INTRODUÇÃO: As adversidades na infância são experiências comuns e associadas a uma série de desfechos negativos ao longo da vida. Maus tratos e disfunção familiar também estão implicados em transtornos de personalidade na idade adulta, mas ainda não foram esclarecidos os mecanismos e processos subjacentes. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre adversidades na infância e patologia da personalidade na população adulta residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Será testada a hipótese de que essa relação seja mediada por traços de afetividade positiva e negativa. Também será avaliada a prevalência das adversidades na infância, a sua distribuição e agregação, assim como a epidemiologia dos transtornos da personalidade, ainda amplamente desconhecida no Brasil devido à falta de estudos com amostras representativas da nossa população. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram provenientes do São Paulo Megacity, estudo com uma amostra representativa dos adultos residentes na Grande São Paulo (n=2.942). Foram utilizadas regressão multivariada, análise multinível e modelagem de equações estruturais. RESULTADOS: Mais da metade (53,6%) dos adultos da Grande São Paulo relatou alguma adversidade na infância, sendo as mais comuns a morte parental, o abuso físico e a violência familiar. Em geral, essas experiências não ocorreram de maneira isolada, especialmente as consideradas mais graves, como o abuso sexual. Também foi elevada a prevalência de patologia da personalidade: 6,8% dos adultos apresentaram algum transtorno, sendo mais comum o Cluster C (4,6%), seguido pelos Clusters A (4,3%) e B (2,7%). Esses quadros estavam independentemente associados a prejuízos funcionais, especialmente nos domínios cognitivo e de interação social. Entretanto, com exceção do Cluster C, não houve associação com uso de serviços de saúde após o ajuste para outros diagnósticos psiquiátricos. Todos os transtornos da personalidade estavam associados a adversidades na infância, e a maior ocorrência foi encontrada no Cluster B (71,8%). Os eventos mais relacionados foram abuso físico, psicopatologia parental, criminalidade parental e violência familiar. Essas relações respeitaram um gradiente dose-resposta: quanto maior o número de exposições, maior a probabilidade de transtorno da personalidade. Essas associações foram parcialmente mediadas pelo aumento do afeto negativo, mas não pela diminuição do afeto positivo. CONCLUSÕES: As adversidades na infância são experiências frequentes, que tendem a se agregar em redes complexas, indicando a existência de contextos abusivos. Os expostos têm uma probabilidade aumentada de patologia da personalidade, quadros com significativas repercussões funcionais. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de se investigar uma história de eventos adversos na infância e abordar as suas consequências afetivas em pacientes com transtornos da personalidade. Esse estudo também pode trazer alguma contribuição à Saúde Pública. Possivelmente, o esclarecimento dessas cadeias de eventos pode ajudar no delineamento de potenciais alvos para intervenção. Estratégias preventivas, como o treinamento de habilidades parentais, podem ser direcionadas às famílias sob maior risco, e as crianças e adolescentes que já foram expostos podem ser elegíveis para programas voltados à regulação emocional. Investigações futuras devem avaliar se essas estratégias podem reduzir a ocorrência e o ônus associado aos transtornos da personalidade / INTRODUCTION: Childhood adversities are common experiences associated with a series of negative outcomes throughout the life cycle. Child abuse and family dysfunction are also related to personality disorders in adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms and processes are yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to investigate the relationship between childhood adversities and personality pathology on the adult population residing in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. The study will also test the hypothesis that this association is mediated by positive and negative affectivity traits. Furthermore, it will estimate the prevalence of childhood adversities, its distribution and aggregation, as well as the epidemiology of personality disorders, still largely unknown in Brazil due to the lack of studies with representative samples of our population. METHODS: Data come from Sao Paulo Megacity, a survey with a representative sample of adults residing in Greater Sao Paulo (n=2,942). Analyses used multivariate regression, multilevel analysis and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: More than half (53.6%) of the adults in Greater Sao Paulo reported any childhood adversity, and the most common were parental death, physical abuse and family violence. In general, these experiences did not occur in isolation, especially those considered more serious, such as sexual abuse. The prevalence of personality pathology was also high: 6.8% of the adults had any personality disorder. Cluster C was the most frequent condition (4.6%), followed by Clusters A (4.3%) and B (2.7%). These disorders were independently associated with functional impairment, especially in cognitive and social interaction domains. However, with the exception of Cluster C, there was no association with health services use after control for other psychiatric diagnoses. All personality disorders were related to childhood adversities, and the most frequent occurrence was detected in Cluster B (71.8%). The mostly associated events were physical abuse, parental psychopathology, parental criminality and family violence. Associations followed a dose-response gradient: the greater the number of exposures, the greater the probability of a personality disorder. These relationships were partially mediated by an increase in negative affect, but not by a decrease in positive affect. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are frequent and tend to aggregate in complex networks, indicating the existence of contexts of abuse. The exposed have an increased probability of personality pathology, a group of conditions with significant functional repercussions. These results highlight the need of investigating a history of childhood adverse events and targeting its affective consequences in patients with personality disorders. This study may also have some contribution to public health efforts. Perhaps the clarification of these chains of events allows delineating potential targets for intervention. Prevention strategies, such as parenting skills training, may be directed to at-risk families, and already exposed children and adolescents may be eligible to programs aiming emotional regulation. Future studies should evaluate if these strategies can reduce the occurrence and the burden associated with personality disorders

Examensarbetet genomfördes av Philip Wockatz utan stöd och handledning. Detta ledde fram till att Kip Smith tog över som handledare strax innan presentationen.

This dissertation examined students‘ experience with school assessment infused with Therapeutic Assessment (TA) techniques. Nine assessors from the school district were assigned to one of two groups, TA-infused group and the assessment-as-usual group. Those in the TA-infused group were trained in collaborative assessment practices based on Finn‘s model of TA with children (TA-C), specifically collaborative interviews, extended inquiries, and collaborative oral and written feedback (Finn, 2007). Thirty-three students from a medium sized public school district in central Texas completed the study in its entirety. It was hypothesized that those in the TA-infused group, compared with the assessment-as-usual group, would report learning more about themselves, experiencing a more positive relationship with the assessor, feeling more positive about the assessment process, feeling more collaborated with, and having greater perceptions of parental understanding. It was also hypothesized that those in the TA-infused group would report an increase in positive feelings and a decrease negative in feelings about themselves and their challenge when compared with the assessment-as-usual group. Additionally, it was hypothesized that those in the TA-infused group would report an increase in positive attitudes toward school after the intervention when compared with the assessment-as-usual group. Outcomes were measured by the Child‘s Experience of Assessment Survey (CEAS), the Children‘s Positive and Negative Affect Scale (CPNE-S), and the Attitude to School (ATS) subtest of the BASC-2-SRP. A descriptive discriminate analysis was conducted using the five subscales of the CEAS to measure the first hypotheses. RM ANOVAs were run on the CPNE-S and the ATS to analyze the second and third hypotheses. Additionally, a qualitative interview was conducted with participants. Analyses yielded no statistically significant results between the groups. Qualitative interviews indicated that both groups were satisfied with the assessment process. Additionally, those in the TA-infused group all reported positive reactions to the collaborative written feedback. Specifically, those that received a fable reported liking the fable and feeling that it related to their lives. Those that received a letter reported learning more about themselves, appreciating a written record of the feedback, and feeling positively about their relationship with the assessor. Further research is needed to understand the effects of collaborative techniques within school assessments, particularly the effects of the different forms of written feedback. / text

Ce mémoire débute avec deux chapitres portant sur les problèmes des conduites et la régulation du stress, notamment sur l’axe hypothalamique-pituitaire-surrénal (HPS). Ensuite, la littérature est résumée et nous voyons que les études qui cherchent à établir un lien entre les problèmes des conduites et l’axe HPS ont trouvé des résultats différents et parfois contradictoires. Le chapitre suivant illustre les problèmes méthodologiques qui pourraient expliquer ces résultats différents. Vient ensuite l’étude présentée dans ce mémoire qui cherche à établir un lien entre la réponse cortisolaire à l’éveil (RCE), considérée comme un bon indice du fonctionnent de l’axe HPS, et les problèmes de conduites chez l’enfant. De plus, les émotions négatives ont été associées avec les problèmes des conduites ainsi qu’aux dysfonctions de l’axe HPS, notamment le RCE. L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire cherche aussi à établir si les émotions négatives pourrait être une variable médiatrice dans la relation potentielle entre la RCE et les problèmes des conduites. L’étude révèle que pour les garçons mais pas pour les filles, une RCE réduite est associée avec les émotions négatives, ce qui est successivement associé avec les problèmes des conduites. Le dernier chapitre du mémoire examine les implications théoriques de cette médiatisation et propose également des pistes psychobiologiques pour expliquer les différences sexuelles observées. / This thesis begins with two chapters which discuss conduct problems and stress regulation, with a focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Subsequently, the literature is reviewed and we see that with regards to the relationship between conduct problems and HPA axis activity, the findings are inconsistent. It is possible that methodological considerations underlie the inconsistency found in the literature and the following chapter is concerned with methodology. This is followed by the featured study presented in this thesis which examines the link between the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is considered a good indicator of HPA axis functioning, and conduct problems in children. Further, negative affect has been linked to both conduct problems and the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). Thus it was hypothesized that negative affect acts as a mediator in the cortisol-conduct problems relationship. The featured study found that a reduced CAR was associated with both negative affect and conduct problems, however only in boys and not in girls. Further, the mediation hypothesis was supported in boys. The last chapter in this thesis discusses the implications of this mediation finding for theories of conduct problems as well as proposing some psychobiological mechanisms to explain the sex differences found.

本研究結合Clark與Watson（1991）的三角模式（Tripartite Model）以及Brown、Chorpita和Barlow（1998）提出的階層性概念，結構正向情感、負向情感、焦慮、憂鬱、無望感、自傷、自殺的關係，建立自傷與自殺的階層預測模式，說明自傷與自殺的同異處。研究對象為487位大學生，325位女性與162位男性，採取自陳式問卷的方式施測，包含自我傷害行為量表、自殺危險程度量表、貝克無望感量表、正負向情感量表、症狀檢核表-90-修正版（摘錄測量焦慮與憂鬱的題目）、相關背景變項的測量，並以描述性統計、相關性考驗、階層迴歸分析、結構方程模式等統計方式對資料進行處理。主要的研究結果為：（1）負向情感能預測與解釋焦慮和憂鬱，且能透過焦慮預測自傷與自殺，唯焦慮對自傷的解釋力較高；負向情感亦能透過憂鬱預測自殺，但無法透過憂鬱預測自傷。（2）正向情感能預測與解釋憂鬱，且能透過憂鬱預測自殺。（3）加入無望感分析後，發現憂鬱能透過無望感預測自殺，憂鬱也能直接預測自殺，顯示無望感為憂鬱與自殺的部分中介變項。最後，結果發現有15.81%的自傷比例、24.64%的自殺意念比例、8.01%的自殺企圖比例。 / This study combined Clark & Watson’s (1991) tripartite model with Brown, Chorpita, and Barlow’s (1998) hierarchical model to structure the relationship of positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), anxiety, depression, hopelessness, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide. This study attempted to establish hierarchical predictor model of NSSI and suicide, and explain the relationship of NSSI and suicide. The participants were 487 university students, 325 females and 162 males, who were participating in a study of test of deliberate self-harm inventory, suicide risk inventory, Beck hopelessness scale, positive and negative affect schedule, symptom checklist-90-R, and background variables. The data were examined by descriptive statistics, correlation, hierarchical analysis, and structural equation modeling. The main results were : (1) NA could predict anxiety and depression ; anxiety could not only mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA, but also mediate the relationship of NA and suicide ; anxiety accounted for more of the variance in NSSI than in suicide ; depression could mediate the relationship of NA and suicide, but could not mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA. (2) PA could predict depression, and depression could mediate the relationship of PA and suicide. (3) the role of hopelessness was partial mediator of depression and suicide. Finally, the result found 15.81% NSSI, 24.64% suicidal ideation, and 8.01% suicidal attempt.

La prise illicite de drogues opiacées est un problème majeur de santé publique dans le monde. L’apparition du syndrome de sevrage aux opiacés (SAO) suite à l’arrêt de prise d’opiacés est considérée comme élément clef dans la vulnérabilité associée à la rechute de prise d’opiacés. En effet le syndrome de SAO est caractérisé par des altérations comportementales et neurobiologiques en réponse au stress qui sont déterminantes dans le phénomène de dépendance aux opiacés. Le système corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) est un coordinateur central des circuits de réponse au stress par l’intermédiaire de ses deux récepteurs le: CRF1 et CRF2. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle du récepteur CRF2 dans l’apparition des états affectifs négatifs et des désordres motivationnels impliqués dans la rechute de la consommation de drogues opioïdes lors du SAO.Nous avons démontré par une série d’expériences conduite chez des souris invalidées au récepteur CRF2 (CRF2-/-), que la délétion génétique du récepteur CRF2-/- éliminait les états dysphoriques ainsi que les altérations moléculaires induites par le SAO sans détériorer les réponses neuroendocriniennes qui sont primordiales lors des adaptations aux stress associées au sevrage. De surcroît, nous avons trouvé que les souris CRF2-/- entrainées dans une procédure de tâche opérante dirigée vers l’obtention d’une nourriture palatable, montraient une diminution des troubles motivationnels induits par le SAO. Plusieurs rapports montrent que chez l’Homme, les évènements stressants apparaissant lors d’une période de sevrage provoquent une rechute de la consommation d’alcool ou de drogues. Nous avons développé un modèle murin qui montrait un rétablissement de recherche de nourriture palatable suite à une procédure de stress appliquée pendant une période de SAO. Par ailleurs, nous avons observé un dimorphisme sexuel du rôle du récepteur CRF2 dans le rétablissement de recherche de nourriture palatable, suite au stress, longtemps après un SAO.Les résultats de ce travail de thèse nous permettent de mettre en avant le récepteur CRF2 comme possible cible thérapeutique dans le traitement de la dépendance aux opiacés. / Opiate illicit use represents one of the most severe sanitary problems throughout the world. Among humans, the emergence of the opiate withdrawal (OW) syndrome after cessation of opiate intake is considered as one of the key motivational elements that lead to the vulnerability to opiates relapse. Therefore, the OW is characterized by a various alterations of the behavioral and neurobiological homeostasis responses to stress which are determinants in opiate dependence. The Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is the major coordinator of stress-responsive circuitry. Through its two receptors CRF1 and CRF2, the CRF system has recently emerged as major contributor in the development of components of the OW syndrome. The aim of this thesis is to determine the role of CRF2 receptor in the negative affective states and motivational disorders implicated in opiate relapse during OW.Behavioral and biological experiments were conducted in CRF2 receptor-deficient mice (CRF2-/-). We reported that genetic deletion of the CRF2 receptor eliminates dysphoria and molecular alterations elicited by OW without impairing brain, neuroendocrine and autonomic stress-coping responses to withdrawal. Using behavioral approaches of operant responding to highly palatable food (HPF) we found that CRF2-/- reduces motivational disorders induced by intermittent morphine injections and withdrawal. Finally, we described a mouse model of stress-induced food reinstatement seeking behavior during prolonged OW. Furthermore, we reported a gender dimorphism in the role of the CRF2 receptor in the stress-induced reinstatement of HPF seeking behavior long-lasing after opiate treatment.These findings underscore the importance of CRF2 receptor as possible effective treatment of the critical problem of opiate dependence.

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Объектом данного исследования является когнитивное, моторное и речевое развитие детей. Предметом: взаимосвязь темперамента и когнитивного развития детей младенческого и раннего возраста. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы (71 источник) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 129 страниц, на которых размещены 3 рисунка и 4 таблицы. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная гипотеза. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования, описание понятия темперамента в историческом контексте, рассмотрены современные представления о темпераменте отечественной и западной школ Рассмотрены основные методы изучения темперамента. Более детальное рассмотрена концепция психобиологического подхода к развитию темперамента Мэри Ротбарт, а также результаты исследований, посвященных данной концепции. Во второй главе были рассмотрены особенности психического развития детей, был сделан обзор периодизаций развития детей до 3 лет. А также были рассмотрены особенности когнитивного, сенсомоторного и речевого развития в младенческом и раннем возрасте. Третья глава посвящена эмпирической части. В ней рассмотрены методики, использованные в данном исследовании: опросник поведения младенцев, а также «Шкалы развития Бэйли». Здесь представлен корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. А также обсуждение этих результатов. В заключении изложены выводы эмпирической части исследования. А также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость работы и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of this study is the cognitive, motor and speech development of children. Subject: the relationship of temperament and cognitive development of infants and young children. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references (71 sources) and an Appendix, including the forms of the applied techniques. The volume of the master's thesis is 129 pages, which contains 3 figures and 4 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, determines the object and subject of the study, and formulates the main hypothesis. The first Chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of research, the description of the concept of temperament in a historical context, modern ideas about the temperament of domestic and Western schools, the main methods of studying temperament. The concept of a psychobiological approach to the development of Mary Rothbart's temperament is considered in more detail, as well as the results of studies devoted to this concept. In the second Chapter, the features of mental development of children were considered, a review of periodization of development of children up to 3 years. The features of cognitive, sensorimotor and speech development in infancy and early age were also considered. The third Chapter is devoted to the empirical part. It describes the methods used in this study: a of infant behavior questionnaire (IBQ-R), and Веyley Scales of Infant Development. Here is a correlation analysis of the results of this research. As well as discussion of these results. In conclusion, the result of the empirical part of the research are presented. As well as conclusions on the proposed hypothesis, the practical significance of the work is justified and possible prospects for further development of this problem are described.

Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are an expensive phenomenon for organizations, costing billions of dollars collectively each year. Recent research has focused on justice perceptions as predictors of CWBs, but little research has been conducted on the specific types of counterproductive work behaviors (i.e., sabotage, withdrawal, production deviance, abuse, and theft) that result from specific organizational justice perceptions (i.e., distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) and the mediating effect of state affect. The current paper meta-analyzed the relationships between justice, CWB, and state affect and found that justice was negatively related to dimensions of CWB and state positive/negative affect were negatively/positively related to CWB dimensions, respectively. However, mediation of the relationship between justice and CWB by state affect was inconsistent across justice types and CWB dimensions. These findings suggests that, while managers should maintain an awareness of justice and state affect as individual predictors of CWBs, the current study does not necessarily support the claim that state affect explains the relationship between justice and counterproductive work behavior dimensions.