Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and explain how older employees are motivated in their work.   Method: The study was designed as a case study with a qualitative. Seven semi-structured interviews with leaders in a staffing company were carried out on Zoom and supplemented afterwards with internal-and external documents and news articles.   Results and Conclusion: The results showed that older employees are motivated through autonomy, solidarity, and competence in their work, which are the starting points for intrinsic motivation. Likewise, they were motivated by extrinsic motivation and motivational factors such as praise, responsibility, recognition, and financial aspects. Older employees' motivation is also promoted when leaders maintain a good working relationship with them and take their interests into account. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och förklara hur äldre medarbetare motiveras i sitt arbete. Metod: Studien utformades som en fallstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare i ett bemanningsföretag utfördes på Zoom och kompletterades i efterhand med interna-och externa dokument samt nyhetsartiklar. Resultat och Slutsats: Resultatet visade på att äldre medarbetare motiveras genom autonomi, samhörighet och kompetens i sitt arbete som är utgångspunkter i inre motivation. Likaså motiverades de genom yttre motivation och motivationsfaktorer såsom berömmelse, ansvar, erkännande och ekonomiska aspekter. Äldre medarbetares motivation främjas även när ledare upprätthåller god arbetsrelation till dem samt tar hänsyn till deras intressen.

<p>Instructional theories often view the work of instructors from a psychological perspective while playing little emphasis on the communicative aspects. However, there are vital communicational influences on and implications for instructional practice and the instructional process as a whole. As such, this work begins with the position that instruction is, in its entirety, a communicative process. A comparison is made between the three basic models of communication (transmission, interaction and transaction) and three main educational theories (behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism). This comparison shows that there are alignments between the transmission model of communication and behaviorism, the interactive model of communication and cognitivism, and the transactional model of communication and constructivism. These similarities are explored over three major instructional activities – lesson planning, lesson delivery and assessment. Subsequently, three real-life scenarios were presented to illustrate how the three basic models of communication are manifested in the classroom. Given the applicability of the models of communication to the instructional process, the practical utility of approaching instruction from a communicative perspective is discussed. Potential implications for educational practitioners and scholars are discussed afterwards.</p>

Bakgrund: Sjukfrånvaro har länge varit ett centralt och politiskt samhällsproblem i Sverige. En orsakande faktor för medarbetarnas ohälsa är stress och psykiska påfrestningar, vilket bland annat kan påverkas av ledarskap. Det finns olika ledarstilar som chefer kan tillämpa, vilka har olika påverkan på medarbetarnas hälsa. Dessa är transformativ och transaktionell ledarstil samt demokratisk eller relationsorienterad ledarstil och auktoritär eller uppgiftsorienterad ledarstil. Fördelaktigt för de anställdas hälsa är ledarskap som tillämpar Kaizen som arbetsmetod vilket förklaras som att verksamheten kontinuerligt ska förändras till det bättre. Således visar tidigare forskning att ledarskapet kan ha betydelse för medarbetarnas psykosociala hälsa på arbetsplatsen. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva och analysera skillnaden mellan chefers ledarskap på avdelningar med hög respektive låg sjukfrånvaro. För att besvara syftet utgår studien från teorier om ledarstilar och arbetsmetoden Kaizen. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har både chefers och medarbetares perspektiv på problemet tagits tillvara på i undersökningen genom en kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie med en iterativ växelverkan mellan deduktiv och induktiv ansats. En komparativ metod har genomförts då två jämförbara avdelningar, med hög respektive låg sjukfrånvaro, har studerats. Slutsats: Studiens resultat är att chefers ledarskap skiljer sig utifrån vilka ledarstilar som tillämpas samt i vilken grad chefer arbetar enligt Kaizen. Chefer som har olika ledarskap har även medarbetare med olika sjukfrånvaro, således kan chefers ledarskap ha betydelse för medarbetarnas sjukfrånvaro. / Background: Sickness absence have long been a central and political societal problem in Sweden. One factor that has caused employee’s ill health is job strain and psychic stress which may be influenced by leadership. There are different leadership styles that managers can apply which have different effects on employee health. These are transformative and transactional leadership styles as well as democratic or relationship-oriented leadership styles and authoritarian or task-oriented leadership styles. Advantageously for employee health is leaders who apply Kaizen as a working method. Kaizen can be described as continuous improvements. Thus, leadership is significant for employees' psychosocial health in the workplace. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the difference between managers' leadership in departments with high and low sick leave. To answer the purpose, the study is based on theories of leadership styles and the Kaizen method. Method: To answer the purpose of this study, both managers and employees have given their perspective to the problem. They have participated in the survey through a qualitative and quantitative study with an iterative interaction between deductive and inductive approach. The study has been carried out using a comparative method by studying two comparable departments with reported high or low sickness absence.   Conclusion: The result of this study is that the leadership differs according to the leadership styles applied and to what extent managers work according to Kaizen. Managers with different leadership also have employees with different sickness absence. Thus, manager’s leadership can be important for employees' sickness absence.

Ständig forskning pågår kring begreppet ledarskap i relation med andra viktiga delar som inkluderas i ledarskapet. Tidigare studier har undersökt ledarskapets påverkan på medarbetarnas motivation men resultaten är spretiga och trots omfattande studier tycks forskare inte vara helt överens. Forskningen kring ledarskap har gått från att främst handla om ledaren till att även inkludera följderna av ledarskapet. Det är även grunden för denna studie vars syfte är att förklara hur den transformativa och transaktionella ledarskapsstilen påverkar medarbetarnas motivation i arbetet samt beskriva på vilka sätt medarbetare inom rekryterings- och bemanningsbranschen i Sverige motiveras olika beroende på könstillhörighet. Studien är uppbyggd på en kvantitativ metod där hypoteser är utformade för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. Hypoteserna och forskningsfrågorna i studien undersöker ledarskapsstil och motivation indelat i inre och yttre motivation. Enkätundersökningen är utformad i Webbankäter.com och de påståenden som återfinns i enkäten är inspirerade av mätinstrumentet Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Utöver det är påståendena också formulerade utifrån dimensionerna inom det transformativa och transaktionella ledarskapet samt de ledarskapsbeteenden som återfinns inom respektive dimension. Studiens resultat visar att ledarskapsbeteenden inom det transformativa ledarskapet har en signifikant positiv påverkan på både män och kvinnors motivation, dock motiveras de av olika dimensioner och beteenden. Resultaten gällande det transaktionella ledarskapet visar att det endast är två dimensioner inom ledarskapet som har en signifikant positiv påverkan på män och kvinnors motivation. / Constant research is being conducted on leadership in relation to other important elements that are included in leadership. Previous studies have investigated the impact of leadership on employee motivation but the results are scattered and despite extensive studies, researchers don't seem to be in a complete agreement. Research has gone from primarily focusing on the leader to also including the consequences of leadership. That is also the purpose with this study, that aims to explain how the transformative and transactional leadership style affects employees motivation and describe in what ways employees in the recruitment- and staffing industry in Sweden are motivated differently depending on gender. The study is based on a quantitative method and hypotheses are designed to answer the study’s research questions. The hypotheses and research questions in the study investigate leadership style and motivation divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The survey is designed in Webbenkäter.com and the statements found in the survey are inspired by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). In addition to that, the statements are also formulated based on the dimensions within transformative and transactional leadership and the leadership behaviors found within each dimension. The results of the study shows that the behaviors within the transformative leadership has a significant positive impact on both men and women’s motivation, although they are motivated by different dimensions and behaviors within the transformative leadership. The results regarding transactional leadership shows that only two of the three dimensions has a significant positive impact on men and women’s motivation.

L’image positive du sugar dating sur les médias sociaux suscite des inquiétudes : plusieurs femmes pourraient y adhérer avec des attentes qui ne reflètent pas la réalité. Néanmoins, la stigmatisation associée à cette pratique les incite ensuite à cacher leurs activités, augmentant leur vulnérabilité face à la victimisation et compliquant l’étude de cette population. Devant ce défi, des chercheurs se sont penchés sur l’analyse des sites de rencontre. Or, leurs approches restent souvent superficielles, se limitant à l’étude de profil ou la classification des arrangements. En dépit de quelques recherches exploratoires, l’expérience des sugar babies reste peu étudiée et plusieurs aspects demeurent méconnus. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire vise approfondir la compréhension de l’expérience des sugar babies dans le monde du sugar dating. Guidée par une perspective de criminologie féministe, cette étude présuppose l’influence du système de genre sur le choix de partenaire et sur la dynamique de ces relations. Par une approche qualitative, nous cherchons à comprendre leurs motivations, le déroulement de leurs relations et leurs victimisations. Afin de pallier les difficultés de recrutement, une analyse de contenu de 381 fils de discussion et leurs 3 978 commentaires issus d’un forum populaire a été menée avec la méthode systématique de Krippendorff. En effet, face à la stigmatisation, les forums en ligne sont devenus des espaces où les sugar babies échangent sur leurs expériences, partagent des conseils et trouvent du soutien. Ainsi, nous avons pu accéder à leurs expériences subjectives, offrant ainsi une exploration approfondie et nuancée de leurs réalités. Leurs témoignages révèlent des motivations variées : financières, mentorales, relationnelles, et la quête de sensations fortes. Elles décrivent également la progression de leurs relations, qui débute par une recherche de partenaires en ligne, suivi d’une première rencontre où l’arrangement est négocié. Le deuxième rendez-vous est consacré à vérifier leur compatibilité sexuelle. Si celle-ci est concluante, l’arrangement se poursuit. Leur expérience est ponctuée de divers risques de victimisation : sexuels, économiques, psychologiques, physiques et secondaires. Afin de mieux cerner la complexité du sugar dating, nous proposons une réflexion qui s’articule autour de quatre axes : interdépendances, dynamique de pouvoir, normes et authenticité. / The positive portrayal of sugar dating on social media raises concerns: many women might be drawn to it with expectations that don’t align with reality. Nonetheless, the stigma attached to this practice often prompts them to conceal their activities, heightening their vulnerability to victimization and making the study of this population challenging. Faced with this challenge, researchers have delved into the analysis of dating websites. Yet, their approaches are frequently superficial, limited to profiling or categorizing arrangements. Despite a few exploratory studies, the experience of sugar babies remains under-researched, and many facets are still unknown. In this context, this thesis seeks to deepen the understanding of sugar babies’ experiences in the world of sugar dating. Guided by a feminist criminology perspective, this study assumes that the gender system influences partner choice and the dynamics of these relationships. Employing a qualitative approach, we aim to understand their motivations, the evolution of their relationships, and their experiences with victimization. To circumvent recruitment challenges, we conducted a content analysis of 381 discussion threads and their 3,978 comments from a popular forum using Krippendorff’s systematic method. Indeed, given the stigma, online forums have emerged as spaces where sugar babies discuss their experiences, share advice, and seek support. This allowed us to tap into their subjective experiences, offering a comprehensive and nuanced exploration of their realities. Their testimonies reveal a range of motivations: financial, mentoring, relational, and thrills. They also describe the progression of their relationships, starting with an online partner search, followed by an initial meeting where the arrangement is negotiated. The second meeting is dedicated to verifying sexual compatibility. If so, the arrangement continues. Their experience is marked by various victimization risks: sexual, economic, psychological, physical, and secondary. To better grasp the subtleties of sugar dating, we propose a reflection centred around four axes: interdependencies, power dynamics, norms, and authenticity.

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Worsened working conditions seems to be one of the main reasons for ill health in Sweden. Within the energy industry there are serious work environment risks that can lead to fatal accidents, several fatal accidents have occurred in the industry during the last year. A leadership that promotes a high level of safety climate can prevent accidents. At the same time, there is a lack of studies on different leadership styles and how they can affect the safety climate within the energy industry in Sweden.The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between leadership and safety climate, among workers at an environmental and energy company. The study was based on a quantitative approach. Correlations were analyzed between leadership styles and safety climate in bivariate- and multiple logistic regressions. The analyzed leadership styles were transformational, transactional, and Laissez-Faire leadership. In addition, safety-specific leadership was analyzed. The result showed that the safety climate at the environmental and energy company was at a high level. The analysis showed that transformational and transactional leadership styles, including safety-specific leadership, were correlated to safety climate. At the same time, the result showed that the correlation between Laissez-Faire leadership style and safety climate was most important for the safety climate outcome. When leadership was characterized by Laissez-Faire, the odds increased that the safety climate would be at a lower level. The conclusions were that the most important leadership style to focus on and avoid was Laissez-Faire leadership. Since the environmental and energy company had a high level of safety climate it is probably a good starting point for future continued development for safety and proactive work environment management.Recommendations to educate leaders about how leadership behavior can affect the safety climate, based on this study's result, were suggested since it could be a cost-effective and efficient method to improve the safety climate. / Dåliga arbetsförhållanden tycks vara en av de främsta orsakerna till ohälsa och att människor dör på arbetet i Sverige. Inom energibranschen finns allvarliga arbetsmiljörisker som kan leda till dödsolyckor, flera dödsolyckor har inträffat i branschen under det senaste året. Ett ledarskap som främjar ett högt säkerhetsklimat kan förebygga olyckor. Samtidigt saknas det studier om olika ledarskapsstilar och hur det kan påverka säkerhetsklimatet inom energibranschen i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att analysera sambandet mellan ledarskap och säkerhetsklimat, bland arbetare på ett miljö- och energiföretag. Studien baserades på en kvantitativ ansats. Samband analyserades mellan olika ledarskapsstilar och säkerhetsklimat genom binära och multipla logistiska regressioner. De ledarskapsstilar som analyserades var transformativt-, transaktionellt- och Laissez- Faire ledarskap. Dessutom analyserades säkerhetsspecifikt ledarskap. Resultatet visade att säkerhetsklimatet på miljö- och energibolaget var på en hög nivå. Analysen visade att transformella och transaktionella ledarskapsstilar, inklusive säkerhetsspecifikt ledarskap, korrelerade till säkerhetsklimatet. Samtidigt visade resultatet att sambandet mellan Laissez-Faire ledarskapsstil och säkerhetsklimat hade störst betydelse för säkerhetsklimatet. När ledarskapet präglades av Laissez-Faire ökade oddsen att säkerhetsklimatet skulle vara på en lägre nivå. Slutsatserna var att den viktigaste ledarstilen att fokusera på, och att undvika, var Laissez-Faire ledarskap. Eftersom miljö- och energibolaget hade ett högt säkerhetsklimat är det sannolikt en bra utgångspunkt för framtida fortsatt utveckling för säkerhet och för proaktivt arbetsmiljöarbete. Rekommendationer om att utbilda ledare om hur ledarskapsbeteenden kan påverka säkerhetsklimatet, baserat på den här studiens resultat, föreslogs eftersom det kan vara en kostnadseffektiv och framgångsrik metod för att förbättra säkerhetsklimatet.

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of transformational leadership styles of managers on subordinates' job satisfaction, in a steel and mining company. Leadership was conceptualised from the trait, behavioural, contingency and neocharismatic theories. Job satisfaction was derived from content and process theories.The literature highlighted leadership and job satisfaction theories, the changing context of leadership and research of both transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The study was exploratory and a random sample (N=126) was used. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to measure transformational leadership and the Job Satisfaction Survey was used to measure subordinate job satisfaction. The results indicated that there was a significant impact of transformational leadership styles of managers on subordinates' job satisfaction, more specifically, in terms of fringe benefits and pay dimensions of job satisfaction, as well as the biographical variable, age. Future research may include transformational leadership styles and other variables such as performance and productivity in the steel and mining industry as well as the biographical variable, age. uture research may include transformational leadership styles and other ariables such as performance and productivity in the steel and mining ndustry. / Industrial Psychology / M.Adm. (Industrial Psychology)