The present study examined how athletic directors perceive their leadership roles in interscholastic athletics and the relationship of their leadership styles to their job satisfaction. The conceptual framework of this study was Bass and Avolio’s (1994) full range leadership model, also known as the transformational-transactional leadership model, which consists of 9 factors—5 transformational behaviors: idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavior), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration; 2 transactional behaviors: contingent reward and management-by-exception (active); 2 passive/avoidant behaviors: management-by-exception (passive) and laissez-faire. These 9 factors are measured by the Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The study was also informed by Chelladurai’s multidimensional model of leadership in sport which focuses on transformational effects of sport leaders on individual satisfaction and group performance. The study was significant in that the effects of transformational leadership on individuals in sporting organizations have not been fully explored in previous research. Both the MLQ and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) served as data collection tools. A sample of 500 athletic directors from across the United States was invited to participate in an electronic survey. Usable data were returned by 55 (11%) of the original sample. Participants self-assessed their leadership styles via the MLQ and job satisfaction via the MSQ. Data were analyzed via canonical correlation analysis followed by canonical commonality analysis. One canonical root was interpreted (Rc2 = .22; pCanonical structure coefficients indicated that Transformational and Passive/Avoidant Leadership made major contributions to the predictor canonical variate; the dependent canonical variate was defined by both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Satisfaction. Canonical commonality analysis indicated that Transformational Leadership had the largest unique variance partition; the largest common variance partition was shared by Transformational and Passive/Avoidant. The analysis also indicated two variable suppressor effects. There was a moderate correlation between athletic directors’ leadership styles and their job satisfaction; however, the directionality of the relationships of the variables in the leadership set with satisfaction was unexpected: (a) the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction was found to be negative, and (b) the relationship between passive/avoidant leadership and job satisfaction was positive.

Text information is frequently found in mathematics education. For students to gain an understanding of how to handle the text tasks, a competent teacher is required to provide the students with different kinds of tools to read mathematical text problems. The purpose of this study is to gain an insight into which reading strategies teachers in grades 4-6 consider using for text assignments in mathematic teaching. The study was conducted through quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews. All participants were active teachers and had different experiences regarding reading strategies, which is important for how they adopt strategies and the extent to which they are used in teaching. The study is inspired by a phenomenographic approach. The results have been analyzed based on SMK, which focuses on subject knowledge skills development is of importance when teachers need too deep their knowledge. Similarly, the results are analyzed from PCK, which highlights the importance of teachers motivating students 'learning and making adjustments based on pupils' needs and conditions where alternative working practices are mandated. The results of the study show that it can often be complicated to approach and understand text tasks in mathematics since it is not only text that is to be understood. The results of the interviews show that teachers are aware of the importance of working with reading strategies in text assignments in mathematics. However, teachers do not work with the strategies to the same extent that is advocated by reciprocal teaching, transactional strategy teaching, and concept-oriented teaching models. The study shows that reading strategies can be further developed. To achieve this, teachers considered collegiate learning advantageous. / Textuppgifter förekommer ofta i matematikundervisningen. För att eleverna ska kunna få en förståelse för hur de ska ta sig an textuppgifterna, krävs en kompetent lärare som ger eleverna olika slags verktyg för att kunna läsa matematiska textuppgifter. Studiens syfte är att få en inblick i vilka lässtrategier lärare i årskurs 4–6 anser sig använda, vid textuppgifter i matematikundervisningen. Studien genomfördes via kvantitativa enkäter samt kvalitativa intervjuer. Alla deltagare var verksamma lärare och hade olika erfarenheter kring lässtrategier, vilket har betydelse för hur de tar sig an strategier samt i vilken omfattning de används i undervisningen. Studien är inspirerad av en fenomenografisk ansats. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån SMK som fokuserar på ämneskunskaper, där kompetensutveckling är av vikt när lärare behöver fördjupa sina kunskaper. Likaså analyseras resultatet ur PCK som belyser vikten av att lärare motiverar elevers lärande samt gör anpassningar utifrån elevers behov och förutsättningar där alternativa arbetssätt förordas. Resultatet i studien påvisar att det många gånger kan vara komplicerat att ta sig an och förstå textuppgifter i matematik, då det inte är enbart text som ska förstås. Resultaten från intervjuerna visar att lärarna ser betydelsen av att arbeta med lässtrategier vid textuppgifter i matematik. Däremot arbetar inte lärarna med strategierna i den omfattning som undervisningsmodellerna reciprok undervisning, transaktionell strategiundervisning och begreppsorienterad undervisning förespråkar. Att lässtrategier kan vidareutvecklas framgår i studien, där lärarna ser kollegialt lärande som en fördel.

Actualmente, el Perú se ha visto afectado de manera significativa por la pandemia del COVID-19, lo que representa un riesgo para la sostenibilidad empresarial en actividades de servicio, comercio y fabricación. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general, contrastar los efectos que produce un estilo de liderazgo transformacional o transaccional en el marco del cambio organizacional. Se realiza una breve descripción sobre el liderazgo transformacional y transaccional, así como del rol del líder en el cambio organizacional y el rol de la motivación que surge a raíz de la aplicación de los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y del liderazgo transaccional. Asimismo, se analiza la relación entre la eficacia y la satisfacción de los trabajadores frente a un liderazgo transformacional y transaccional y se evalúa la conducta de compartir conocimiento que afrontan los trabajadores y los líderes frente a los dos estilos de liderazgo. Igualmente, se presenta de manera sintetizada, las diferentes posturas que indican que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional influyen en la motivación, eficacia, satisfacción y conducta de compartir conocimiento, como aquellas que señalan que son variables independientes. Del análisis realizado se puede afirmar que el liderazgo transformacional tiene mejores resultados en el cambio organizacional a través de la mejora de la motivación de los trabajadores, mientras que los efectos del liderazgo transaccional se dan en menor medida a través de la generación de la conducta de compartir conocimiento. Existe un acuerdo sobre los factores que contribuyen al cambio organizacional para ambos liderazgos. / In the past year, Peru has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, representing a risk for the business’ sustainability of the companies from services, commerce and manufacturing activities. The general objective of this study is to contrast the effects produced by the transformational and transactional styles of leadership in the framework of organizational change. A brief description will be made of both, transformational and transactional leadership, as well as the role of the leader in the organizational change and the changes in motivation after applying transformational and transactional leadership. Likewise, there will be an analysis of the relationship between the effectiveness and satisfaction of workers when experiencing the transformational and transactional leadership, as the sharing of knowledge that workers and leaders faced in both leadership styles. Furthermore, it will be shown the different positions indicating that transformational and transactional leadership styles influence motivation, effectiveness, satisfaction and the share of knowledge in individuals, as well as those indicating they are independent variables, From them, it can be affirmed that transformational leadership has better results in organizational change through the improvement of worker motivation, while the effects of transactional leadership occur to a lesser extent and through the generation of share knowledge. There is an agreement on the factors that contribute to organizational change for both leaderships. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

MPH / Department of Public Health / The exchange of money or gifts for sexual relationships, also called transactional sex, is considered a sexual risk behaviour worldwide and continues to pose sexually-transmitted infections,unwanted pregnancies risks and other health complications among people engaging in these type of relationships. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex and its effects on health at the University of Venda. The study utilized a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design to understand the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex. The target populations of the study were registered students at the University of Venda. Purposive technique was used to recruit 18 participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using using Tesch’s thematic analysis. The study concluded that students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex as a material-based relationship, prostutition, immoral behaviour and abusive relationship.Students perceived socio-economic status, social classes, behavioural aspects and peer pressure to be the driving factors pushing students to engage in transactional sex. Transactional sex is common among the University community and has far-reaching public health as well as social consequences. Students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex an a bad behavior. This calls for the University to ensure that there are enough extra-mural activities for students to engage in,which could generate some pocket money, awarenesses and educate student not to engage in transactional sex and also provide health talks through printing of pamplets communicating massages against this practie.

Abstract Products and services are critical for companies as they create the foundation for companies’ financial success. Twenty per cent of company products typically account for some eighty per cent of sales volume. Nevertheless, the product portfolio decisions — how to strategically renew company product offering — tend to involve emotions, pet products and who-shout-the-loudest mentality while facts, numbers, and quantitative analyses are missing. Profitability is currently measured and reported at a company level, and firms seem unable to measure product-level profitability in a constant way. Consequently, companies are unable to maintain and renew their product portfolio in a strategically or commercially balanced way. The main objective of this study is to provide a data-driven product portfolio management (PPM) concept, which recognises and visualises in real-time and based on facts which company products are concurrently strategic and profitable, and what is the share of them in the product portfolio. This dissertation is a qualitative study to understand the topical area by the means combining literature review, company interviews, observations, and company internal material, to take steps towards data-driven decision-making in PPM. This study indicates that company data assets need to be combined and governed company-widely to realise the full potential of company strategic assets — the DATA. Data must be governed separately from business IT technology and beyond it. Beyond data and technology, the data-driven company culture must be adopted first. The data-driven PPM concept connects key business processes, business IT systems and several concepts, such as productization, product lifecycle management and PPM. The managerial implications include, that the shared understanding of the company products is needed, and the commercial and technical product structures are created accordingly, as they form the backbone of the company business as the skeleton to gather all product-related business-critical information for product-level profitability analysis. Also, product classification for strategic, supportive and non-strategic is needed, since the strategic nature of the product can change during the entire product lifecycle, e.g. due to the technology obsolescence, disruptive innovations by competitors, or for any other reason. / Tiivistelmä Tuotteet ja palvelut ovat yrityksille kriittisiä, sillä ne luovat perustan yritysten taloudelliselle menestykselle. Kaksikymmentä prosenttia yrityksen tuotteista edustaa tyypillisesti noin kahdeksaakymmentä prosenttia myyntimääristä. Siitä huolimatta tuoteporfoliopäätöksiin — kuinka strategisesti uudistetaan yrityksen tuotetarjoomaa — liittyy tunteita, lemmikkituotteita ja kuka-huutaa-kovimmin -mentaliteettia faktojen, numeroiden ja kvantitatiivisten analyysien puuttuessa. Kannattavuutta mitataan ja raportoidaan tällä hetkellä yritystasolla, ja yritykset eivät näyttäisi pystyvän mittaamaan tuotetason kannattavuutta johdonmukaisesti. Tämä estää yrityksiä ylläpitämästä ja uudistamasta tuotevalikoimaansa strategisesti tai kaupallisesti tasapainoisella tavalla. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoite on tarjota dataohjattu (data-driven) tuoteportfoliohallinnan konsepti, joka tunnistaa ja visualisoi reaaliajassa ja faktapohjaisesti, mitkä yrityksen tuotteet ovat samanaikaisesti strategisia ja kannattavia ja mikä on niiden osuus tuoteportfoliossa. Tämä väitöskirja on laadullinen tutkimus, jossa yhdistyy kirjallisuuskatsaus, yrityshaastattelut, havainnot ja yritysten sisäinen dokumentaatio, joiden pohjalta pyritään kohti dataohjautuvaa päätöksentekoa tuoteportfolion hallinnassa. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että yrityksen data assettit on yhdistettävä ja hallittava yrityksenlaajuisesti, jotta yrityksen strategisten assettien — DATAN — potentiaali voidaan hyödyntää kokonaisuudessaan. Data on hallittava erillään yrityksen IT-teknologiasta ja sen yläpuolella. Ennen dataa ja teknologiaa on omaksuttava dataohjattu yrityskulttuuri. Dataohjatun tuoteportfolionhallinnan konsepti yhdistää keskeiset liiketoimintaprosessit, liiketoiminnan IT-järjestelmät ja useita konsepteja, kuten tuotteistaminen, tuotteen elinkaaren hallinta ja tuoteportfolion hallinta. Yhteisymmärrys yrityksen tuotteista ja sekä kaupallisen että teknisen tuoterakenteet luominen vastaavasti on ennakkoedellytys dataohjatulle tuoteportfolion hallinnalle, koska ne muodostavat yrityksen liiketoiminnan selkärangan, joka yhdistää kaikki tuotteisiin liittyvät liiketoimintakriittiset tiedot tuotetason kannattavuuden analysoimiseksi. Lisäksi tarvitaan tuotteiden kategorisointi strategisiin, tukeviin ja ei-strategisiin tuotteisiin, koska tuotteen strateginen luonne voi muuttua tuotteen elinkaaren aikana, johtuen esimerkiksi teknologian vanhenemisesta, kilpailijoiden häiritsevistä innovaatioista tai mistä tahansa muusta syystä.

Ledarskap är ett väl studerat område som många forskare tagit sig an. Bergengren (2003) menar att ledarskap är en process som syftar till att en ledare ska påverka andra att nå ett gemensamt mål. Det finns inga givna riktlinjer för hur en ledare bör vara för att ses som lyckad, studier som gjorts har dock fokuserat på olika egenskaper en ledare bör besitta för att ha de bästa förutsättningarna att leda ett team till framgång. Så kallat personligt ledarskap har fått allt större plats inom ledarskapsteorier och handlar om att ledare utövar ledarskap på olika sätt beroende på vilka egenskaper de besitter. Berglund och Sewerin (2019) menar att en ledares uppgift handlar om att leda en grupp människor, att samarbeta och tillsammans utföra en tilldelad uppgift. Det handlar också om att specifika ledaregenskaper bidrar till inflytande som används för att påverka andra att uppnå produktivitet för att i sin tur nå ett specifikt mål. Med andra ord så har tidigare studier fokuserat på att kunna identifiera dessa ledaregenskaper genom att studera människor och på så sätt skapa en möjlighet att rekrytera de personer som har de så kallat rätta egenskaperna och de rätta förutsättningarna för att leda team i organisationer och företag. Traditionella ledarskapsteorier handlar också om hur viktiga ledarens egenskaper är för att främja en god tillväxt och ökad produktivitet inom företag. Det talas då om vikten av att en ledare anpassar sitt ledarskap för att engagera medarbetarna till att utföra ett bra arbete. (Berglund & Sewerin, 2019) Få ledarskapsteorier handlar om vikten av att få medarbetare till att driva sitt eget engagemang, att motivera sig själva och att skapa en egen drivkraft. Resultatet i denna studie påvisar vikten av att medarbetare driver sitt egna engagemang med ledarens stöd och stöttning. Respondenterna i studien påvisar att det är ledarens ansvar att skapa en god kultur och en god relation kollegor emellan genom tydlig kommunikation, att motivation och engagemang då kommer av sig självt. De egenskaper som förväntas av ledare behöver nödvändigtvis inte alltid vara desamma eller ens listas, det viktiga enligt respondenterna är tydlighet, kommunikation och förmågan att bygga relationer. Studien visar att det finns en önskan om att ledarskapet ska handla om att bygga relationer och att drivet och motivationen måste komma från medarbetaren. Medan tidigare ledarskapsteorier snarare handlar om att ledaren ska skapa motivation hos sin medarbetare. Utifrån respondenternas svar kan man utläsa att ingen av studiens tre ledarstilar; situationsanpassat ledarskap, transformativt ledarskap och transaktionellt ledarskap har alla de egenskaper som medarbetarna förväntar sig av en ledare. Slutsatsen som kan dras av studien är att modern ledarskapsteori inte endast bör fokusera på ledarens egenskaper, trots att de fortfarande är viktiga, teorierna bör fokusera mer på medarbetarstil och vilka egenskaper en medarbetare bör ha för att kunna bidra till ökad produktivitet inom en organisation. / Leadership is a well-studied area that many researchers have tackled. Previous research believes that leadership is a process that aims for one leader to influence others to achieve a common goal. There are no guidelines for how a leader should act to be seen as successful, however, previous studies have focused on different qualities that leaders should possess to have the best conditions to lead a team to success. So-called personal leadership has gained an increasing place in leadership theories, the theories focus on leaders exercising leadership in different ways depending on what qualities they possess. (Bergengren, 2003) According to previous studies, a leader's task is about leading a group of people in order to get them to collaborate to perform an assigned task. (Berglund & Sewerin, 2019) The theories is also about specific leadership qualities contributing to influence others to achieve a specific goal. In other words, according to previous studies, they have wanted to be able to identify these leadership qualities by studying people in order to recruit the people who have the so-called right qualities and the right conditions to lead teams in organizations and companies. (Berglund & Sewerin, 2019) Traditional leadership theories are also about how important the leader's qualities are to promote good growth through increased productivity within companies. It´s also about the importance of a leader adapting his leadership to engage employees to do a good job.Few leadership theories talk about the importance of getting employees to drive their own commitment, to motivate themselves and to create their own driving force. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of pursuing one's own commitment with the leader's support. The participants in this study mean that it is the leader's responsibility to create a good culture and a good relationship between colleagues through good communication, also that motivation and commitment then comes naturally as a result. The qualities expected of the leader do not necessarily always have to be the same or even listed, the important thing is clarity, communication and the ability to build relationships. The study shows that there is a desire that leadership should be about building relationships and that motivation must come from the employee. While previous leadership theories talk about the leader’s role in creating motivation rather than the employee’s role in creating his own motivation. Based on the respondents' answers in this study, it can be deduced that none of the three leadership styles; situations-adapted leadership, transformative leadership and transactional leadership compared in this study has all the qualities that the employees expect from a leader. The conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that in modern leadership theory one should not only focus on the leader's qualities, even though they are still important, one should focus more on employee style and what qualities an employee should have to contribute to increased productivity within an organization.

In hospitals of Addis Ababa, there is a high turnover of leaders while patient and health workers’ satisfaction is low, and safety and quality are in dire situations. The purpose of this study was to explore and propose strategies to improve effectiveness of hospital leadership in order to enhance the quality of health care provided in hospitals through improving health workers’ empowerment, job satisfaction and patient safety culture. Thus, a sequential explanatory mixed method research design was used. The research had three phases, in which the first phase used five structured questionnaires explored leadership styles, the health workers’ satisfaction and empowerment, patient safety culture, and the patient experience of quality of health care; while the second involved a qualitative study (content analysis); and third phase focused on the preparation of a strategy document. Data in the form of interview responses was gathered from 75 leaders, 542 health workers, 532 patients and 11 key informants. The analysis shows that, overall, hospital leaders considered themselves more transformational (M=2.98, SD=0.41) than transactional (M=2.85, SD=0.46). Job satisfaction of private and public hospital health workers were 70.8 % and 57.1 % respectively (P-value<0.001). In addition, private hospital workers had a higher score in structural and psychological empowerment than their pubic hospital counterparts; the difference was statistically significant in all dimensions (P-value <=0.03). The analysis reveals that public and private hospitals’ mean total patient safety scores were 3.58 and 3.77 respectively (P-value=0.02). Finally, the “overall rating of hospital” was better for private hospitals: 84.8% and 88.4 % respectively (P-value=0.03). The study makes a number of observations. It notes that, firstly, transformational leadership has direct and strong correlation with structural and psychological empowerment (r=0.70, P-value=0.04 and r=0.83, P-value=0.01 respectively). Secondly, structural empowerment has a direct and significant effect on psychological empowerment (β=0.28, P-value=<0.01); and minimal indirect effect on patient safety culture through psychological empowerment (β=0.05, P-value=<0.05). Thirdly, health worker job satisfaction also has had a direct effect on patient safety culture (β=0.44, Pvalue=< 0.01. The fourth and final observation is that psychological empowerment has had a direct and statistically significant effect on patient safety culture (β=0.19, Pvalue=< 0.01). These observations indicate that, although private hospitals are better in every dimension of this study, the current hospitals situation in Addis Ababa needs urgent attention. Hence, the identification and recommendation for the preparation of eight strategic priority areas along with key interventions seeking to improve the hospital leaders’ effectiveness. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study consisted of two distinct research phases, performed within the context of the South African Council for Science and Industrial Research (and its current and potential research alliances). The purpose of the study was to develop a decision making model that would enable strategists at publicly financed research and development organisations to analyse and predict governance mode decisions, as well as select optimal governance mode structures (ranging from quasi-market structures, such as once-off contracts, to quasi-hierarchy structures, such as research joint ventures) for research alliances. During the qualitative first phase, the study aimed to identify impact domains within South Africa’s new Bayh-Dole-like Intellectual Property Rights legislative framework that consists of the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act, as well as the Technology Innovation Agency Act, which could potentially influence research alliances (based on the Transactional Cost Economics, Resource-based View and Real Options Approach perspectives) with publicly financed research and development organisations. This was followed by the quantitative second phase, which attempted to verify the validity of a value-mediated governance mode model that included the highest ranked impact domains identified during the first phase as formative indicators for the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength uncertainty factor. A qualitative online survey amongst senior managers at the Council for Science and Industrial Research, followed by Theme Extraction combined with Constant Comparative Method analysis, as well as a weighted frequency analysis, constituted the research methodology employed during the first phase’s identification and ranking of impact domains within the South African legislative framework. This phase demonstrated that the highest ranked impact domains (primarily driven by the Transactional Cost Economics perspective) included the choice of Intellectual Property Rights ownership, state walk-in rights on undeclared Intellectual Property, and benefit-sharing policies for the creators of Intellectual Property. The second phase consisted of a quantitative online survey, distributed amongst current and potential research alliance partners of the Council for Science and Industrial Research, followed by Structural Equation Modelling of a value-mediated governance model that included, amongst others, the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength as an uncertainty factor. This phase revealed not only that the impact domains identified during the first phase could be used as formative indicators of the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength, but also that stronger perceived regimes are positively related to the preference for quasi-hierarchy research alliance governance modes. Furthermore, it established that the expected value of a research alliance, which was shown to be positively influenced by the strength of the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime, acted as a mediating factor on the relationship between the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength and the preferred research alliance governance mode. Keywords: Bayh-Dole, Formative Indicators, Intellectual Property Rights, Research Alliances, Real Options Approach, Resource-based View, Quasi-Market Governance Modes, Quasi- Hierarchy Governance Modes, Structural Equation Modelling, Transactional Cost Economics, Value-mediated Governance Model. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Ledares olika ledarskapsstilar bidrar idag med olika tankar kring hur arbetet skall utföras, samt hur ledaren arbetar med sina medarbetare. Idag finns det flertalet olika typer av ledarskapsstilar, där vissa stilar fokuserar på utveckling av medarbetare, medan andra fokuserar mer på resultat. Dessa olika stilar bidrar på olika sätt till välmående bland medarbetare inom en organisation.Denna studie är begränsad till medarbetare i restaurangbranschen därför att restaurangbranschen lider av en hög personalomsättning, men ligger ändå under snittet när det kommer till arbetsskadeanmälningar. Studien grundar sig i tre ledarskapsstilar, transformativt-, transaktionellt-, och tjänande ledarskap, där de olika ledarskapsstilarna har olika betydelse för medarbetares välmående inom restaurangbranschen. Syftet med studien är att bidra med en ökad kunskap kring vilken betydelse olika ledarskapsstilar kan ha på medarbetares välmående, som i sin tur kan ha en betydelse för den höga personalomsättningen inom restaurangbranschen. Studien har utförts genom att studera de tre olika ledarskapsstilarna, kontroll-, krav-, stödmodellen, samt sedan intervjuer med medarbetare inom restaurangbranschen för att skapa en dialog tillsammans med medarbetarna och på så sätt kunna skapa ytterligare kunskap kring ledarskapsstilars betydelse för medarbetarnas välmående. Studien lyfter fram mängden kontroll, krav och stöd som ledarna ger till sina medarbetare, och vilken betydelse de kan ha för medarbetarnas välmående. Den indikerar även att medarbetare kan påverkas till den grad av mängden kontroll, krav och stöd att om det finns en avsaknad av dessa delar kan det resultera i försämrat välmående där medarbetare väljer att sluta på arbetsplatsen. Studien antyder även att ledarskapsstilar som främjar utveckling av medarbetare, arbete med gemenskap och relationer, samt att en kontinuerlig dialog mellan medarbetare och ledare tenderar att ha en betydelse för välmående hos medarbetarna. / Leaders' different leadership styles today contribute with different ideas about how the work should be performed, and how the leader works with his employees. Today, there are several different types of leadership styles, with some styles focusing on employee development, while others focus more on results. These different styles contribute in different ways to the well-being of employees within an organization. This study is limited to employees in the restaurant industry because the restaurant industry suffers from a high staff turnover, but is still below average when it comes to work injury reports. The study is based on three leadership styles, transformative, transactional, and serving leadership, where the different leadership styles have different meanings for employee well-being in the restaurant industry. The purpose of the study is to contribute with an increased knowledge of the significance of different leadership styles on the well-being of employees, which in turn may have a significance for the high staff turnover in the restaurant industry. The study was conducted by studying the three different leadership styles, the control, requirements, support model, and then through interviews with employees in the restaurant industry to create a dialogue with employees and thus be able to create additional knowledge about leadership styles' impact on employees. prosperous. The study highlights the amount of control, demands and support that managers give to their employees, and what significance they can have for the well-being of employees. It also indicates that employees can be affected to the extent of the amount of control, demands and support that if there is a lack of these parts, it can result in impaired well-being where employees choose to quit the workplace.The study also suggests that leadership styles that promote employee development, work with community and relationships, as well as a continuous dialogue between employees and leaders tend to have an impact on employee well-being.

The aim of the current research was to analyse existing trends in school leadership and to explore how transformational leadership could be the root for aligning the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) with school change and transformation. Accordingly, the study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was to identify the type of leadership style currently practised by school leaders (principals). The second phase was to implement transformational leadership in the educational leadership system of the country. In this research project, the researcher used the mixed-method approach. The data collection methods used were a structured questionnaire and unstructured interviews. Data were analysed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS) and the computer data analysis system for the ATLAS-TI software. The general findings of this study are the following: currently the transactional leadership style is more common among school principals in Ethiopia. Many respondents explained that the focus of their principals was on routine work and much of the training content provided by Region Education Bureau (REB) was not related to the actual problems of schools, which made them reluctant to work towards the development of their school. The other major finding was that school leaders had no motivation to develop and maintain the teachers’ commitment for effective teaching and school reform. Teachers perceived their principals as passive and inactive in their efforts to adjust themselves to reform and transformation in their schools. From the analysis of interview data, it was found that the education plan, the GTP and leadership guidelines were not synchronised; students, teachers, and school leaders were not visionary people who could effectively facilitate the school reform and transformation. The interview results showed that the current school leadership system is not transformational. Respondents confirmed that though in some schools, leaders reflected some characteristics of transformational leadership, in most cases, the prevailing practices in school systems reflected transactional leadership behaviour. Generally, the results of analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data showed that in the Harari region (Ethiopia) currently the most practised leadership style at school level is the transactional leadership one. After intervention, at the school level, the transformational leadership style (TrLS) began to be implemented by principals as opposed to the transactional leadership style. Therefore, adequate training on the model of transformational leadership should be given to school principals and community. In addition, continuous follow-up and updating the awareness of school leaders is essential for effectiveness and quality of the school system. The Ministry of Education (MOE) should incorporate transformational leadership behaviour in the national training programme for leadership in conjunction with the GTP for the incumbent school leaders. / Educational Management and Leadership / Ph. D. (Education Management)