Master thesis has theoretical and empirical nature. Its aim is to verify the use and effectiveness of selected methods of working with people with intellectual disabilities in CDS for adults. The theoretical part is devoted to three basic themes. The first issue is devoted generally to persons with MP: MP definition, etiology, classification. Briefly analyzes the life situation of people with MP and their families. The second part focuses on social services to designated persons with MP, especially at day service centers for adults, outlining the personality and noted social worker and current legislation related to that. There is also a subsection dealing with the specifics of working with people with intellectual disabilities. The second part of the educational requirements for closed environments. In the third part present the outline of the four communication approaches. In the practical section describing the application of action research using different approaches in day services for adults with mental disabilities in the center Rolnicka Soběslav.

Background: The South African youth is confronted by unemployment. Ironically, even the youth of Soweto Township experience the harsh realities of unemployment, despite them playing a significant role to fight the apartheid regime. Therefore, the study explores the experiences of the youth of Soweto with regards to unemployment. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach and case study design. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. The sample consisted of ten unemployed youth of Soweto Township. The unstructured interview was utilised to collect data. Results: One of the main findings in this study was the fact that unemployment has impacted negatively on young people in Soweto Township. Unemployment has led to psychological effects and isolation amongst the jobless youth of Soweto. Conclusion: There is a need for great job opportunities for the youth in South Africa to grow the economy. This could also reduce crime among young people since it is well known that some of the young people have engaged in criminal activities due to unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Previous research has extensively studied growth and its effect on organizations. The general conception is that growth results in a need for professionalization within the organizations, in which the management processes are formalised. However, the growth’s and professionalization’s impact on organizational familiarity has not had significant research conducted. Previous research on the phenomenon has argued that professionalization has a negative effect on familiarity, and that the company loses its familiarity as a result. This study aims to explore and gain an understanding of this supposed relationship and how organizations can balance professionalism and familiarity. Additionally, it sets out to examine how organizations have managed their growth and how they have overcome the challenges which the growth has resulted in, with a particular focus on how the relationship between familiarity and professionalism has developed. The study has examined two companies which have experienced growth, and who were in two different phases of their professionalization process. Through interviews with relevant executives, in addition to their employees, the study examined how the growth had affected their business and its need for professionalization. Furthermore, the study has also explored the impact of growth and professionalization on the organizations’ familiarity, with the objective to understand what challenges the companies had faced due to these processes. The result of the study implies that the growth has a negative effect on the organizations’ familiarity, while the professionalization has positive effects with no apparent negative consequences. The professionalization has been a tool for organizations to keep their familiarity as well as to reinforce it. Furthermore the study’s results show that it is possible to formalize informal controls, and that this is an instrument which the organizations can use to strengthen their familiarity. The companies’ biggest challenge with growth and professionalization is the recruitment and socialization of new employees into the organizational culture, which has a clear effect on the organizations’ familiarity. / Tidigare litteratur har omfattat studerat tillväxten och dess inverkan på företag. Den generella uppfattningen är att tillväxten resulterar i ett behov av professionalisering inom företagen, i vilket styrningen formaliseras. Däremot har tillväxtens och professionaliseringens inverkan på familjariteten inom företag studerats i begränsad omfattning. Den tidigare litteratur som behandlat fenomenet har argumenterat för att professionaliseringen har en negativ inverkan på företags familjaritet, och att det resulterar i att organisationerna förlorar den familjaritet de tidigare präglats av. Studien syftar således till att undersöka och skapa förståelse för hur företag som växer kan balansera professionalism och familjaritet. Studien ämnar även undersöka hur organisationer hanterat tillväxten och hur de lyckats överkomma de problem som detta medfört, med särskilt fokus på hur relationen mellan familjaritet och professionalism utvecklats. Denna studie har undersökt två företag vilka båda upplevt tillväxt, och vilka befann sig i olika faser av deras professionaliseringsprocess. Genom intervjuer med organisationernas företagsledare såväl som anställda har studien undersökt hur tillväxten har påverkat företagen och vad den haft för inverkan på företagens behov av professionalisering. Studien har även behandlat tillväxtens och professionaliseringens inverkan på familjariteten inom företagen, samt vilka utmaningar som företagen upplevt till följd av denna process. Studiens resultat tyder på att tillväxten har en negativ inverkan på företagens familjaritet, men att professionaliseringen endast har positiva effekter. Professionaliseringen har varit ett verktyg för företagen att bevara familjariteten och även förstärka denna. Vidare visar studiens resultat att det är möjligt att formalisera den informella styrningen, och att detta är ett verktyg vilka företagen kan använda för att stärka familjariteten. Företagens största utmaning vid tillväxt och professionalisering är rekryteringen och socialiseringen av de nyanställda mot företagets kultur, vilket har en tydlig inverkan på företagets familjaritet.

Text in English / Background: The South African youth is confronted by unemployment. Ironically, even the youth of Soweto Township experience the harsh realities of unemployment, despite them playing a significant role to fight the apartheid regime. Therefore, the study explores the experiences of the youth of Soweto with regards to unemployment. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach and case study design. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. The sample consisted of ten unemployed youth of Soweto Township. The unstructured interview was utilised to collect data. Results: One of the main findings in this study was the fact that unemployment has impacted negatively on young people in Soweto Township. Unemployment has led to psychological effects and isolation amongst the jobless youth of Soweto. Conclusion: There is a need for great job opportunities for the youth in South Africa to grow the economy. This could also reduce crime among young people since it is well known that some of the young people have engaged in criminal activities due to unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

La présente thèse analyse l’incidence de la concurrence bancaire sur le coût et la qualité du crédit produit par les établissements de crédit. Plus précisément, les investigations empiriques menées dans le cadre de ce travail visent deux objectifs complémentaires. Tout d’abord, évaluer dans quelle mesure le degré de rivalité entre les banques influence la stratégie de tarification des banques et par conséquent le coût de financement des entreprises. Le second objectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier l’impact de la concurrence bancaire sur la manière dont les banques produisent de l’information privée sur leurs clients. Pour cela, nous procédons en deux étapes. En premier lieu, nous examinons l’influence du degré de rivalité entre les banques sur la nature des informations utilisées par les chargés d’affaires dans l’évaluation de la qualité des emprunteurs. En second lieu, nous vérifions l’implication de la concurrence bancaire dans la rupture des relations de long terme. Nous adoptons pour toutes les analyses conduites dans cette thèse une démarche permettant d’exploiter la complémentarité entre différents indicateurs de concurrence utilisés dans la littérature afin d’appréhender au mieux le niveau de rivalité entre les banques. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent des multiples analyses empiriques menées dans le cadre de ce travail. Premièrement, il ressort de nos investigations empiriques que le pouvoir de marché des institutions financières découle de deux sources distinctes: le poids de la banque dans la structure du marché local du crédit et le degré d’efficience de l’établissement de crédit. Par conséquent, l’incidence de la concurrence bancaire dépend de sa capacité à influencer la structure du marché local du crédit ou bien l’efficience des banques. De plus, nous montrons qu’au sein d’un marché bancaire concentré, l’existence de fortes rivalités entre les banques réduit le coût de financement des entreprises si ces dernières disposent d’une relation bancaire principale. Enfin, nous démontrons que la concurrence bancaire accroît la longévité des relations de clientèle et encourage les chargés d’affaires à produire plus d’informations privées sur les emprunteurs. Toutefois, il serait prudent au niveau des banques de suivre l’évolution des comportements des gestionnaires de relations bancaires en matière de production d’informations afin d’adapter les mesures incitatives à mettre en place pour garantir la pérennité de leurs comportements. / This thesis investigates the effect of banking competition on the cost and the quality of lending to firms by financial institutions. Specifically, the empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis aim to reach two complementary objectives. First, assessing the degree to which the rivalry between banks influences their pricing strategy and therefore the cost of corporate financing. The second objective of this thesis is to study the impacts of bank competition on the way banks generate private information about their customers. To this end we proceed in two steps. First, we investigate whether banking competition affects the type of information used by loan officers to assess borrower’s quality. Then, we check the involvement of bank competition in the termination of bank-firm relationships. We consider for all the analyzes conducted in this thesis an approach where the complementarity between different competition indicators used in the literature is exploited in order to better understand the level of rivalry among banks. Several results emerge from the multiple empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis. First, these show that the market power of financial institutions result from two separate sources: the weight of the bank in the local credit market structure, and the level of efficiency of the credit institution. Therefore, the impact of competition between banks depends on the ability of banking competition to influence the local market structure of credit or the efficiency of bank. Moreover, we show that within a concentrated banking market, the existence of strong rivalries between banks reduced the financing cost of firms that had a house bank. Finally, we demonstrate that banking competition increases the duration of bank-firm relationships and encourages loan officers to produce more private information about borrowers. However, it would be safe for banks to monitor the behavior of loan officers regarding their role on information production, in order to design incentives that ensure a sustained effort on their part.

Muitas instituições de ensino superior (IES) buscam novas formas de aperfeiçoarem o processo ensino-aprendizagem visando adequarem as aulas tradicionais às tecnologias emergentes advindas da Web 2.0, como as mídias sociais. Nesse processo de reinvenção, o docente deve capacitar-se a ministrar aulas não apenas com o intuito de disseminar conhecimentos tácitos e explícitos, mas também de liderar os estudantes na sala de aula presencial e nos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, conduzindo-os a superarem suas expectativas quanto ao aprendizado. Analisando perfis de liderança existentes, a presente dissertação, focada em um Estudo de Caso, busca identificar qual o perfil ideal de liderança do docente em ambientes híbridos, utilizando-se para tal do Índice de Satisfação de Grupo, análise de gráficos e do discurso dos estudantes. O método de ensino adotado pelo docente foi o PBL (Problem Based Learning), dando-se ênfase ao desenvolvimento do pensamento critico. A pesquisa realizou-se junto a disciplinas do Departamento de Engenharia de Produção da EESC-USP, onde estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação foram desafiados pelo método PBL a pensarem de forma crítica na construção do próprio conhecimento. Os resultados obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados ao final dos semestres de 2011 e 2012 mostram que a liderança Laissez-faire não é indicada na fase de implantação do PBL, necessitando maior interferência do docente para a quebra do paradigma entre o modelo de ensino tradicional e o novo. Conclui-se que a conexão entre o processo ensino-aprendizagem tradicional e o novo possa ser feita por meio da liderança situacional, alternando a liderança transformacional e a transacional de acordo com o contexto, excluindo-se a Laissez-faire. / Many institutions have developed new ways to improve the teaching-learning process, trying to adequate the classes to the emerging new technologies based on Web 2.0, as in the case of social media. In this re-inventing process teachers must have the leadership skills both in classrooms and virtual learning environments, allowing the students to overcome their expectations of the learning process. This dissertation is focused on a case study that seeks to identify what is the ideal leadership profile into hybrid environments, using a group satisfaction index, graphical analysis and student speeching skills. The teaching methodology used by the teacher was the PBL (Problem-Based Learning) that emphasizes the critical mindset. The research was carried out during the disciplines into the Manufacturing Engineering graduation and post-graduation program of Universidade de São Paulo (USP) EESC department. The students were challenged by the PBL methodology to think about the best way to build their own know how. The data obtained with the application of questionaries in the 2011 and 2012 semesters showed that the \"Laissez-Faire\" leadership is not recommended during the PBL methodology implementation, requiring more interferences and attention from the teacher to break the paradigm of the traditional teaching models. The conclusion is that the connection between the traditional and the new teaching-learning processes can be built using situational leadership, alternating between transformational leadership and transactional models, contextually, excluding the Laissez-faire.

There are many different programs that can perform Computer Aided Design (CAD). In order for these programs to share data, file translations need to occur. These translations have typically been done by IGES and STEP files. With the work done at the BYU CAD Lab to create a multi-engineer synchronous heterogeneous CAD environment, these translation processes have become synchronous by using a server and a database to manage the data. However, this system stores part data in a database. The data in the database cannot be used in traditional Product Lifecycle Management systems. In order to remedy this, a new database was developed that enables every edit made in a CAD part across multiple CAD systems to be stored as well as worked on simultaneously. This allows users to access every action performed in a part. Branching was introduced to the database which allows users to work on multiple configurations of a part simultaneously and reduces file save sizes for different configurations by 98.6% compared to those created by traditional CAD systems.

警政部門雖是公共行政的一環，但是由於在傳統上，其任務多注重在社會治安的維護與公共秩序的維持，警察的角色被塑造或自我塑造成「犯罪的打擊者」、「法律的執行者」、「正義的捍衛者」。然而基於社會的變遷腳步，傳統的警察角色已逐漸無法適應不斷變遷的民眾需求，民眾要求的不但是警察的力量應足以保障生命與財產安全而已，更要求警政部門所採行的策略能解決他們最為切身的問題。 　　然而欲使警察的各項作為從「破大案，捉要犯」轉變為以探求民眾切身的問題為主的策略，等於是要警察從注重績效數字的文化轉變為注重品質的文化，在本質上，這是一種 「外部變革」(external change)，以滿足民眾的需求為目標，此與近年來歐、美各國公共部門所推動的「全面品質管理」(total quality management)以及警政部門所實施的「社區警政」(community policing)的理念與目標均甚為一致。學者們研究指出，欲達成此－「外部變革」的目標，必須要先完成組織的「內部變革」(internal change)，對警政領導階層而言 ，他們必須實施「品質領導」(quality leadership)，才能澈底改變員警對於警政服務工作的態度與滿意度。易言之，警政領導階層必須具備品質遠景、堅強的信念、以及採取行動的決心，積極扮演品質策略的發動者角色，才能引領所有員警澈底轉型，從自利的追求，轉而關注於公共利益的追求，此一理念就是Bernard M. Bass所倡導的「轉換型領導」(trandsformational leadership)與「交易型領導」(transactional leadership)的綜合運用。 　　因此，本研究首先將「交易型領導」視之為達成警政服務品質遠景的管理策略，而將「轉換型領導」視之為促使警察人員在態度上全盤轉變的文化轉型策略，深入探討這兩個理論的內涵以及二者的整合效果；第二，從思想演進、學術背景等兩方面探討警政服務品質的理論基礎，並依「全面品質管理」與「社區警政」的相關理念，指出「公正性」、「認真執勤」、「服務社區」等三個警政服務品質的決定性面向；第三，將「轉換型領導」與「警政服務品質」這兩個理論領域加以結合，提出提昇警政服務品質的轉換型領導策略；第四，以我國縣市警察局相關人員為研究對象進行實證研究，除了嚴格要求信度、效度、以及樣本代表性之外，並深入分析轉換型與交易型領導因素對警政服務品質的影響關係，從而驗證本文的研究架構；最後根據實證分析與說明提出研究發現，並從理論研究、實務運用、後續研究等三方面分別提出研究建議。

Prevalence rates of many types of psychopathology are lower for men than they are for women, but the causes of these discrepancies are not known. This paper focuses on two such psychopathology groups – eating disorders and depressive disorders – and examines gender differences within a transactional theory of stress that takes into account levels of cognitive processing (an expanded transactional theory of stress). Both studies found that men are more physiologically reactive to disorder-relevant, stressful stimuli and stressful events. The study on depression also found that different cognitive processes may be depressogenic for men and women: deployment of attentional resources toward negative stimuli was associated with depression in men, while deployment of attentional resources away from positive stimuli was associated with depression in women. These findings have significant implications for choosing appropriate treatment options for men and women.

本研究旨在使用後設分析方法，以了解國內外有關校長轉型及交易領導與教師組織公民行為之關係，分析文獻包含2000年至2012年之國內外博碩士論文、會議及期刊論文等等，總計共有27篇研究報告及13,525位研究對象。研究包含探討變項間之相關以及調節變項之影響，經同質性考驗後，研究結果發現以下五項結論： （一）校長轉型領導與教師組織公民行為具有正向關聯性。 （二）研究地區、學校層級、受試者男性所占比率、研究發表類型與問卷回收率，對校長轉型領導對教師組織公民行為具有調節效果。 （三）校長交易領導與教師組織公民行為存有正向關聯性。 （四）學校層級、研究年代與問卷回收率，對校長交易領導對教師組織公民行為具有調節效果。 （五）校長轉型領導相較於交易領導與教師組織公民行為之相關聯程度更強。 最後，依據研究結論針對實務及後續研究提出相關建議以供參考。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the overall relationships of both transformational and transactional leadership with teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior by using meta-analysis methods. Data were collected from 27 independent studies which include master & doctoral dissertation, theses in seminar and journal papers at home and aboard during 2000-2012. There were 27 research studies with a combined sample of 13,525 participants. The study discussed the relationship between the variables and the effects of the moderators. Testing of homogeneity, there were five major findings of this study as follows:（1）It found a positive relationship between principal’s transformational leadership and teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior.（2）The research areas, the school level, the sample ratio of men, the type of study published and the response rate were found as the significant moderators between principal’s transformational leadership and teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior.（3）It found a positive relationship between principal’s transactional leadership and teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior. （4）The school level, the year of research and the sample ratio of men were found as the significant moderators between principal’s transactional leadership and teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior.（5）Compared to transactional leadership, the transformational leadership of principals were found to have stronger positive correlations with teacher’s organizational citizenship behavior. According to the results, some suggestions were proposed for practical applications and future researches.