Purpose: This degree project aims to see how the energy demand from active heating of detached houses can be improved to meet the energy performance requirements set for nearly zero-energy buildings by Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning). Method: To accomplish this, the benefits from two different energy-saving installations are studied: bedrock heat pumps and heat exchangers in Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems (HRV-systems). These are then compared in a new and an older detached house with very different heat losses. There are several reports of energy-saving systems in detached houses. What distinguishes this work is that it compares the specific results from the added energy-saving system depending on whether it was added first or last. The older detached house is an important part of this work as it represents a possible impact on parts of the existing housing stock with a similar technical standard. The energy balance for the buildings is calculated monthly with all contributions from passive heat considered, and with the energy demand for active heating as the main result. Results: It is very difficult to meet the energy performance requirements for an older detached house without extensive measures or renovations. The HRV-system had a low to very low impact. Both types of detached houses have a lot to gain from an investment in bedrock heating, especially the older one that has high energy demands. However, the new detached house with a higher technical standard in the building envelope, was the only one to meet the energy requirements with the bedrock heat pump on its own. Conclusion: Bedrock heating can be a very profitable investment as it provides heat both for the active heating of the building as well as for the domestic hot water. In order to meet tougher energy requirements, the bedrock heat pump may need to be accompanied by an improved and more energy-efficient building envelope and the supply of self-produced electricity, such as solar cells. HRV-systems require a good air tightness and an energy-efficient building envelope to be profitable. In older detached houses, it is not a profitable investment, as it does not have sufficiently large proportions of controlled ventilation to work with. In newer houses the proportion of controlled ventilation is bigger, but the amount of heat loss that can be affected is still not as big as the energy savings a bedrock heat pump can bring.

Det har länge hävdats att bostadsbristen i Stockholm i stora delar beror på att Sveriges sedan 1968 rådande hyreslagstiftning har inneburit ett pristak på marknaden, vilket motverkat en tillfredsställande nybyggnation av hyreslägenheter. Syftet med denna uppsats är undersöka om så är fallet. Hyreslagens grundläggande intentioner och antaganden har utifrån grundläggande teori noggrant synats. Dessutom har den utveckling som skett på marknaden jämförts med de symptom som ett efterfrågeöverskott och ett pristak skulle innebära. Lagstiftningen har visat sig bestå av vad som i förlängningen kan argumenteras ha inneburit en icke-adekvat prisbildningsmekanism. Rimligtvis kan detta ha inneburit ett pristak vilket i sin tur det uppenbara efterfrågeöverskottet i teorin kan härledas till. De symptomatiska tillstånd som visat sig gällande i Stockholm kan därmed på många punkter förklaras av att lagen i praktiken har inneburit ett pristak.

Bostadsbristen som rådde i Sverige efter andra världskriget löstes genom ett bostadsprojekt som kom att kallas miljonprogrammet. Bostäderna som byggdes höll vid den tiden en hög standard invändigt medan utemiljön ofta bortprioriterades. Idag råder det än en gång ett stort behov av bostäder i Sverige, dock bör inte problemet lösas med samma metod som under miljonprogrammet. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram ett förslag på hur ett område i ett mindre samhälle kan gestaltas. Målet är att besvara arbetets två frågeställningar som ska utreda hur en nybebyggelse på en tomt intill ett miljonprogramsområde skulle kunna utformas med hänsyn till platsens förutsättningar, omkringliggande bebyggelse samt upplevd trygghet och trivsel. Den metod som användes för studien är kvalitativa intervjuer, litteraturstudier och skissarbete. Ett förslag av flerbostadshus och en situationsplan för en tomt på en mindre ort har utformats med avseende på trivsel, trygghet och anpassning till kringliggande bebyggelse. Undersökningarna resulterade i åsikter kring vad som skulle prioriteras vid utformning av bostäder på tomten, men även vilka kvalitéer som önskades för övrigt i området. Dessa analyserades och kopplades till den teoretiska bakgrunden. Det analyserade resultatet applicerades sedan i studiens förslag. Studien resulterade i ett förslag som mottogs väl av beställaren, som förhoppningsvis kommer inspireras till vidare arbete med tomten.   Nyckelord: utformningsförslag, moderna planlösningar, situationsplan, flerbostadshus, nybyggnation, miljonprogrammet, trygghet, trivsel, visualisering, byggnadsutformning, bostadsanpassning, trygg miljö, bostäder, bygglovshandlingar, utemiljö. / The housing shortage from which occurred in Sweden after the second world war was solved through a housing project that later became known as The Million Homes Programme (miljonprogrammet). The houses were built with high standards according to the contemporary indoor standards, while the outside environment was often somewhat dull and non-prioritized. At this moment, Sweden is facing a similar type of housing shortage, a problem that should not be solved with the same methods used during The Million Homes Programme. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a suggestion of a building design and a site layout plan in a small town, in collaboration with a Swedish municipality in Kronoberg county. The goal is to explore the different possibilities of how an estate owned by the municipality of Uppvidinge could be designed with multi-family houses which pays respect to safety and comfort and also is adapted to the surrounding built environment. The surrounding built environment consists of multi-family houses from The Million Homes Programme and one-family villas. The methods used for this thesis are pointed interviews, studies of prior published research and computer aided drawing. A suggestion of a building design accompanied with a site layout plan is presented in the report. The building design and the site layout plan pays respect to safety besides comfort and is also adapted to the surrounding built environment. The completed studies resulted in opinions about what should be a priority when designing multi-family houses on the site, but also what kind of qualities that were desired in the surrounding area. These results were analyzed and thence linked to the theoretical background. The analyzed result was thereafter applied in a suggestion. The study resulted in a suggestion that was well received by the client, which hopefully will be inspired for further work on site.   Key words: design plans, modern planning arrangement, site plan, apartment building, new housing estate, the million homes programme, safety, comfort, visualization, building design, housing adaptation, safe environment, residences, building permit documents, outdoor environment.