O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de habilidades técnicas do ataque da posição quatro e por meio do modelo, analisar o comportamento do ataque da posição quatro na categoria infanto-juvenil masculina. Para o primeiro objetivo, utilizou-se do método delphi, entrevistando-se em dois momentos distintos (1ª e 2ª etapas) 14 treinadores das seleções brasileiras de voleibol masculina e feminina. Enquanto que na primeira etapa foi delineada a estrutura do modelo, na segunda, foi possível elaborar o modelo propriamente dito a partir do nível esperado de consenso. Os resultados demonstraram que, para as onze situações de bloqueio, cento e setenta e duas habilidades técnicas foram relacionadas pelos treinadores, entre as quais, somente quatro (SBT1-I, SBT1-J, SBT3-A e SBT3-S) não alcançaram o critério de consenso estabelecido (média, moda, mediana igual ou superior a 4.0 e desvio padrão igual ou inferior a 0,65). Para o segundo objetivo, foram observados doze jogos em campeonatos mundiais dos anos 2005 e 2007, nos quais foram analisados valores de freqüência de ocorrência e eficácia. Os resultados mostraram maiores ocorrências nas situações de bloqueios duplos seguidas dos bloqueios simples e triplos. Quanto às habilidades técnicas, a corrida de aproximação em diagonal foi a mais utilizada pelos atacantes com opção de ataque direto. As habilidades com ataque explorando o bloqueio ocorreram com maior freqüência frente aos bloqueios duplos e triplos compactos. A análise de correlação de Spearman detectou baixo nível de associação entre freqüência de ocorrência e eficácia. Contudo, a análise de regressão logística (binária e multinomial) entre as habilidades mais freqüentes permitiu verificar que a SBD1-A foi a situação/habilidade que mais ocorreu, no entanto, com menores chances de sucesso entre a maioria das situações/habilidades investigadas. As habilidades técnicas empregadas nas situações de bloqueio simples obtiveram maiores chances de sucesso que as habilidades utilizadas nos bloqueios duplos. Os resultados destacaram o aspecto situacional do ataque, o qual revelou necessidade de aplicação de habilidades técnicas específicas em determinadas estruturas de bloqueio para se obter o sucesso / The objective of this study was to develop a model for attack technical skills in zone four and to analyze the performance of young players through this model. In the first case, through the delphi method and in two distinct moments (1st and 2nd phases), fourteen coaches of the Brazilian male and female teams were interviewed. The structure of the model was designed in the first phase and, by means of consensus, the model itself was eventually designed in the second phase. Results evidenced that 170 attack technical skills were reported by the coaches in eleven block situations, and only four (SBT1-I, SBT1-J, SBT3-A e SBT3-S) did not reach the consensus level (mean, mode, median equal or above 4.0 and standard deviation 0,65). In the second case, twelve games were analyzed during the world championships in years 2005 and 2007 in the frequency and efficacy of actions. The results from the analysis of attack performances from zone four during the world championships showed a larger number in double blocks followed by simple and triple blocks. As for technical skills, the type of run with diagonal approach was the most used by attack players with the option of direct attack. Techniques where attack explores blocking were most common in compact double and triple blocks. The Spearman correlation analysis showed no relation between frequency and efficacy. However, a logistic regression analysis (binary and multinomial) between the most frequent techniques evidenced that SBD1-A block/skill situation was the most frequent but least likely to success. Technical skills in simple block situations were more likely to be successful than those in double blocks. The results also highlighted the situational aspect of attack that requires specific technical skills for certain block structures to be successful

Non-technical skills (NTS) are cognitive and interpersonal skills that are relevant to task completion such as situation awareness, decision-making, teamwork, and leadership. NTS in clinical environments, such as surgery, have been identified to contribute to patient safety and team performance, which in turn affects clinical outcomes. Assessment tools of these skills in surgery exist; however, current evaluations are limited in that they require trained raters, are subjective, are time-intensive, and are checklist-based. Therefore, there is a need for objective measurement of NTS that addresses the limitations of the rating-based techniques. The purpose of this Ph.D. dissertation work is to identify physiological and behavioral metrics that measure NTS objectively and investigate the application of objective metrics to measure intraoperative NTS of surgeons. Through a scoping review of engineering, behavioral science, and medical literature, behavioral and physiological metrics that quantified NTS constructs of surgeons were identified. The synthesized literature was used to build a framework integrating objective metrics to NTS constructs. To develop an objective model of surgeons’ NTS, subjective and objective behavioral data of surgeons were collected in the operating room and prediction models were created. Results found that objective metrics such as communication, speech, and proximity features can be used to predict subjective NTS. Furthermore, objective task features (e.g., time and number of incidents during an operation) has the potential to also model subjective NTS, and these task features can be predicted by the behavioral metrics; thus, triangulation is obtained with the three NTS metrics: subjective score, objective behavioral metrics, and task performance metrics. The relationship between the two objective metrics shows the possibility of achieving a fully objective model of surgeons’ NTS. The consolidation of current objective measurement techniques can provide a foundation in further understanding NTS beyond assessments based on observed behaviors, and the developed models can be expanded and implemented for real-time NTS assessment of clinical teams to improve patient care.

Under de senaste fem åren rapporterades årligen över 2000 intrahospitala hjärtstopp till det nationella hjärtstoppsregistret. När ett hjärtstopp sker vid det mindre akutsjukhuset i södra Sverige tillkallas ett larmteam för att utgöra en kvalitetshöjande resurs. Vid ett hjärtstopp krävs att personalen i larmteamet kan samarbeta eftersom en del arbetsuppgifter måste utföras parallellt för att minimera tiden för adekvat behandling. I dagsläget består utbildningen av sedvanlig träning i hjärtlungräddning vilket medför att ingen samträning sker mellan de olika specialiteterna och yrkesgrupperna i larmteamet. Studier visar att underprestering av icke-tekniska färdigheter, däribland kommunikation, kan utgöra ett hinder för ett lyckat teamarbete. Aktuella HLR-riktlinjer påpekar att vikt bör läggas vid att stärka teamet och att använda sig av kommunikationsmodeller. Studiens syfte var att belysa larmteamets upplevelse av kommunikation under behandlingen av ett hjärtstopp. Som metod för studien valdes en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Studiedesignen utgjordes av en deskriptiv design med 13 semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personal från larmteamet som valdes ut genom ett ändamålsenligt urval. Efter datainsamlingen analyserades materialet förutsättningslöst med hjälp av innehållsanalys där meningsenheter valdes ut, vilket i sin tur bildade kategorier. De kategorier som bildades var Reflektioner om kommunikation i larmteamet, Larmteamets roller kan inverka på kommunikationen och Erfarenhet förbättrar kommunikationen och resultatet visade att personalen i larmteamet generellt sett upplever kommunikationen under hjärtstoppslarmen som god, men att det varierar från tillfälle till tillfälle. Det framkom även attribut som underlättar kommunikationen samt att informanterna påtalade vikten av att kommunikationen fungerar genom hela vårdkedjan. De beskrev också hur viktigt det var med tydliga roller inom larmteamet. Det visade sig råda en viss otydlighet kring vem som egentligen är teamledare under hjärtstoppslarmen i flertalet fall, även om medicinjouren formellt sett är tilldelad denna roll. Flertalet av informanterna upplevde att denna yrkesgrupp borde ta ett större ansvar i dessa sammanhang. Däremot upplevde medicinläkarna en osäkerhet i att leda kommunikationen när man är mindre erfaren. Även övriga informanter upplevde att tidigare erfarenhet från deltagande i larmteamet i samband med hjärtstopp underlättar arbetet och ger en rak och enkel kommunikation. Utifrån resultatet drogs slutsatsen att teamträning och träning i klinisk miljö bör införas, samt att mer stöd och utbildning bör ges till teamledaren. Dessutom bör mer fokus läggas på att öka medvetenheten om kommunikation och icke-tekniska färdigheter genom att implementera kommunikations- och teamträningsmodeller i HLR-träningen. / Over 2000 intra-hospital cardiac arrest events per year were reported to the Swedish national heart and lung resuscitation registry over the last five years. When a cardiac arrest occurs at the General Emergency Hospital in southern Sweden the hospital emergency team is alerted, to increase the quality of care among the attending personnel. During a cardiac arrest situation it is necessary that the emergency team collaborates, since certain tasks must be performed simultaneously to optimize given treatment. Current CPR-training consists of practical skill training, mostly performed without assembling members from the specialties represented in the hospital emergency team, hence no team training is performed.  Previous studies show that several non-technical skills, including communication between the emergency team members, can be an obstacle for successful treatment in a cardiac arrest situation. Current CPR-guidelines recommend that attention should be given to the use of certain communication models to optimize the CPR situation. The aim of this study was to illuminate the emergency team's experience of communication during a cardiac arrest treatment situation. A qualitative method with inductive approach was used to perform the study. The study consisted of 13 semi-structured interviews with staff from the emergency team that were elected through a purposive sampling. The collected data was unconditionally analysed, by content analysis where meaning units were depicted, which formed the categories Reflections on communication in the emergency team, Emergency team roles can affect communication and Experience improves communication. The results showed that the staff in the emergency team generally experienced the communication during a cardiac arrest situation as good, but with variation from one situation to another. Further, attributes were revealed which facilitates communication, and that the respondents pointed out the importance that the communication functions throughout the entire chain of care. They also described the importance with clear roles within the emergency team, however, it turned out to be some ambiguity about who has the role as the team leader during a cardiac arrest situation, despite the formal assignment to one of the professional groups. The majority of respondents felt that the attending physician at the emergency ward more firmly should take the command and step forward in the cardiac arrest situation. However, the attending physician at the emergency ward experienced that it is not always easy to manage the communication properly when less experienced in these circumstances. Yet other informants felt that an experienced emergency team, facilitates teamwork and allows for a straightforward and precise communication. Based on these results it was concluded that team training and training in a daily clinical environment should be introduced, as well as providing more support and training for the team leader. In addition, more focus should be placed on the awareness of communication and non-technical skills by implementing specific communication and team training models.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of importance of each of the curriculum competencies in the National Standards for Business Education (NBEA, 1995) for the successful performance of beginning secondary business teachers in Virginia as perceived by experienced and inexperienced business teachers. The standards consist of 102 competencies in the 11 subject areas of business education. The questionnaire used in the research study was an original survey instrument developed by the researcher after a review of the literature did not reveal an instrument that could be used with the NBEA document. The survey instrument was mailed to a sample of public high school business teachers in Virginia who were systematically selected from an available population. Results from the demographic question on the survey resulted in the identification of 161 experienced business teachers and 18 inexperienced business teachers. Means, standard deviations, and t-tests were used to describe the data. The competencies were rated with a five-point Likert scale. All competencies were rated as having either essential importance, above average importance, or average importance. Of the 102 competencies, experienced business teachers identified 11 as having essential importance, 86 as having more than average importance, and 5 as having average importance. Inexperienced business teachers rated 11 competencies as having essential importance, 87 as having more than average importance, and 4 as having average importance. When comparing the experienced and the inexperienced teachers' lists of rated competencies, 9 competencies rated as essential importance were the same for both groups, and 3 competencies rated as average were the same for both groups. When comparing the overall content areas, no significant differences existed between the perceptions of the experienced business teachers and the inexperienced business teachers. / Ph. D.

On average, African Americans receive lower wages in the workplace due to lack of advanced technical skills. The reason for technical deficiency among some African Americans is often lack of exposure to IT resources at an early age. The purpose of this ethnographic study was to identify and explore the factors that contribute to lack of IT resources available to some African Americans to cultivate IT skills. Information literacy theory formed the conceptual framework, which focused on information resources that African American and Caucasians use in the workforce for problem solving and retrieving information. Data were collected by conducting face-to-face and phone interviews using open-ended questions with 20 randomly selected African Americans employed in South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, and Maryland. Data saturation was reached after interviewing the 20 participants. Data were analyzed for emergent themes, revealing that (a) more computer use yielded higher academic achievement, (b) users with higher income had more access to IT resources, and (c) users who had more technical knowledge received higher wages. The findings of the study may contribute to positive social change by exposing members of the African American community as well as other communities to the importance of advanced computer skills, which are needed to succeed in careers and to compete effectively in the workplace.

Le domaine de la chirurgie de par son environnement sensible, ses enjeux de qualité et de sécurité se rapproche naturellement d’autres univers tels que l’industrie nucléaire, l’aviation civile et le domaine militaire. La technicité voire même la connaissance déclarative de chaque individu composant un élément de l’ensemble d’individus interagissant ensemble dans ces environnements ne suffisent pas à atteindre des niveaux suffisants de sécurité. Plus de 70% des évènements indésirables graves seraient liés à des problèmes humains de coordination et de communication. Les compétences non techniques (CNT) sont ainsi nécessaires pour assurer une performance efficiente et sûre. La première partie de ce travail fait un état des lieux de la littérature sur les CNT en chirurgie. Après des définitions générales et un positionnement de ces compétences vis-à-vis notamment des compétences techniques et procédurales, nous présentons une revue systématique de la littérature des CNT dans le domaine spécifique de la neurochirurgie. La deuxième partie de ce travail s’intéresse quant à elle aux compétences interpersonnelles en focalisant le propos sur le travail en équipe et la communication. Le concept de familiarité au sein d’une équipe est exploré. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une étude observationnelle qui a été réalisée en environnement réel de bloc opératoire de neurochirurgie portant sur les interruptions de tâches et le travail d’équipe. Ces interruptions de tâches sont en effet des évènements itératifs entrainant la mobilisation de CNT au sein d’un groupe de professionnels. La troisième partie est consacrée aux compétences cognitives avec une étude reposant sur des entretiens de neurochirurgiens de différents niveaux d’expertise ; celle-ci ayant pour objectif de mieux comprendre la représentation mentale que se fait le chirurgien lors de son planning opératoire pré-chirurgical. La méthodologie qualitative de la théorisation enracinée est utilisée dans cette partie et nous justifions son emploi pour ce travail. / The field of surgery with its sensitive environment, its quality and safety issues is naturally close to other work environments such as the nuclear industry, civil aviation and the armed forces. The technical expertise and even the declarative knowledge of each individual component of the set of individuals interacting together in these environments are not sufficient to achieve sufficient safety levels. More than 70% of serious adverse events are due to human coordination and communication issues. Non-technical skills (NTS) are thus essential to ensure efficient and safe performance. The first part of this work is a review of the literature on NTS in surgery. After giving general definitions and positioning these skills with respect to technical and procedural skills, we present a systematic review of the CNT literature in thespecific field of neurosurgery. The second part of this work focuses on interpersonal skills: on teamwork and communication. The concept of crew familiarity is explored. In order to achieve this, we present an observational study carried out in a real neurosurgical operating room environment dealing with workflow disruptions and involving teamwork. These workflow disruptions are iterative events leading to the mobilization of NTS within a group of professionals. The third part is dedicated to cognitive skills with a study based on interviews of neurosurgeons with different levels of expertise. The aim is to better understand the surgeon’s mental representation during preoperative surgical planning. Grounded theory approach, a qualitative methodology, is used in this part and we justify its use for this work.

<p>Project Management is multidisciplinary in nature; it involves a number of activities and requires the project manager to possess a wide variety of competences. This thesis aims to investigate which competences organizations currently require from project managers. In particular the focus of this research is to examine and contrast the “soft” (interpersonal) and “hard” (technical) competences required by the job market and to find out if organizations recognize the importance of both of them or if they pay special attention to one of them. A total of 50 online job advertisements from different industries and countries were analyzed using content analysis in order to determine what competences are valued by employers. Furthermore, 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with project management academics and practitioners in order to provide a more in depth study and to allow triangulation between the findings. The results indicate that some competences are more valued than others. Communication, project integration management and scope management are the top three competences required by employers. The results also suggest that employers, academics and practitioners are aware of the need to balance hard and soft competences.</p>

Project Management is multidisciplinary in nature; it involves a number of activities and requires the project manager to possess a wide variety of competences. This thesis aims to investigate which competences organizations currently require from project managers. In particular the focus of this research is to examine and contrast the “soft” (interpersonal) and “hard” (technical) competences required by the job market and to find out if organizations recognize the importance of both of them or if they pay special attention to one of them. A total of 50 online job advertisements from different industries and countries were analyzed using content analysis in order to determine what competences are valued by employers. Furthermore, 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with project management academics and practitioners in order to provide a more in depth study and to allow triangulation between the findings. The results indicate that some competences are more valued than others. Communication, project integration management and scope management are the top three competences required by employers. The results also suggest that employers, academics and practitioners are aware of the need to balance hard and soft competences.