Orientador: Luciani Ester Tenani / Resumo: Esta tese busca compreender a relação existente entre o emprego de vírgula considerado “erro”, conforme gramática normativa, e os efeitos de sentidos percebidos por meio desses empregos em enunciados escritos produzidos em ambiente escolar. Para tanto, este trabalho objetivou investigar as possíveis relações entre sentidos do enunciado escrito e o emprego não-convencional de vírgula por meio de análises qualitativas desse tipo de uso de vírgula. O corpus desta pesquisa conta com vinte textos de dez alunos em processo de escolarização no final do Ensino Fundamental e no início do Ensino Médio em uma escola situada no interior de São Paulo e outra no interior do Acre, respectivamente. Fez-se tanto a descrição dos textos que compõem o corpus desta pesquisa como dos contextos de produção desses. Posteriormente, levantou-se os usos de vírgula nos textos classificando-os, sintaticamente, conforme prescrição da norma vigente, como convencionais ou não convencionais. Entre estes últimos, foram observados usos desta pontuação tomados como “erros” na gramática prescritiva, por exemplo: emprego de vírgula entre sujeito e predicado, nome e complemento, verbo e complemento etc. Os dados de uso não convencional passaram por análise lógico/semântica para averiguar as possíveis relações dessa natureza indiciadas por meio dos usos de vírgula pesquisados. A escolha metodológica em analisar os usos não-convencionais de vírgula justifica-se por possibilitarem a recuperação de processos linguísti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis arose from the need to identify and understand reasons why students present difficulties in using a comma in a recurring manner. To identify and understand these reasons, this study objectived to investigate the unconventional use of comma in texts of students in the process of schooling at the end of Elementary School and in beginning High School. We consider that the function of the school is to contribute to the student reaching the standard norm in order to manipulate his writing in a conscious way that the arrangements made in writing produce several meanings depending on, among other aspects, the use of the comma. In order to achieve this objective, we have researched what is recommended in the official national and state education documents for the conventional use of the comma, and we are confronted with occurrences of comma in the texts of students of the last year of Elementary School in the State of São Paulo and texts by students of the first year of High School in the State of Acre, Brazil. After surveying the conventional and unconventional uses of the comma, we relate these uses with genres requested to produce the texts and seek to establish relations with the conditions of written production, based on indications that answer our questions. In order to interpret the data, we start from the theoretical framework about one of the types of literacy, the school, because they are institutionalized reading and writing practices that constitute as a right... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Den här studien är en etnografisk studie som eftersöker svenskämnets muntlighet och den dolda läroplanen i muntlighet. Studien har observerat en undervisningsgrupp på 19 elever som läser svenska 1 på en gymnasieskola i norra Sverige. Klassrumsobservationer och etnografiska intervjuer har använts som datainsamlingsmetoder och datan har analyserats enligt grundad teori. I arbetet med dataanalysen har teorierna delaktighet, self-efficacy och den dolda läroplanen framträtt som centrala och en generalisering av resultatet har knutits an till tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar på hur klassrumsmiljön möjliggör och begränsar elevers muntliga utveckling, främst för att elevernas olika förutsättningar ger dem olika möjlighet till social delaktighet. Slutsatsen som dras av arbetet identifierar den dolda läroplanen för muntlighet och presenterar hur dess existens påverkar elevers muntlighet i klassrummet. / This ethnographic study investigates students’ orality in the classroom, with the purpose of identifying the hidden curriculum in orality. Factors such as classroom discussions, teachers’ questions, and answers to students, as well as groups in the classroom has been identified as factors that effects the student’s oral progress. The study followed a class of 19 students who takes the course Swedish 1 at an upper secondary school in the north of Sweden. The data collection methods that have been used are classroom observations and ethnographic interviews. The data has been analyzed according to grounded theory. In the process of data analyses, the theories participation, self-efficacy, and the hidden curriculum has been prominent, and the results has been compared to previous research, to strengthen the findings to theory. The results have shown how the classroom environment enables and limits students’ orality progress. Mainly due to, students’ different conditions and background knowledge, which gives them different opportunities for social participation. The findings of the study, identifies the hidden curriculum för orality and presents how its existence effects students orality in the classroom.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma coleção de atividades voltadas para o desenvolvimento da escrita e da oralidade nas aulas de Matemática para os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental e para o Ensino Médio da escola básica. A fundamentação teórica apresentada promove reflexão acerca da interação entre a Língua Portuguesa e a Matemática, o uso de atividades que estimulem essa interação e objetiva oportunizar o aprimoramento das linguagens escrita e oral no chão da escola. A reflexão teve por base os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular e artigos científicos de autores que tratam deste tema. Os conceitos e resultados matemáticos utilizados nas atividades estão definidos ou demonstrados no trabalho e servem como suporte teórico ao que é proposto. A análise dos documentos citados e do conteúdo do referencial teórico aponta que a interação aqui proposta é possível, importante e favorece o desenvolvimento não só das linguagens oral e escrita como também contribui para a apropriação dos conceitos matemáticos trabalhados e para o exercício da autonomia e da criticidade. / [en] This work aims to present a collection of activities aimed at developing writing and speaking skills in Mathematics classes for the final years of elementary school and for high school. The theoretical foundation presented promotes reflection on the interaction between Portuguese Language and Mathematics, the use of activities that encourage this interaction and aims to provide opportunities for the improvement of written and oral languages on the school floor. The reflection was based on the National Curriculum Parameters, the Common National Curriculum Base and scientific articles by authors who deal with this topic. The concepts and mathematical results used in the activities are defined or demonstrated in the work and serve as theoretical support for what is proposed. The analysis of the cited documents and the content of the theoretical framework points out that the interaction proposed here is possible, important and favors the development not only of oral and written languages, but also contributes to the appropriation of the mathematical concepts worked on and to the exercise of autonomy and criticality.

This descriptive research paper looks at English teaching in Jamaica, and examines what perceptions upper secondary school teachers have of the teaching mission, the teacher role and the responsibility that comes with the teacher profession. The paper also examines the teachers’ attitudes towards Jamaican Creole and Standard Jamaican English and the relation between these two languages. The paper discusses inequality connected to language diversity in Jamaica and aims to explore attitudes, language ideologies and educational policies, in relation to English teaching in a Jamaican Creole speaking classroom.The study was carried out with a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews were conducted with five teachers at three public upper secondary schools in Jamaica. The collected data was analyzed with an explorative approach.The main conclusion drawn from this study is that English teaching in a Jamaican Creole speaking classroom is affected by a number of factors. Firstly, the teachers expressed an ambivalence opinion about what language is or should be the first and second language. Secondly, teaching English in Jamaica is difficult due to the absence of a standardized written form of the students’ vernacular. Lastly, the teacher role is not limited to teach a first or second language, the teachers’ role is extended to include a great responsibility for the students’ future life

[pt] A figura dos Mestres Cantadores do Boi de Pindaré: Educação, Memória, Pertencimento e Oralidade investiga as práticas educativas dos dois Mestres formais do Boi de Pindaré: Mestre Castro e Mestre João do Sá Viana contadas através das narrativas identitárias deles e dos sujeitos que participam. As trajetórias dos mestres foram estudadas a partir de idas e vindas, em um processo de rupturas, suturas que é natural na identidade do ser humano. Destaca-se a importância desses Mestres cantadores como educadores não formais da cultura popular maranhense, pois, é através dos seus ensinamentos que são propagados os conhecimentos contidos na tradição do Bumba-meu-boi do Maranhão que possuí elementos populares repletos de significados e cheios de simbologias e as memórias e conhecimentos revelam uma rede de saberes construídos e reconstruídos, possibilitando assim, um olhar mais atento em relação a conexões e troca de saberes através da oralidade e das práticas pedagógicas que suscitam provocações e dialogismos. Neste contexto é estudado o papel feminino através do emponderamento das mulheres que fazem o Boi de Pindaré reconhecendo suas lideranças dentro dos núcleos que atuam e a visibilidade das suas ações como propagadoras da tradição. O Ensino não formal é realizado nos ensaios, durante as apresentações e principalmente no espaço educacional da Sede, que é aberto para toda a comunidade como um lugar social e cultural de convivência, de ensino e aprendizagem. Foram utilizados como metodologia a análise documental e a história oral, a partir de entrevistas com Mestres e brincantes do Boi de Pindaré. Conclui-se que esses Mestres cantadores desempenham um importante papel como educadores não formais da cultura popular maranhense, pois, é através dos seus ensinamentos que são propagados os conhecimentos contidos na tradição do Bumba-meu-boi do Maranhão que possuí elementos populares repletos de significados e cheios de simbologias, memórias e conhecimentos. A pesquisa revelou uma rede de saberes construídos e reconstruídos, que possibilitam conexões e troca de saberes através da oralidade e das práticas pedagógicas que suscitam provocações e dialogismos. / [en] Boi de Pindaré s masters: Education, Memory, Belonging and Orality investigated the educational practices of the two formal Masters of the Boi de Pindaré: Master Castro and Marter João do Sá Viana told through their identity narratives and of the subjects who participate. The trajectories of the masters were studied from comings and goings, in a process of ruptures, sutures that is natural in the identity of the human being. The importance of these Masters cannot be highlighted as non-formal educators of the popular culure of Maranhão because it is through their teaching that the elements contained in the tradition of Bumba meu boi of Maranhão are propagated, which were full of meanings and full of symbologies and as memories and knowledge revealed a network of knowledge built and reconstructed, enabling, an attentive relationship and exchange of knowledge through orality and pedagogical practices that arouse provocations and dialogism. In this context, the female role is studied through the empowerment of women who make the Boi de Pindaré, recognizing their leadership within the nuclei that act and the visibility of their actions as propagators of tradition. Non-formal teaching is carried out in rehearsals, during presentations and mainly in the educational space at headquarters, which is open to the entire community as a social and cultural place for coexistence, teaching and learning. Documentary analysis and oral history were used as a methodology, based on interviews with masters and players of the Ox of Pindaré. It is concluded that these singing Masters play an important role as non-formal educators of Maranhão popular culture, because it is throung their teachings that the knowledge, contained in the tradition of Bumba my ox of Maranhão is propagated, which has popular elements full of meanings and full of symbologies and memories and Knowledge. The research revealed a network of reconstructed knowledge, which enable connections and exchange of knowledge through orality and pedagogical practices that arouse provocations and diaologism.

Starting point of the search for the purpose of 1 Timothy is the assumption of basic similarities between this letter and letter writing in Greco-Roman antiquity. This means that 1 Timothy is designed for an oral performance in front of an audience. The analysis concentrates on the so far neglected classical duties of the speaker: memoria and pronuntiatio. This means the memorized performance in front of an audience. 1 Timothy shows many mnemotechnical devices and puts certain terms in focus. This shows what expressions the audience has to memorize and what aspects show prominence. The result of this can be formulated as the purpose of 1 Timothy: Paul wants to confirm Timothy in his mandate to guard the gospel from being changed through a resolute dismissal of wrong teachings and an ethic that honours God and men. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (New Testament)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, I undertake an extensive overview of a range of language activities that foreground the materiality of language, and that require an active reader oriented towards the text as a producer, rather than a consumer, of meaning. To this end, performance, as a function of both orality and print texts, forms an important focus for my argument. I am particularly interested in the effect that the disruption of language has on the position of the subject in language, especially in terms of the dialogic exchange between local and global subject positions. Poetry is a language activity that requires a particular attention to form and meaning, and that is licensed to activate and exploit the materiality of language. For this reason, I have focused on the work of a selection of North American poets, the Language poets. These poets are primarily concerned with the performative possibilities of language as it appears in print media. I juxtapose these language activities with those of a selection of contemporary South African poets whose work is marked by the influence of oral forms, and reveals telling interplays between media. All these poets are preoccupied with the ways in which the sign might be disrupted. In my discussion of the work of the Language poets, I consider how examples of their print poetics present the reader with language fragments, arranged according to non-syntactic principles. Confronted by the lack of an individuated lyric subject around whom these fragments might cohere, the reader is obliged to make his/her own connections between words, sounds and phrases. Similarly, in the work of the performance poets, I identify several aspects in the poetry that trouble a transparent transmission of expression, and instead require the poetry to be read as an interrogation of the constitution of the subject. Here, the ―I‖ fleetingly occupies multiple, shifting subject positions, and the poetic interplay between media and language tends towards a continuous destabilising of the poetic self. Poets and performers are, to some extent, licensed to experiment with language in ways that render it opaque. Because the language activities of poets and performers are generally accommodated within the order of symbolic or metaphoric language, their experimentation with non-communicative excesses can be understood as part of their framework. However, in situations where ―communicative‖ language is expected, the order of literal or forensic language cannot accommodate seemingly non-communicative excesses that appear to render the text opaque. Ultimately, I am concerned with exploring the manner in which attention to the materiality of language might open up alternative understandings of language, subjectivity and representation in South African public discourse. My conclusion therefore considers the consequences when the issues opened up by the poetry – questions of self and subject, authority and representation – are translated into forensic frameworks and testimonial discourse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: My proefskrif bied ‘n breedvoerige oorsig van ‘n reeks taal-aktiwiteite wat die materialiteit van taal sigbaar maak. Hierdie taal-aktiwiteite skep tekste wat die leser/kyker noop om as vervaardiger, eerder as verbruiker, van betekenis in ‘n aktiewe verhouding met die teks te tree. Die performatiewe funksie van beide gesproke sowel as gedrukte taal vorm dus die hooffokus van my argument. Ek stel veral belang in die effek wat onderbrekings en versteurings in taal op die subjek van taal uitoefen, en hoe hierdie prosesse die die dialogiese verhouding tussen lokale en globale subjek-posisies beïnvloed. Poëtiese taal-aktiwiteite word gekenmerk deur ‘n fokus op vorm en die verhouding tussen vorm en inhoud. Terwyl die meeste taalpraktyke taaldeursigtigheid vereis ter wille van direkte kommunikasie, het poëtiese taal tot ‘n mate die vryheid om die materaliteit van taal te gebruik en te ontgin. Om hierdie rede fokus ek selektief op die werk van ‘n groep Noord-Amerikaanse digters, die sogenaamde ―Language poets‖. Hierdie digters is hoofsaaklik met die performatiewe moontlikhede van gedrukte taal bemoeid. Voorts word hierdie taal-aktiwiteite met ‘n seleksie kontemporêre Suid-Afrikaanse digters se werk vergelyk, wat gekenmerk word deur die invloed van gesproke taalvorms wat met ‘n verskeidenhed media in wisselwerking gestel word. Al hierdie digters is geïnteresseerd in die maniere waarop die inherente onstabiliteit van linguistiese aanduiers ontgin kan word. In my bespreking van die werk van die Language poets ondersoek ek voorbeelde van hul gedrukte digkuns wat die leser voor taalfragmente te staan bring wat nie volgens die gewone reëls van sintaks georganiseer is nie. Die gebrek aan ‘n geïndividualiseerde liriese subjek, waarom hierdie fragmente ‘n samehangendheid sou kon kry, noop die leser om haar eie verbindings tussen woorde, klanke en frases te maak. Op ‘n soortgelyke wyse identifiseer ek verskeie aspekte wat die deursigtige versending van taaluitinge in die werk van sekere Suid-Afrikanse performance poets belemmer. Hierdie gedigte kan eerder gelees word as ‘n interrogasie van die proses waardeur die samestelling van die subjek in taal geskied. In hierdie gedigte bewoon die ―ek‖ vlietend ‘n verskeidenheid verskuiwende subjek-posisies. Die wisselwerking van verskillende media dra ook by tot die vermenigvuldiging van subjek-posisies, en loop uit op ‘n performatiewe uitbeelding van die destabilisering van die digterlike ―self.‖ Digters en performers is tot ‘n mate vry om met die vertroebelingsmoontlikhede van taal te eksperimenteer. Omdat die taal-aktiwiteite van digters en performers gewoonlik binne die orde van simboliese of metaforiese taal val, kan hul eksperimentering met die nie-kommunikatiewe oormaat van taal binne hierdie raamwerk verstaan word. Hierdie oormaat kan egter nie binne die orde van letterlike of forensiese taal geakkommodeer word nie. Ten slotte voer ek aan dat ‘n fokus op die materialiteit van taal alternatiewe verstaansraamwerke moontlik maak, waardeur ons begrip van die verhouding tussen taal, subjektiwiteit en representasie in die Suid-Afrikaanse publieke diskoers verbreed kan word. In my slothoofstuk oorweeg ek wat gebeur as die kwessies wat deur die bogenoemde performatiewe taal-aktiwiteite opgeroep word – vrae rondom die self en die subjek, outoriteit en representasie – binne ‘n forensiese raamwerk na die diskoers van getuienis oorgedra word

This research discusses communication and meaning in the context of orality, using a variety of theoretical perspectives, including memory theory, media and communication theory, and semiotics. Drawing on the work of Walter Ong, it provides new insight about the characteristics and limits of oralnarration by assessing the memes, tropes, and phraseological units in the oral narrations of Armenian Genocide survivors. This research identifies a list of replicable forms of stories and oral devices that are used by the group in question; it then proposes that oral narration of non-fictional topics designed to convey historical or episodic information to others is intuitive, reactive, directed, fuzzy, and sticky. Concerns about the legitimacy and historical value of the narrations under review do not play a role in this research; instead, the focal point is the meaning embedded in the form and structure of the narrations under study.

Dans le sillage de l'héritage des pensionnats, les théoriciens critiques autochtones rejettent le modèle de réconciliation proposé par la commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada parce qu'elle perpétue le programme colonial. L’alternative proposée par ces théoriciens est la résurgence, ou l'utilisation des paradigmes autochtones dans le développement de politique. La résurgence jaillit d’une célébration des cultures et des traditions autochtones. Cette thèse établit la présence de résurgence dans la poésie de trois poètes autochtones québécoises de trois générations: Joséphine Bacon, Virginia Pasamapéo Bordeleau et Natasha Kanapé Fontaine. Le premier chapitre est composé d'une analyse documentaire qui focalise sur deux éléments: 1) mon droit en tant que critique « non autochtone » à analyser la littérature autochtone, et 2) le rejet de la réconciliation et la promotion de la résurgence par les principaux théoriciens critiques autochtones au Canada. Le deuxième chapitre établit l'oralité comme un aspect clé de la résurgence, et sa présence dans la poésie des trois auteurs. Le troisième chapitre établit la présence de la terre et des histoires dans la poésie, comme preuve supplémentaire de la présence de résurgence. Employant l'analyse de la remédiation, de la décolonisation de langue, et de divers autres facteurs explorés tout au long de cette thèse, il est confirmé que Bacon, Bordeleau et Fontaine intègrent la résurgence dans leurs travaux, ce qui inspire les lecteurs de toutes cultures à prendre des mesures sur les questions environnementales et autochtones. / In the wake of the devastating residential school legacy, Indigenous critical theorists are rejecting the model of reconciliation proposed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission because it perpetuates colonial agendas. Their alternative to reconciliation is resurgence, or the use of Indigenous schools of thought in policy development. Resurgence springs from a celebration of Indigenous cultures and traditions. This thesis establishes the presence of resurgence in the poetry of three Indigenous female québecois poets of three generations: Joséphine Bacon, Virginia Pasamapéo Bordeleau, and Natasha Kanapé Fontaine. The first chapter is comprised of a literature review focusing on two subjects: 1) my right as a non-Native critic to analyze Indigenous literature, and 2) the rejection of reconciliation in favour of resurgence by leading Indigenous critical theorists in Canada. The second chapter identifies orality as a key aspect of resurgence, and its presence in the poetry of the three authors. The third chapter maps the poets’ work in connection to land-based knowledge and stories, as further proof of the presence of resurgence. Through the analysis of remediation, decolonizing language and various other factors explored throughout this thesis, it is confirmed that Bacon, Bordeleau and Fontaine all incorporate resurgence into their work, thus inspiring readers of all cultures to take action on environmental and Indigenous issues.

While today, archival theory is permeated with postmodern ideas and philosophies, borrowing from fields as diverse as anthropology and computer science, even just a few decades ago, this was far from the case. This transition was pioneered and strongly influenced by the imaginative and thought-provoking essays of Hugh Taylor, a Canadian archivist who developed a worldview that positioned archives and archivists at centre stage. Taylor was able to do so as a result of his fascination with the works of the media theorist, Marshall McLuhan, whose ideas Taylor found directly applicable to archives and archival theory. This thesis examines the mental state of Hugh Taylor throughout his life and how this mental state shaped his revolutionary concepts, which delved into epistemology and metaphysics, placing archives at the centre of a universal network of connections. These concepts would go on to drastically change archival theory to what it is today. / October 2016