Studiens syfte var att bidra med kunskaper kring kollegial observation av nätbaserad undervisning genom att beskriva och analysera hur detta har använts och upplevts vid Umeå universitet. Data samlades in genom intervjuer med 6 universitetslärare som deltog i en vidareutbildning om kollegial observation på nätet. En kvalitativ analys genomfördes och resultaten visar att kollegial observation på nätet i huvudsak upplevdes som något positivt. Samtliga deltagare var positiva till kollegial observation av nätbaserade kurser och de tyckte att metoden uppmuntrade reflektion och lärande. Resultatet visade också att lärarna till stor utsträckning utgick i från egna erfarenheter när de bedömde kollegornas undervisning. Flera av informanterna upplevde rollen som observatör som mer givande än när rollen var att bli observerad. Hinder för kollegial observation upplevdes till stor del bero på organisation, tidsbrist och oförstående kollegor. Att känna trygghet med kollegan visade sig vara av central vikt för att överhuvudtaget vilja använda kollegial observation i nätbaserad undervisning.

The aim of this study was to examine which norms are applicable and how they are reproduced in two sports organisations. More specifically the aim was to find out how the leaders worked with gender roles and what message the organisations give out to young people. And at the same time, find out if there are similarities and differences between two different organisations, regarding norms and gender roles.  The study was based on observations and interviews. The observations were made during and after training in an ice hockey team and two gymnastic teams for girls nine to thirteen years old. The interviews were conducted with seven leaders and one senior ice-hockey player. The results have been presented and analyzed based on four key theoretical points, gender theory, gender stereotypes, the other sex, and deviate from the norm. The results showed the presence of existing gender norms and values. And both similarities and differences between the organisations. The leaders and the organisation's work with gender roles have also been presented as a part of the result. The results also show that the leaders and the organisations aren’t working with gender roles in sport.

The aim of the study was to investigate peer interaction among toddlers 12 to 30 months of age and the teachers’ ways to direct the children’s play in outdoor free play situations in a Swedish preschool. Data was gathered through direct observation, and the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty in combination with the assumption of children as social actors built the theoretical framework of the study. The results showed that the toddlers used different strategies to invite peers to interaction and made use of strategies in entering ongoing play that previously have been observed among older preschoolers. These strategies, bodily and therefore in accordance with the phenomenological approach, support the assumption of toddlers as social actors that actively engage in and make sense of their life worlds in the preschool. The teachers showed less interference in the children’s play compared with earlier studies. The results of the study stress the significance of free play as an arena for learning of different social skills and importance of the preschool teachers being conscious of these young children’s life worlds.

The following paper is about degrading treatment in preschools and the essay discuss degrading treatment according to the Swedish school law, in preschools and the chosen focus for this study is three to four year old children. The aim is to see whether or not preschool children proceed with degrading treatment towards other children and if preschool teachers believe that children this young have the ability to do so. The questions for this study are: Can children proceed with degrading treatment towards each other? Which conflicts evolve through children’s interactions? Can children in pre-schools have a degrading behavior? To answer these questions participant observation at two preschools and interviews with four preschool teachers were chosen as method. The perspective of this paper is based on the view on children as actors, which is used to acknowledge and enhance the possibilities of letting the children’s own voices be heard. Theories used for this paper is Van Ausdale and Feagin’s (2001) theory about three to four years olds awareness, one about children’s relation to adults presented by Thorne (1993) and Wyness (2012) and lastly Gripsruds explanation of the influence of media combined with statistics from Statens medieråd (Swedish media council). The result of this study show that children between the ages of three to four, use different strategies to include or exclude other children and used things such as age and limitations of participants in a play as excuses. However, these reoccurring excuses cannot be seen as degrading treatment or behavior, according to definition made by the school law. An interesting finding is that the children sometimes used their parents to excuse their actions or used them to threat others. Overall the observational study shows how difficult it can be to see and acknowledge degrading treatment within preschools. The interviews with the preschool teachers indicates that they do not spend much time on acknowledging or trying to prevent degrading treatment amongst children. The preschool teachers discussed children’s quarrels but they tended to see it as something natural within children’s interactions. The conclusion of this essay is that degrading treatment could not be seen at the two preschools, which is contradicting to some of the literature used in this paper.

Människor är indelade i grupper efter kön, etnicitet och klass genom segregation och sociala strukturer. Då skolan är en av samhällets viktigaste institutioner bör den kunna eliminera begränsningarna i sociala och etniska bakgrunder. Syftet med studien är att undersöka dom sociala strukturerna på en gymnasieskola i den svenska multikulturella staden - Södertälje. Den metod som använts har varit observationer och intervjuer. Resultatet visar utifrån det att det finns tydliga sociala strukturer i skolan och att de är baserade med ursprung ifrån språk, etnicitet och klass. Slutsatsen har visat att etniskt svenska elever är en minoritet i skolan och det finns ingen interaktion mellan grupperna. / People are divided into groups by gender, ethnicity and class through segregation and social structures. School is one of society's most important institutions and should therefor be able to eliminate the limitations of social and ethnic backgrounds. This study has the purpose to examine the social structures at a secondary school in the Swedish multicultural city Sodertalje. The method used was observation and interviews. From the study, the results shows that there are clear social structures in the school and that they are based to language, ethnicity and class. Therefore from the study shows that students with Swedish origin are a minority in the school and there is no intercultural interaction between the groups.

The craft of planners are planning for a better future. Knowledge about climate change, environment, health and availability effects the trend towards less car dependent societies in favour of public transport and active transport like walking and biking. This study takes place in Västerbotten, one of Sweden’s most north provinces with a population of 260 000 inhabitants. It is a sparsely populated area with two dominant cities, the other municipalities are largely unpopulated. The issue in this study is to see what opportunities exist to create a regional plan for pedestrians and bicyclists. I have conducted a participatory observation during the meetings where civil servants were in creation of this regional plan.

Syftet med denna studie är att, med inspiration av etnografiska tillvägagångssätt, ut- forska hur några lärare utformar sin undervisning i ämnet musikteori (och gehör) på gymnasial nivå, med fokus på framförallt balans mellan teoretiska och praktiska mo- ment. Den litteratur som tas upp i uppsatsens bakgrund beskriver hur elever eller lärare kan utföra olika läroböckers övningar, dels med hjälp av praktiska verktyg, dels utifrån teoretiska resonemang. Den tidigare forskning som tas upp handlar om elever och lära- res syn på ämnet gehörs- och musikteori. De forskningsmetoder som har använts i före- liggande studie utgår ifrån ett etnografiskt perspektiv med deltagande observation, där forskaren befinner sig i fält med aktörer som skall observeras i sin naturliga miljö. Re- sultatet är uppdelat i tre teman: Inledning och handlingsförlopp, Praktiskt delaktighet samt Lärarnas arketyper. Temat Inledning och handlingsförlopp belyser hur lärarna på- börjar sin lektion, vilka uppgifter som tilldelas eleverna och hur lärarna avslutar lekt- ionerna. I temat Praktisk delaktighet presenteras de praktiska moment som förekom i undervisningen: dialog, diskussion och aktivt lyssnande. Temat Lärarnas arketyper fo- kuseras på olika roller som lärarna faller in i vid olika situationer: bergsklättraren, mäs- tare och lärjunge, samt bollplank. I diskussionen jämförs resultatet med tidigare forsk- ning samt litteratur. I diskussionen dras även några slutsatser och avslutningsvis besk- rivs arbetets betydelse samt hur det kan användas i fortsatt forskning. / The purpose of this essay is, with inspiration from ethnographic method, to explore how teachers design their lessons in the subject music theory at upper secondary school lev- el, with focus on the balance between theoretical and practical element. The literature that is presented in the background chapter describes how students or teachers can per- form the exercises in the books, by using practical tools, as well as by using theoretical arguments. The earlier research that is presented focuses on student’s and teacher’s view on the subject music theory and ear training. The research methods that have been used are based on an ethnographic perspective with participating observation, where the researcher finds him self in a field with participants whom are to be observed in their natural environment. The result is divided in three parts: Introduction and course of actions, Practical participation, and Archetypes of the teachers. Introduction and course of actions illustrates how the teachers begin their classes, what tasks they give the stu- dents, and also how the teachers finish their classes. Practical participation presents the practical elements that occurred during the classes. These elements were dialogue, dis- cussion, and active listening. Archetypes of the teachers focuses on the different roles the teachers takes during certain situations: the mountain climber, master and apprentice, and the sounding board. In the discussion the result is compared to earlier research and also to the literature. Some conclusions are also made in the discussion, At the end of the study the importance of the essay is described as well as how it can be used in later re- search.

No description available.

No description available.

Les ondes internes sont observées partout dans le monde. Elles ont un rôle important dans la mise en place de la chaine trophique, et elles peuvent avoir un impact sur les activités humaines. Ainsi, dans le Golfe de Guinée, des ondes internes solitaires (OIS) ont provoqué des incidents sur des plateformes pétrolières. L’objectif de la thèse est d’identifier leurs zones de génération, leurs directions de propagation, ainsi que les conditions d’environnement susceptibles de les déclencher. La thèse a comporté deux aspects : d’une part des mesures de courant étaient disponibles et d’autre part la mise en place de modèles numériques. Ces mesures ont montré le passage d’OIS. En outre, les zones de génération potentielles sont identifiées en haut du talus continental. Leur répartition mensuelle a montré une variabilité saisonnière, due à la Mousson Ouest Africaine qui modifie les conditions de stratification au cours de l’année.La modélisation a été réalisée avec HYCOM. Une maquette hydrostatique régionale du Golfe de Guinée a été mise en place. Elle a d’abord été validée en configuration barotrope (océan homogène). Une configuration bicouche a ensuite été testée, et la théorie linéaire des ondes internes a été vérifiée sur ses résultats. Des termes non hydrostatiques ont ensuite été ajoutés dans les équations horizontales du courant de HYCOM, pour modéliser des OIS. L’impact des paramètres physiques, en particulier la force de Coriolis et le forçage barotrope, ainsi que l’effet d’un courant moyen, a été étudié sur des configurations bicouches radiales. Enfin, un canyon a été ajouté au milieu du talus pour évaluer qualitativement les effets d’une bathymétrie 2D sur les OIS. / Internal waves are observed in different locations. They have a key role in the set up of the trophic chain, and they can impact human activities.For instance, in the Gulf of Guinea, internal solitary waves (ISWs) have caused hazards on offshore oil platforms. The aim of the thesis is to identify the generation zones and the directions of propagation of these ISWs, and the environmental conditions (tides, stratification) that can generate them. One the one hand measurements of currents were available, and on the other hand numerical models were used.Measurements of currents were analyzed. Packets of ISWs were identified. Moreover, the potential generation zones of the ISWs, particularly the top of the shelf break, were inferred from their direction of propagation. The monthly repartition of the packets of ISWs revealed a seasonal variability, due to the West African Monsoon, which modified the conditions of the stratification throughout the year.Concerning the modelling, the numerical model HYCOM was used. One regional hydrostatic model of the Gulf of Guinea was built. This regional model was validated for a barotropic configuration (homogeneous ocean) first. Then, a two-layered configuration was set up, and the linear theory of the internal waves was confirmed on the results.Non hydrostatic terms were added to the horizontal velocity equations in HYCOM, to model ISWs. The influence of different physical parameters, such as the Coriolis force, the barotropic forcing, and a mean current was studied on two-layered radial configurations. Finally, a canyon in the middle of the shelf break was set up to assess qualitatively the effect of a 2D bathymetry on the ISWs.