Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Banny Silva Barbosa.pdf: 3257736 bytes, checksum: aa77c1eca753a92a01d30a721f2da598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Seeing the importance of fish for amazonian people, it potential in the market, it nutritive value, and information shortages relative to the lipid composition of amazonian fish, it was aimed to determinate the lipid composition attendant in dorsal muscle of six amazonia fish species, jaraqui, curimatã, pacu, sardinha, pescada and surubim, through fatty acids analyses constituent of their diferent classes of lipids and attendant steroids in their unsaponifiable lipids. This study involved the development and methodology application for extraction of total lipids, separation of lipid class, extraction of unsaponifiable lipids, derivatization of fatty acids and steroids, analyses of gas chromotagraphy with detector of flames ionization and with mass spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of steroids and fatty acids of lipids in class. And also approached the determination of lipids nutritional quality through atherogenicity, thrombogenicity index and quantity of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids. The results indicated the fish in study have interesting lipids, having bigger quantity of total lipids the fishes curimatã and pacu, with bigger participation of neutral lipids, and cholesterol as majority steroid for all fishes. The unsaturated fatty acids, essentials for human health, it was found in bigger quantity in fishes sardinha and pacu in phospholipids class and in pescada (whitefish), curimatã, jaraqui and surubim in neutral lipids class. Besides pacu fish has shown bigger quantity of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, the fish pescada (whitefish) highlighted for nutritional quality. / Considerando a importância do pescado para o povo amazônico, o seu potencial no mercado, a sua valorização nutritiva, e à escassez de informações referentes à composição lipídica dos peixes amazônicos objetivou-se determinar a composição lipídica presente no músculo dorsal de seis espécies de peixes amazônicos, jaraqui, curimatã, pacu, sardinha, pescada e surubim, através das análises dos ácidos graxos constituintes de suas diferentes classes de lipídeos e dos esteróides presentes em seus lipídeos insaponificáveis. O estudo envolveu o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de metodologias para extração dos lipídeos totais, separação de classes de lipídeos, extração de lipídeos insaponificáveis, derivatização de ácidos graxos e esteróides, análises por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chamas e com espectrometria de massas para avaliação quanti e qualitativa de esteróides e de ácidos graxos dos lipídeos em classes. E ainda abordou a determinação da qualidade nutricional dos lipídeos através dos índices de aterogenecidade, de trombogenecidade e pela quantidade de ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos. Os resultados indicaram que os peixes em estudo contêm lipídeos interessantes, possuindo maior quantidade de lipídeos totais os peixes curimatã e pacu, com maior participação dos lipídeos neutros, e colesterol como esteróide marjoritário para todos os peixes. Os ácidos graxos insaturados, essenciais para a saúde humana, foi encontrado em maior quantidade nos peixes sardinha e pacu na classe dos fosfolipídeos e nos peixes peixes curimatã, pescada, jaraqui e surubim na classe dos lipídeos neutros. Apesar de o peixe pacu ter mostrado maior quantidade de ácidos graxos de ômega 3 e 6 o peixe pescada se destacou pela qualidade nutricional.

La diatomée d'eau douce A. formosa peut produire des lipides neutres en plus ou moins grandes quantités en fonction des conditions de culture. Ainsi, nous avons montré par exemple qu'une carence en silice stimule la production de triacylglycérols (TAGs) mais génère une diminution de la biomasse. En revanche, nous avons montré que l'addition de bicarbonate et de phytohormones augmente à la fois la biomasse et la production de TAGs. L'ajout de phytohormones dans les milieux de culture de cette diatomée résulte en une augmentation de l'activité d'enzymes dans les extraits et notamment celles du cycle de Benson-Calvin. Parmi ces enzymes, la GAPDH est une enzyme dont l'activité augmente significativement. Nous avons montré que chez A. formosa, cette enzyme forme un complexe ternaire avec la CP12 et la Férrédoxine NADP Réductase (FNR) et non pas avec la CP12 et la phosphoribulokinase comme chez la plupart des organismes photosynthétiques. La régulation de cette enzyme en est de fait modifiée. La phytohormone, 24-épibrassinolide conduit à une augmentation d'activité de la GAPDH qui résulte de la dissociation du complexe GAPDH-CP12 et la GAPDH n'est plus redox régulée. La GAPDH chez les diatomées est donc régulée par des interactions protéineprotéine. / A. formosa, a freshwater diatom, can produce different amounts of neutral lipids such as triacylglycerols (TAGs) under different growth conditions. We showed that as it is well-known for diatoms, starvation for silica increased the production of TAGs but decreased biomass. However, the addition of bicarbonate or phytohormones into the growth medium increased both biomass and TAGs. Addition of phytohormones increased the activities of enzymes in particular those of the Benson-Calvin cycle. Among the target enzymes of the Benson-Calvin cycle, GAPDH was strongly affected. We purified this enzyme and demonstrated that, in the diatom A. formosa, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the Calvin cycle, forms a complex with the small chloroplast protein CP12 and Ferredoxin NADP Reductase (FNR), which is involved in the photochemical phase of photosynthesis. In cells treated with the phytohormone, 24-epibrassinolide, GAPDH was "free", not redox-regulated and not associated anymore with CP12. Therefore GAPDH from this diatom is regulated by protein-protein interaction but the GAPDH/CP12/FNR complex replaces the one formed between GAPDH, CP12 and phosphoribulokinase found in most photoautotrophs.

Submitted by Marivaldo Rodrigues Figueiro (marivaldo.figueiro@embrapa.br) on 2018-05-02T19:49:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marivaldo_Rodrigues_Figueiro.pdf: 1104812 bytes, checksum: 07b57b57c50c0ce48e486b2965bd2e74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-05-04T17:05:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiró_mr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1104812 bytes, checksum: 07b57b57c50c0ce48e486b2965bd2e74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T17:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiró_mr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1104812 bytes, checksum: 07b57b57c50c0ce48e486b2965bd2e74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / O maior rebanho bubalino da América Latina encontra-se no Brasil, fato que pode fazer do país um grande exportador de material genético da espécie. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento e o uso das biotécnicas da reprodução animal surgem como eixo central para aumentar a capacidade de multiplicação de material genético superior e promover o melhoramento animal. Desta forma, este estudo trem como objetivo validar protocolos que proporcionem a obtenção de embriões com maior qualidade e menor acúmulo lipídico, os quais estão apresentados em dois capítulos. O capitulo I, é composto de revisão bibliográfica abordando os estudos relacionados aos principais aspectos na maturação in vitro de oócitos bubalinos, importância dos lipídeos nos oócitos e embriões produzidos in vitro, efeitos da redução lipídica no desenvolvimento oocitário e embrionário e o emprego da L-carnitina na produção embrionária. No capítulo II, está apresentado um artigo composto de experimento I, o qual foi a determinado a menor concentração de SFB no meio MIV que promovesse manutenção das taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário, No experimento II, foi avaliado a adição de 5 mM de L-carnitina nos meios de maturação e consequentemente forma submetidos à avaliação lipídica, por meio de técnicas de coloração em microscopia óptica e confocal. Onde concluímos que não houve diferenças em relação ao acúmulo lipídico embrionário e que possível reduzir a concentração de SFB até 5% nos meios de maturação in vitro para produção de embriões em bubalinos e a suplementação do meio com L-carnitina não proporciona aumento na produção embrionária. / The largest buffaloes herd in Latin America is in Brazil, a fact that can make the country a great exporter of genetic material of the species. In this context, the development and use of biotechnics of animal reproduction arise as a central axis to increase the multiplication capacity of higher genetic material and promote animal improvement. In this way, this study train as objective validate protocols that provide the obtaining of embryos with higher quality and lower lipid accumulation, which are presented in two chapters. Chapter I, is composed of a bibliographical revision addressing the studies related to the main aspects of the in vitro maturation of oocytes buffaloes, importance of the lipids in the oocytes and in vitro embryos produced, effects of the reduction lipid in oocitário and embryonic development and the use of L-carnitine in embryonic production. In chapter II, an article composed of experiment I, which was determined the smallest concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the IVM environment that promoted the maintenance of the embryo development rates. In the experiment II, was evaluated the addition of 5 mM of L-carnitine in the means of maturation and consequently form subjected to the lipid evaluation, by means of coloring techniques in optical and confocal microscopy. Where we concluded that there were no differences in relation to embryonic lipid accumulation and that it could reduce the concentration of FBS up to 5% in the IVM methods for the production of embryos in buffaloes and the supplementation of the medium with L-carnitine does not provide increase in embryonic production.

<p>Electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) has been established as a powerful tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules. However, mass spectrometric analysis of biomolecules is often limited by poor ionization efficiency of analyte for sensitive detection and limited fragmentation for structural characterization. Over the years, various solution phase as well as gas-phase derivatization techniques, have been coupled with MS to increase the ionization efficiency and facilitate the formation of structural informative fragment ions. The research presented in this dissertation falls into two major parts; focusing on method development and application of radical chemistry for enhanced biomolecule analysis on an ESI-MS/MS platform. In the first part, a method of rapid charge tagging of neutral lipids (e.g. sterols, glycerides) with a thiol radical-based charge tag is developed, followed by comprehensive analysis via ESI-MS/MS without the use of a chromatographic separation (shotgun lipidomics). This charge tagging is performed in an easily constructible fused silica capillary-based microflow photo-reactor which is relatively low in cost and requires no instrument modifications. This method significantly enhances the ionization efficiency of the neutral lipids for sensitive MS detection (pM range). This method can be applied to the small volume of biological complex samples (e.g. 1 µL plasma) and doesn’t require extensive sample pretreatment procedure (analysis time of 2 min vs. traditional >60 min on GC-MS and HPLC-MS systems). Furthermore, the derivatized neutral lipids can also be fragmented via soft collision-induced dissociation to obtain fatty acyl chain composition of the neutral lipids (sterol esters, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, etc.) for structural characterization. This can especially be useful for determination for fatty acyl compositional isomers in neutral lipids for analysis related to biomarker detection. The characteristic fragmentation pattern of tagged neutral lipids has also been utilized for quantitation of lipids from biological mixture samples. Initial application of this method has shown alteration in the concentration of diacylglycerol lipid species in clinical samples of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients, suggesting the potential of understanding the biological roles of such lipids in insulin resistance. </p> <p>In the second part, a unique approach of radical-induced disulfide bond cleavage in peptides and proteins is demonstrated. Using 254 nm UV emission, acetone was used as a photoinitiator to initiate secondary radical formation i.e. hydroxyalkyl radical, from alcohol co-solvents used for electrospray. These radicals can then be used to efficiently cleave the disulfide bonds (R-S-S-R) in peptide/proteins to give reduced reaction products (RSH) at the cleavage site. Upon soft collision-induced dissociation, the reduced product gave abundant <i>b-</i> and <i>y-</i> type fragment ions for complete or enhanced sequence coverage as compared to intact disulfide-linked peptides and proteins. With the use of a simple microflow photo-reactor, this radical based approach can also be coupled with infusion ESI-MS/MS for a rapid online-based peptide and protein analysis. The yield for disulfide bond reduction was almost 100% within less than 5 s of UV irradiation. Furthermore, by adjusting the UV irradiance time, different degrees of partial reduction could be achieved, which greatly facilitated the disulfide linkage mapping in peptides and proteins with multiple disulfide bonds. This method has been incorporated with both bottom-up and top-down approach for protein analysis for unraveling the molecular complexity, quantifying and deep sequencing of disulfide-linked proteins.</p>

L’inhibition ou l’inactivation de la myostatine (mstn) entraine une hypertrophie musculaire qui permet d’envisager des thérapies efficaces dans la lutte contre la fonte musculaire dans de nombreuses pathologies (myopathies, maladies chroniques, sarcopénie). Cependant, le muscle déficient en mstn présente une fatigabilité musculaire accrue, associée à des altérations du métabolisme mitochondrial et lipidique. Or, les membranes musculaires et mitochondriales sont constituées principalement de lipides et phospholipides. Ces derniers participent au maintien de la structure et de la fonction métabolique de la fibre. Ils interviennent également dans la chaine respiratoire jouant un rôle clé dans la bioénergétique mitochondrial. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la composition lipidique musculaire et mitochondriale est altérée dans le muscle KO mstn, expliquant en partie les altérations métaboliques et fonctionnelles de ce phénotype. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché si l’entrainement en endurance normalise ces altérations phénotypiques musculaires. Nos résultats ont montré dans le muscle KO mstn une diminution de l’expression des différents transporteurs membranaires des lipides (FAT/CD36, FABP3, FATP1 et FATP4) associé à une réduction de l’activité des enzymes impliquées dans l’oxydation lipidique (Citrate synthase et βHAD) et une diminution de la lipogenèse (chute du contenu en triglycérides et en acides gras libres). D’une manière intéressante, nos résultats montrent une diminution de la proportion en cardiolipide au niveau de la membrane mitochondriale, en relation avec une réduction de l’expression des gènes PGPS et CRLS1, impliqués dans le processus de synthèse de cardiolipide. Nous avons également établi que 4 semaines d’entrainement en endurance sur tapis roulant améliorent en particulier la performance aérobie des souris KO mstn, qui retrouvent une capacité d’endurance comparable à celle des souris contrôles entrainées. L’expression des marqueurs de l’oxydation lipidique et du métabolisme oxydatif est également améliorée (Cpt1, Pparδ, Fas, contenu mitochondrial et citrate synthase). L’entraînement permet aussi d’augmenter l’activité des enzymes mitochondriales et la proportion membranaire en cardiolipide uniquement chez les souris KO mstn. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent que les qualités oxydatives du muscle hypertrophié KO mstn peuvent être remodelées sans impacter l’effet bénéfique hypertrophique. Enfin, ils présentent le métabolisme lié au cardiolipide et lipidique de manière générale comme de nouvelles pistes à explorer pour améliorer le métabolisme du muscle KO mstn et sa fonction mitochondriale. / Myostatin (mstn) inactivation or inhibition is considered as a promising treatment for various muscle-wasting disorders because it promotes muscle growth. However, mstn-deficient hypertrophic muscles show strong fatigability associated with abnormal mitochondria and lipid metabolism. Muscle membrane maintains the structure and the metabolic function of the fibre, and mitochondrial membrane including respiratory chain complexes, are composed mainly of lipids and phospholipids playing functional role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In our study, we hypothesized first that changes in the muscle and mitochondrial lipid composition could exist in the KO mstn muscle, in relation with the metabolic and functional alterations, secondly that endurance training can normalize these phenotypic muscle alterations. We reported in KO mstn muscles a decrease of fat membrane transporter levels (FAT/CD36, FABP3, FATP1 and FATP4) associated with decreased lipid oxidative pathway (citrate synthase and βHAD activities) and decreased lipogenesis (decreased triglyceride and free fatty acids content). Interestingly, we demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin content, in relation with a decrease in PGPS and CRLS1 gene expressions. Then, we showed in KO mstn mice that 4 weeks of daily running exercise session (65-70% of the maximal aerobic speed for 1 hour) improved significantly aerobic performance, particularly the endurance to levels comparable to those of trained wild type littermates.The expression of oxidative and lipid metabolism markers also was increased, as indicated by the upregulation of the Cpt1, Ppar, Fas genes, and increased citrate synthase level and mitochondrial protein content in KO mstn muscle. Interestingly, mitochondrial enzyme activity and the cardiolipin fraction in the mitochondrial membrane are increased by training only in KO mstn mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that the combination of mstn inhibition and endurance training could increase the muscle mass while preserving the physical performance. In addition, cardiolipin and lipid-related pathways could represent new targets to improve mstn-deficient muscle metabolism and restore mitochondrial function.

<p>The general aim of the present project was to increase the understanding of the in vivo dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and thereby improve possibility to predict in vivo solubility from substance properties. Increased understanding of the in vivo limitations of drug solubility could potentially also generate ideas for improved formulation principles for poorly soluble compounds and more relevant in vitro dissolution test methods used in formulation development.</p><p>The dynamic gastrointestinal secretory and enzymatic responses to a liquid meal were studied in human intestinal fluid (HIF) by in vivo perfusion of a nutritional drink. The main diversity found compared to simulated intestinal fluids was the presence of dietary lipids in fed human intestinal fluid. This difference was showed to be of importance in the solubility of low soluble drugs, since this parameter was underestimated in the simulated fluid. Thus suggesting that simulated intestinal fluids should be prepared with the addition of dietary lipids for better in vitro in vivo predictions. </p><p>Solubility and dissolution determinations in fasted and fed HIF showed that the solubility was higher in fed state fluid, probably owing to the higher concentration of lipids in this media. The higher solubility was correlated to both the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of the drug. The dissolution rate also increased, but not to the same extent as the solubility. These findings need to be considered in the design of in vitro models and in the prediction of food effects on oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.</p><p>In addition, an in vivo porcine perfusion study was performed to investigate importance of different mechanisms in food-drug interactions. The results showed that solubilisation might be a more important factor than P-gp inhibition for food-related effects on the intestinal absorption kinetics of Class II drugs. </p>

The general aim of the present project was to increase the understanding of the in vivo dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and thereby improve possibility to predict in vivo solubility from substance properties. Increased understanding of the in vivo limitations of drug solubility could potentially also generate ideas for improved formulation principles for poorly soluble compounds and more relevant in vitro dissolution test methods used in formulation development. The dynamic gastrointestinal secretory and enzymatic responses to a liquid meal were studied in human intestinal fluid (HIF) by in vivo perfusion of a nutritional drink. The main diversity found compared to simulated intestinal fluids was the presence of dietary lipids in fed human intestinal fluid. This difference was showed to be of importance in the solubility of low soluble drugs, since this parameter was underestimated in the simulated fluid. Thus suggesting that simulated intestinal fluids should be prepared with the addition of dietary lipids for better in vitro in vivo predictions. Solubility and dissolution determinations in fasted and fed HIF showed that the solubility was higher in fed state fluid, probably owing to the higher concentration of lipids in this media. The higher solubility was correlated to both the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of the drug. The dissolution rate also increased, but not to the same extent as the solubility. These findings need to be considered in the design of in vitro models and in the prediction of food effects on oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In addition, an in vivo porcine perfusion study was performed to investigate importance of different mechanisms in food-drug interactions. The results showed that solubilisation might be a more important factor than P-gp inhibition for food-related effects on the intestinal absorption kinetics of Class II drugs.

No description available.

Μελετήθηκε ο μεταβολισμός της γλυκερόλης στη ζύμη Yarrowia lipolytica ACA–DC 50109 με έμφαση στη μετατροπή της σε λιπίδια και κιτρικό οξύ, μεταβολικά προϊόντα που παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον για τη βιοτεχνολογία. Σε καλλιέργειες που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε βιοαντιδραστήρα διαλείποντος έργου, επί πολλαπλώς περιοριστικού μέσου, διαπιστώθηκε η ύπαρξη τριών διακριτών φάσεων αύξησης που χαρακτηρίζονται από ιδιαίτερα μορφολογικά και βιοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά: η φάση βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας (κατά την οποία συντέθηκαν 4–4,5 g/l βιομάζας), η ελαιογόνος φάση (κατά την οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε συσσώρευση λιπιδίων 20–22% wt/wt επί ξηρής βιομάζας, 90% wt/wt των οποίων ήταν ουδέτερα) και η φάση παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος (κατά την οποία εκκρίθηκαν στο περιβάλλον της αύξησης 14–30 g/l κιτρικού οξέος). Κατά τη διάρκεια των ανωτέρω φάσεων η ζύμη διήλθε από διάφορα μορφολογικά στάδια: μικρού μήκους αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια που κυριάρχησαν των κυττάρων ζύμης κατά τη φάση βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας, ευμεγέθη κύτταρα κατά τη φάση της ελαιογένεσης και μικρού μεγέθους κύτταρα ζύμης κατά τη φάση παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος. Η γλυκερόλη διαπερνά την κυτταροπλασματική μεμβράνη με διευκολυνόμενη διάχυση και καταβολίζεται μέσω των αντιδράσεων της κινάσης της γλυκερόλης – GK και της NAD+ εξαρτώμενης αφυδρογονάσης της 3–P–γλυκερόλης. Την υψηλή ενεργότητα της NAD+ εξαρτώμενης ισοκιτρικής αφυδρογονάσης (NAD+–ICDH) κατά τη διάρκεια της φάσης βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας διαδέχθηκε σημαντική πτώση της ενεργότητάς της, επάγοντας τη λιπογένεση. Απρόσμενη αποδόμηση των αποθεματικών (ουδέτερων) λιπιδίων και σημαντική βιοσύνθεση γλυκολιπιδίων, σφιγγολιπιδίων και φωσφολιπιδίων – Ρ παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της φάσης παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος, φάση κατά την οποία η ενεργότητα της GK είχε μειωθεί σημαντικά ενώ η ενεργότητα της NAD+–ICDH είχε σχεδόν μηδενιστεί. Το ελαϊκό οξύ ήταν το κυριότερο λιπαρό οξύ ενώ η φωσφατιδυλχολίνη – PC το κύριο Ρ. Σε συνεχές σύστημα καλλιέργειας επί θρεπτικού υλικού περιοριστικού σε άζωτο, βιοσυντέθηκαν περιορισμένες μόνο ποσότητες λιπιδίων (~10% wt/wt, επί της ξηρής βιομάζας), γεγονός που μπορεί αποδοθεί στο ότι δεν υπήρχε μια περιοχή του ειδικού ρυθμού αραίωσης (D, h–1) στην οποία τα ένζυμα – κλειδιά που εμπλέκονται στη λιπογένεση (όπως η ΑΤΡ:κιτρική λυάση – ATP:CL και το μηλικό ένζυμο – ME) να παρουσιάζουν συγχρόνως υψηλές ενεργότητες, ενώ η ενεργότητα της NAD+–ICDH μειώθηκε, όχι όμως σημαντικά, στους χαμηλούς D. Η ενεργότητα της ATP:CL χαρακτηρίστηκε από υψηλές τιμές (60–300 Units/mg DW) σε D 0,033 h–1 ενώ οι μέγιστες τιμές ενεργότητας του ME (650 Units/mg DW) εμφανίστηκαν σε D=0,104 h–1. Τα λιπίδια της ζύμης ήταν περισσότερο ακόρεστα σε ενδιάμεσες τιμές D. Σε όλους τους D η φωσφατιδυλαιθανολαμίνη – PE, η φωσφατιδυλινοσιτόλη – PI και η PC αντιπροσωπεύουν τις κυριότερες κλάσεις των Ρ. Όσον αφορά τη μορφολογία της ζύμης, βρέθηκε ότι σε D<0,055 h–1 επικρατούσαν αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια ενώ σε D 0,055 h–1 παρατηρήθηκαν μόνο κύτταρα ζύμης. Σε πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν επί θρεπτικού υλικού περιοριστικού σε άζωτο, σε D=0,026 h–1, σε διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις διαλυμένου οξυγόνου – DO παρατηρήθηκε αυξημένο ποσοστό του κλάσματος των Ρ επί των ολικών λιπιδίων στις ακραίες σε τιμές DO ( 70% και 7%). Ανεξάρτητα των τιμών DO η PC ήταν η κλάση με το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό, ακολουθούμενη από την PI και PE. Ειδικότερα το ποσοστό της ΡΕ παρουσιάστηκε ιδιαίτερα αυξημένο σε ενδιάμεσες τιμές DO (20% και 30%). Σε DΟ 50% επικρατούσαν αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια ενώ σε DΟ 50% εμφανίστηκαν στην καλλιέργεια περισσότερα κύτταρα ζύμης. Σε πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε D=0,026 h–1 βρέθηκε ότι ο περιορισμός της αύξησης από ιχνοστοιχεία όπως το μαγνήσιο και το ασβέστιο τα οποία εμπλέκονται σε πολλαπλές κυτταρικές λειτουργίες, είχαν δυσμενή επίδραση στη φυσιολογία της ζύμης, ωστόσο η σύσταση των λιπιδίων σε λιπαρά οξέα δεν επηρεάστηκε από τη φύση του περιοριστικού για την αύξηση παράγοντα. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή φιλοδοξεί να συμβάλει στη μελέτη της φυσιολογίας των ελαιογόνων μικροοργανισμών και στη χρήση της γλυκερόλης ως υποστρώματος σε μελλοντικές βιοτεχνολογικές εφαρμογές. / In this thesis the metabolism of glycerol in Yarrowia lipolytica ACA–DC 50109, with emphasis on glycerol conversion into value–added biotechnological products, such as single cell oils and citric acid, was studied. The growth of Y. lipolytica was studied in bioreactor batch cultures in multiple limited medium and three distinct phases were identified during growth cycle. In each phase, yeast cells were characterized by specific morphological and biochemical features: biomass formation phase (in which 4–4.5 g/l of biomass were synthesized), lipogenic phase (in which 20–22% lipids wt/wt in dry weight were accumulated in biomass, containing 90% wt/wt neutral lipids) and citric acid production phase (in which 14–30 g/l of citric acid were secreted in the growth environment). Distinct cellular forms of Y. lipolytica were developed during the above phases: in biomass formation phase short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant while a few yeast–like cells were observed, in lipogenic phase large obese cells were predominant and in citric acid production phase cells size was diminished. Glycerol passes into the microbial cell by facilitated diffusion. Y. lipolytica successfully converts glycerol via phosphorylation pathway, in which glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol–3–P–dehydrogenase are implicated. Though high activity of NAD+ dependent isocitric dehydrogenase (NAD+–ICDH) was detected during biomass formation phase, this activity was significantly decreased afterwards inducing lipogenesis. Surprisingly, storage (neutral) lipid turnover and synthesis of glycolipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids – Ρ simultaneously occurred with citric acid production, and happened when GK activity was considerably reduced and NAD+–ICDH activity was minimised. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in all lipid fractions and phosphatidylcholine – PC was the main Ρ. In continuous culture in nitrogen limited medium Y. lipolytica accumulated low quantities of lipids (~10% w/w, in dry weight), maybe due to the fact that there was not a region of specific dilution rate (D, h–1) in which the key–enzymes that are implicated in lipogenesis (i.e. ΑΤΡ:citrate lyase – ATP:CL and malic enzyme – ME) presented simultaneously high activity while NAD+–ICDH activity was insignificantly decreased in low D. ATP:CL presented high activity (60–300 Units/mg DW) in D 0,033 h–1 while ME presented maximum activity (650 Units/mg DW) in D=0,104 h–1. Lipids were more unsaturated in intermediate D values while phosphatidylethanolamine – PE, phosphatidylinositol – PI and PC are the main Ρ classes. As far as the morphology is concerned, in D<0,055 h–1 short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant in culture medium while in D 0,055 h–1 only yeast cells were observed. In experiments performed in nitrogen limited medium in D=0,026 h–1 in different dissolved oxygen – DO concentrations, it was found that in extreme DO values ( 70% and 7%) the percentage of P was increased. Independently the DO concentration PC was the main class followed by PI and PE. The morphology of Y. lipolytica was influenced by the different concentration of DO and it was observed that in DΟ 50% short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant in culture medium while in DΟ 50% more yeast cells were appeared. In experiments performed in D=0,026 h–1, it was found that the absence of micronutrients from the growth medium, i.e. magnesium and calcium that are implicated in multiple cellular functions, had severe effects in yeast physiology, while the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids was not affected by the nature of the growth limiting factor. The present thesis aspires to contribute in the study of oleaginous microorganisms’ physiology and in use of glycerol as substrate in future biotechnological applications.