Denna studie har i syfte att undersöka vilka kännetecken som bidrar till ett effektivt ledarskap under kris, i detta fall Covid-19 pandemin. Studien är upprättad för att bidra med kunskap och förståelse för de relevanta delar och kännetecken som är viktiga under oförutsägbara situationer. Studien är avgränsad till en fallstudie i form av kvantitativ analys där den empiriska insamlingen skett utifrån intervjuer. Nio chefer från besöksnäringen intervjuades genom en semistrukturerad metod för att skapa möjligheten för respondenterna att ge en verklighetsförankrad berättelse. Tidigare forskning inom området ledarskap i kris visar på att ledarskap utgår från vilken stil en ledares idealbild förknippas med. Forskningen har därmed utgått från ledarskapsstilar som teori för att för att djupare beskriva olika fenomen och faktorer som är viktiga. Ledarskapsstilar som Transaktionellt och Transformativt ledarskap har varit i stort fokus under tidigare studier om området. Reflexivt ledarskap är framtaget från den insamlade empirin och kommer tillsammans med transaktionellt och transformativt ledarskap att ligga till grund för analysen av empirin. Studien resulterade i fyra kännetecken som är viktiga att ta hänsyn till samt ger möjligheten att vara reflexiv vid användning av kännetecken. Kännetecknen är kopplad till relationen sinsemellan ledare och medarbetare. Studien resulterar även i hur stort inflytande distansarbete har fått under Covid-19 pandemin. Vår empiri och analys är ense om att ledarskap under kris är helt beroende av kontext och sammanhang. / This study aims to investigate which characteristics contribute to effective leadership during a crisis, in this case the Covid-19 pandemic. The study is established to contribute knowledge and understanding of the relevant parts and characteristics that are important during unpredictable situations. The study is limited to a case study in the form of quantitative analysis where the empirical collection has been based on interviews. Nine managers from the hospitality industry were interviewed using a semi-structured method to create the opportunity for the respondents to provide a reality-based story. Previous research in the field of leadership in crisis shows that leadership is based on the style with which a leaders´s ideal image is associated. The research has thus used leadership styles as theory to describe more deeply different phenomena and factors that are important. Leadership styles such as Transactional and Transformational leadership have been the primary focus in previous studies on the field. Reflexive leadership is derived from the collected empirical data and will, together with transactional and transformational leadership, form the basis for the analysis of the empirical data. The study resulted in four characteristics that are important to take into account and provide the opportunity to be reflexive when using characteristics . The characteristics are linked to the relationship between leaders and employees. The study also results in how much influence remote work has had during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our empirical data and analysis agree that leadership during a crisis is entirely dependent on context.

UN peacekeeping operations have received a significant amount of backlash during the past decades when allegations of sexual misconduct conducted by its personnel against civilians have unravelled. The purpose of this study is to answer the research question: How does unemployment amongst internally displaced women, within the host state, affect the probability of United Nations peacekeepers perpetrating Transactional Sex against them? The suggested hypothesis yields that a high level of unemployed internally displaced women has a positive effect on peacekeeper-perpetrated transactional sex occurrence. The theory relies on the ‘sex for basic needs’ paradigm and connects the rippling effect of IDPs to this. Evidence draws upon peacekeeping operations ONUB in Burundi and MINUSCA in the Central African Republic, and these partially ratify the hypothesis, although considering certain limitations. Findings show that MINUSCA has perpetrated transactional sex against unemployed female IDPs to a slightly larger extent than ONUB. However, difficulties in determining the extent of these occurrences and inability to reject alternative explanations implies that the hypothesis cannot be confirmed. Methodologically, this structured focused comparison is executed as a qualitative cross-case comparative study using the method of difference.

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Ph. D. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Universities of Technology are an essential institutional type in South African higher education. However, their performance often lags behind that of traditional and comprehensive universities, which inspires the need to use research to seek ways of improving them. This study focuses on the interconnection between transformational and transactional leadership, organisational innovation and performance in South African universities of technology. Performance was measured based on the balanced scorecard perspective. The study followed a quantitative method, using the views of 387 academic and non-academic professional respondents drawn from three South African universities of technology. Hypotheses were tested using correlations and regression analysis. The study identified three transformational leadership factors, namely idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and inspirational leadership that are relevant to the tested relationship. Six performance dimensions, namely internal growth, financial performance, internal processes, customer satisfaction, learning, and grants and income were also identified and used to measure performance. The three transformational leadership factors, idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and inspirational leadership all correlated with and predicted innovation. In turn, innovation correlated with and predicted the six performance factors (internal growth, financial performance, internal processes, customer satisfaction, learning, and grants and income). The study indicates that the transformational leadership style has a direct positive effect on institutional innovation in universities of technology. Furthermore, innovation is an important driver of performance. Therefore, universities of technology that place an emphasis on transformational leadership and innovation are likely to register superior performance.