利性質服務之競爭優勢的提升。 / This dissertation consists of two theoretical studies on the operation strategies of for-profit and non-profit firms. Chapter 1 addresses how firms use real earnings management to meet or beat their earnings targets, and how this influences sequential product market competition. We study this issue in a two-period non-cooperative R&D competition with one-sided asymmetric information in which the informed firm could be either the maximizing type or the target-meeting type (or target-beating). We show that the maximizing type of the informed firm’s R&D investment level could influence rival firm’s conjecture about the informed firm’s type which in term affects the success of meeting or beating the target for the target-meeting type of the informed firm. We find that the privately informed firm can increase its R&D investment in the first period to meet or beat the earnings target. This can help the firm increase profits in a sequential product market competition. More precisely, once the cost uncertainty realized is realized to exceed expectations, the maximizing type of the informed firm could hide its identity by adopting a mixed strategy and setting its R&D investment and output level higher than in the separating equilibrium. Contrary to popular claims that meeting or beating short earnings targets induces an R&D investment reduction (Barber et. al., 1991; Bushee, 1998; Graham, 2005), we show that R&D overinvestment can give an opportunity to create some reserves, i.e., a cookie jar, to be used later to earn a higher profit and reach later targets. Our result is also supporting the observation of firms meeting or beating the earnings target, but not necessarily using earnings management (Dechow, Richardson and Tuna, 2003). Chapter 2 shows that the provision of not-for profit service would not only give not-for-profit organizations a competitive advantage over for-profit organizations. Under the separation of control and ownership, we illustrate that once market demand is inelastic, the provision of not-for-profit service serves as a strategic device for the manager of a not-for-profit organization and thus induces the owner of a not-for-profit organization to overcompensate his manager regarding the margin of profit. Moreover, as the regulated price of not-for-profit service increases, a not-for-profit organization could still over-compensate his manager in regard to profit, when the indirect effect on increasing preference difference between the owner and manager of the not-for-profit organization dominates the direct effect on market price. Thus, a not-for-profit organization could charge more in for-profit service.

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