Guardianship maltreatment is one of the most harmful crimes to a society, but the literature is somewhat neglected about it, for example, in comparison with the offense of battering a person living in common dwelling, namely domestic violence. Even so, it devotes some attention, at least that part of the issue related to the particular child victims of this crime. Crimes against persons who are unable to care for themselves on their own and are dependent on the care of another person who subsequently hurting is the socially very harmful or even liquidation. This offense is special both in terms of characteristics of the offender, and in terms of its subject, which is a victim of this crime. The most important peculiarity is that the object of attack is a person who is in the care of another. That person is helpless, unable to care for themselves properly. This is followed by another peculiarity of this crime, which is the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim. This has to be helping the victim in dealing with matters of everyday life and be so supportive to him. Instead, he uses this dependence, helplessness and utter reliance of the victim's person and tortures him. The sad truth is that most of the crime is committed by family members of the victim, that the victim of the person closest to him to...

Title of the thesis: Administrative Offense of the Vehicle Operator The work deals with one of the specific institutes of administrative punishing in traffic which is the administrative offense of the vehicle operator. In addition to general questions of administrative punishing or to the concept of administrative offenses under the current valid and effective legislation the thesis also includes a description of the development of the institute, its characteristics, legal base and the way it works. The interdependence of the institute with the institute of the call to the payment of the determined amount is clearly shown and graphically indicated. The thesis deals with potential interventions to certain fundamental rights and freedoms and evaluates their adequacy. The aim of the work is a detailed legal analysis of the institute of the administrative offense of the vehicle operator and also pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. The main objective of the thesis is the legal analysis for compliance of the legislation with the constitutional order of the Czech Republic. After the introduction, in which the description of methods and objectives of the thesis are, follows a general section on administrative offenses. Its purpose is to introduce the topic of administrative punishing and pointing...

À l'heure actuelle, deux formes de sanctions pénales s'opposent et se complètent : une forme classique et rétributive, la peine, et une forme plus moderne et essentiellement préventive, la mesure de sûreté. Ces deux sanctions pénales, si elles ne possèdent ni les mêmes fondements, ni les mêmes objectifs, sont pourtant parfois difficiles à différencier. La question des rapports qu'elles entretiennent est récurrente mais au regard de l'augmentation constante du nombre de mesures de sûreté dans la loi pénale depuis ces dernières années, elle mérite désormais une réponse. Cette dernière sera apportée à l'aune de la notion d'autonomie qui permettra d'une part d'identifier clairement les mesures de sûreté et d'autre part de dégager un ensemble de règles plus ou moins spécifiques destinées à clarifier leur régime juridique. De cette manière, la légitimité de l'existence des mesures de sûreté pourra être confirmée. / At the moment, two forms of penalties oppose and complement each other: a classic shape and rétributive, the sentences, and a more modern and essentially preventive shape, the safety measures. These two criminal punishments, if they do not possess either the same foundations, or the same objectives, are nevertheless sometimes difficult to differentiate. The question of the relationships which they maintain is recurring but with regard to the constant increase of the number of safety measures in the penal law for these last years, it deserves from now on an answer. The latter will be brought in the form of the notion of autonomy which will on one hand allow to identify clearly safety measures and on the other hand to clear a set of more or less specific rules intended to clarify their legal regime. In this way, the legitimacy of the existence of safety measures can be confirmed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andre_vitaliano_de_carvalho_rocha.pdf: 988736 bytes, checksum: bf3220e820b1ca3c67cf450c86bec192 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-07 / You need to know the problems faced by the judiciary to seek satisfactory solutions rather than palliative . This research is based on the realization of the constitutional principle of reasonable duration of proceedings in the light of the satisfaction jurisdicionado, having the guarantee fund of labor plays an instrument to realize the rights evaded justice for workers in the work by presenting possible solutions to the delay in adjudication, ensuring a fair tutelage, useful and appropriate. With the passage of time comes to increasing the number of demands in judiciary and with the advent of the Amendment n. 45, which gave the courts new powers of labor, there was the difficulty of procedural justice in the implementation of this principle of work. Thus, the lack of institutions capable of providing subsidies to effect the adjudication with the satisfaction of creating with jurisdiction over the constitutional amendment of 45 in his article 3º of the guarantee fund is intended to ensure that executions labor credits to employees evaded the workforce. Deplores the right to point out that the alien discussion on this principle and of paramount importance to provide a jurisdictional, is already well advanced with even some countries, such as Italy already collated with its legal penalty for the violation of this principle. However, the focus regarding possible solutions is based on the Guarantee Fund executions of Labor . For carrying out this research, we intend to explore a qualitative research aimed at producing knowledge for practical application addressed to solve problems. It is hoped that the deepening of this work, ensuring the company and propose mechanisms that enable an adjudication proper, fair and useful and consistent with a reasonable time, achieving the satisfaction of the courts. / É preciso conhecer os problemas enfrentados pelo Poder Judiciário para buscar soluções satisfatórias e não paliativos . Esta pesquisa está fundamentada na efetivação do princípio constitucional da duração razoável do processo à luz da satisfação do jurisdicionado, sendo o fundo de garantia das execuções trabalhistas um instrumento capaz de concretizar os direitos sonegados aos trabalhadores na Justiça do trabalho, apresentando possíveis soluções para a morosidade na prestação jurisdicional, garantindo uma tutela justa, útil e adequada. Com o passar do tempo vem aumentando o número de demandas no judiciário e com o advento da Emenda de nº 45, que atribuiu novas competências à Justiça do Trabalho, observou-se a dificuldade processual de concretização deste princípio na Justiça do trabalho. Assim, pela falta de institutos capazes de fornecer subsídios que efetivem a prestação jurisdicional com a satisfação do jurisdicionado cria-se com a Emenda Constitucional de nº 45 em seu artigo 3º o fundo de garantia das execuções trabalhistas que pretende garantir os créditos sonegados aos empregados pela força de trabalho. Vale destacar que no direito alienígena a discussão sobre este princípio é de suma importância para uma prestação jurisdicional, apesar de já estar bastante avançada tendo até alguns países, como a exemplo da Itália que já colacionaram ao seu ordenamento jurídico uma sanção pelo desrespeito a este princípio. Contudo, o enfoque referente às possíveis soluções fundamenta-se no Fundo de Garantia das Execuções Trabalhistas . Ao longo desta pesquisa, pretende-se explorar a forma qualitativa, visando produzir conhecimentos para aplicação prática dirigida à solução dos problemas. Espera-se com o aprofundamento deste trabalho, garantir e propor à sociedade mecanismos que viabilizem uma prestação jurisdicional adequada, justa, útil e condizente com um tempo razoável, alcançando a satisfação do jurisdicionado.

The "Death penalty as a response to the growing brutality of criminal offenses" diploma thesis discusses the increasing trend of the violent and brutal criminality and the resolution possibilities of the situation. As the main goal of this thesis, the author deals with the idea whether returning the death penalty back into our justice system would be the right response to the increasing degree of brutality of violent criminals. In the theoretical part, the term "death penalty" is explained in general, as well as its history and use. Next the thesis acquaints us with the use of the death penalty on our territory in the past and its legislative question in our history. The next part of the theoretical part is a comparison of the several past years in the development of violent criminal offenses and their brutality in the Czech Republic. The empirical part of the thesis is focused on the research of the public opinion of the citizens of the Czech Republic and the USA regarding the degree of the increasing trend of brutal criminal offenses as well as their opinion on the use of the death penalty. The development of criminality in the USA is described here, as well as the use of the death penalty there. Another point is the evaluation of the situation of the use of the death penalty in the world. The...

This diploma thesis deals with the policy for the access to the victims of crime. It focuses on activity of interested state institutions that cooperate with victims of crime. In today's approach victims of crime represent a group of people which is seen as people who need assistance. In Czech Republic this approach is reflected in adoption a law on crime victims that comes into force in 2013. Subject of modification of this law directed to defining rights of crime victim as a subject of special care provided by the state, modification of provision of financial support for victims of crimes provided by the state and assessment of legal basis for cooperation between state and organization that provides assistance to crime victims. Diploma thesis deals with reasons for this major legislative change in policy for the access to the victims of crime. It examines the law-making process and the adoption of the law and focuses on implementation of law through the authorities that is active in criminal proceedings and Probation and Mediation Service. It seeks to answer the question to what extent this measure fulfills the objectives. The contribution of diploma thesis is providing a comprehensive view of issue related to the access to the victims of crime as a subject of special care provided by the state....

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Depuis 25 ans, de nombreuses études ont permis de documenter les capacités des enfants de moins de 12 ans à rapporter les agressions sexuelles qu’ils ont subies dans un contexte d’entrevue d’enquête policière conduites. Cependant, les adolescents représentent une grande proportion des victimes potentielles. Notre compréhension des enjeux en lien avec les entrevues d’enquête réalisées auprès des adolescents est limitée, alors qu’il est bien établi dans la documentation scientifique qu’ils se distinguent des enfants sur le plan développemental. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner les différences quant au déroulement des entrevues d’enquête entre les enfants et les adolescents victimes d’agression sexuelle. Le premier article vise à comparer les entrevues d’enquête quant aux types de questions utilisées par les enquêteurs, aux types de réponses fournies par les victimes et aux liens entre ces deux éléments dans le but d’examiner la dynamique de l’entrevue en fonction du groupe d’âge. Vingt-deux transcriptions d’entrevues d’enfants âgés de 7 à 10 ans ont été codifiées et comparées à vingt-deux transcriptions d’entrevues d’adolescents âgés de 13 à 16 ans. Les résultats révèlent des structures d’échange différentes entre les enquêteurs et les victimes d’agression sexuelle selon l’âge. En effet, il est observé que les enquêteurs utilisent plus fréquemment des questions suggestives avec les adolescents, et ce, même à la suite de réponses qui fournissent des détails sur l’événement d’agression sexuelle de la part des victimes. Cette dynamique dans les interactions est susceptible de nuire à la qualité de l’entrevue étant donné les risques associés à l’utilisation de questions suggestives pour interroger les victimes (p. ex., contradiction dans le discours, détails erronés). Le deuxième article vise également à comparer les types de questions utilisées par les enquêteurs et les réponses des victimes en fonction de l’âge, mais en considérant la spécificité des réponses des mineurs (qualité des réponses) et les diverses catégories d’informations relatives à l’infraction (actions et parties du corps, contexte de l’agression sexuelle, autres victimes potentielles et témoins, référents internes). La méthodologie est la même que celle utilisée dans l’article 1. Les résultats suggèrent une utilisation plus fréquente des questions suggestives par les enquêteurs avec les adolescents en ce qui concerne les informations liées au contexte de l’agression sexuelle, alors qu’ils énoncent plus souvent des invitations auprès des enfants lorsque les informations se rapportent aux référents internes (émotions et interprétations). Pour ce qui est de la qualité des réponses, les adolescents fournissent une plus grande proportion de réponses élaborées en lien avec les informations portant sur le contexte de l’agression sexuelle, sur les autres victimes potentielles et les témoins ainsi que sur les référents internes. Les contributions de cette thèse seront discutées compte tenu des résultats observés dans les deux articles. En effet, il semble que les enquêteurs utilisent une grande proportion de questions suggestives auprès des adolescents, mais aussi de façon générale lors des entrevues avec les mineurs. De plus, les adolescents victimes ont de meilleures capacités pour rapporter des informations plus détaillées relatives à l’infraction (contexte de l’agression sexuelle, autres victimes potentielles et témoins, référents internes). Par ailleurs, en ce qui a trait aux implications, il est important que les enquêteurs aient accès à des formations et des suivis post-formation afin de mieux connaître les enjeux développementaux des adolescents et dans le but d’adopter des pratiques optimales lors des entrevues, notamment une utilisation plus fréquente des invitations. Actuellement, des protocoles d’entrevue non suggestive pour interroger les enfants, de même que les adultes, sont existants afin de guider les policiers dans la conduite de leurs entrevues. Cependant, le développement ou l’adaptation d’un protocole pour la conduite des entrevues spécifiquement auprès des adolescents victimes d’agression sexuelle s’avère pertinent. Finalement, concernant les avenues de recherches futures, il demeure essentiel de mieux comprendre le contexte d’utilisation des questions suggestives, ainsi que le vécu des adolescents et des policiers lors des entrevues d’enquête. / Over the past 25 years, most studies have documented children’s abilities to report sexual abuse under the age of 12 years old in a police investigative interview setting. However, adolescents represent a large proportion of potential sexual abuse victims. Our understanding of the challenges related to investigative interviewing conducted with adolescents is limited. This proves to be the case even when it is clearly stated in literature that adolescents are developmentally distinct from children. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to compare investigative interviews conducted with children and adolescents victims of sexual abuse. The first article compares the investigative interviews between children and adolescents victims of sexual abuse in accordance with the types of questions used by the investigators, the types of responses given by the victims, and the relationship between the two elements in order to examine the dynamics of the interview. Twenty-two interview transcripts of children aged 7-10 years of age were coded and compared to twenty-two interview transcripts of adolescents aged 13-16 years of age. The results revealed different interviewing process according to age. It has been observed that interviewers use suggestive questions more frequently with adolescents, even following responses from victims that provide details about the sexual abuse event. This dynamic in the interactions is likely to affect the quality of the interview given the risks associated with using suggestive questions to interview victims (e.g., contradiction in the narrative, incorrect details). The second article also aims to compare the types of questions used by investigators and victims' responses according to age, but considering the specificity of minors' responses (quality of responses) and different categories of offense-related information covered (actions and body parts, sexual abuse context, other potential victims and witnesses, internal referents). The methodology is the same as the one used in article 1. The results suggest a more frequent use of suggestive questions with adolescents regarding information related to the sexual abuse context, whereas they use more often invitations with children when the information relates to internal referents (emotions and interpretations). In terms of quality of the responses, adolescents provide a greater proportion of elaborated responses for the information related to sexual abuse context, other potential victims and witnesses, and internal referents. The contributions of this thesis will be discussed in light of the results observed in the two articles. Indeed, it appears that investigators use a large proportion of suggestive questions with adolescents, but also in general during interviews with minors. Moreover, adolescent victims report more detailed information regarding different types of offense-related information (context of the sexual abuse, other potential victims and witnesses, internal referents). Furthermore, from a practical point of view, it is important that investigators have access to training and post-training follow-ups in order to better understand the developmental issues of adolescents and to adopt optimal practices during interviews, notably a more frequent use of invitations. Currently, non-suggestive interview protocols for interviewing children and adults are available to guide police officers in conducting their interviews. Thus, the development or the adaptation of a protocol for conducting interviews with adolescent victims of sexual abuse is relevant. Finally, for future research, it remains essential to better understand the context in which suggestive questions are used, as well as the experiences of adolescents and police officers during investigative interviews.

Sexual conflict is a term that describes the situation where traits can experience opposing selection pressures in the two sexes. Theory suggests this conflict exists in all organisms with separate sexes, and specific chromosome clusters which are possibly sexually antagonistic have been identified in the species Drosophila melanogaster. One of all identified genes is CG3598, which have proved yielding higher fitness for males carrying allele A2 on this gene compared to A1. In this study, factors which contribute to the difference in fitness between these two alleles, with regards to sperm competition and mating success were observed. A double mating design was used, in which males and females were placed in test tubes together in order to examine the number of copulations and the defensive (P1) and offensive (P2) ability of sperm. The relative fitness of males carrying A1 did not differ from males carrying A2, which rejects previous studies, however, A2 had a higher defensive capability compared to A1. On the other hand, A1 instead had better offensive capability and higher amount of rematings. This indicates that the defensive capability of A2 is very strong and opposes the offensive capability of A1, but also the increased rate of rematings in A1. To get a more precise understanding of the fitness relation between A1 and A2 on the gene CG3598, further experiments would need to be performed on the subject. / Sexuell konflikt är ett begrepp som beskriver förhållandet där egenskaper upplever olika selektionstryck beroende på kön. Teorier finns om att den här konflikten existerar i alla organismer med olika kön, och i arten Drosophila melanogaster har det identifierats specifika kromosomkluster som har möjlighet att bidra till sexuell konflikt. En utav alla identifierade gener är CG3598 som har påvisats ge en högre fitness för hanar bärande allel A2 på denna gen jämfört med allel A1. I den här studien undersöks bakomliggande faktorer till skillnaden i fitness mellan dessa två alleler, med avseende på spermiekonkurrens och parningsframgång. Genom en dubbel parningsdesign, där hanar och honor placerades tillsammans i rör undersöktes den defensiva spermieförmågan (P1), den offensiva förmågan (P2) och antal parningar. Den relativa fitnessen hos hanar med A1 skiljde sig inte från A2, vilket motsäger tidigare studier. Däremot var den defensiva förmågan högre för A2 och A1 hade istället högre offensiv förmåga samt en högre andel omparningar. Detta indikerar att A2 har en stark defensiv förmåga som motsätter den offensiva förmågan i A1 men också möjligheten till fler omparningar. För att få en mer precis uppfattning skulle ytterligare experiment behöva utföras då det i denna studie var en väldigt låg andel hanar som parade sig jämfört med vad som förväntas.

Jusqu’à présent, très peu d’études sur les auteures de violences ont considéré l’acte délinquant comme partie intégrante d’une trajectoire criminelle ; plutôt, les études se sont bornées à dresser leur processus de passage à l’acte de manière isolée. Pourtant, nombre d’entre elles commettent de multiples délits et ont, à proprement parler, une trajectoire criminelle. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer et comprendre les trajectoires criminelles des auteures de délits de violents, et plus particulièrement leur début et leur évolution. Pour ce faire, nous avons approché l’agir violent comme le phénomène émergent de la rencontre entre des facteurs externes, à travers les circonstances de vie et internes, à travers la subjectivité individuelle. Pour mener à bien notre objectif, nous avons rencontré 40 personnes incarcérées en France, auprès de qui ont été réalisés des entretiens exploratoires et semi directifs jumelés à des cartes de vie. Cette méthodologie est apparue comme la plus pertinente pour saisir pleinement l'évolution des trajectoires criminelles, les changements dans les circonstances de vie des auteures de violences, leur subjectivité et l'émergence leur violence. Notre thèse a mis en évidence plusieurs résultats. D’abord, nous nous sommes penchées sur l’histoire de vie des participantes à notre étude, laquelle se révèle jallonnée d’embuches qui ont mené à l’établissement de vulnérabilités (Chapitre III). A ce stade, les auteures de violences se distinguaient peu. L’étude des caractéristiques de leurs délits à en revanche permis d’identifier trois parcours de délinquance différents, dont deux trajectoires (Chapitre IV). D’abord, un parcours de délinquance isolé, où l’acte criminel est unique. Ensuite, une trajectoire spécialisée, avec la commission de plusieurs infractions d’une même nature. Enfin, une trajectoire diversifiée, avec la commission d’infractions de nature diverse. Nous avons ensuite identifié la transition composée d’événements affectifs, cognitifs, comportementaux et contextuels menant à l’émergence de la violence (Chapitre V). L’agir violent apparaît en effet être le résultat d’un mode d’adaptation inadéquat à un ressenti négatif engendré par un changement dans les circonstances de vie, favorisé par un état d’intoxication, l’accumulation de ressentis négatifs antérieurs non évacués et par l’accroissement de vulnérabilités issues d’une trajectoire de vie globalement difficile. Nos résultats montrent également que les auteures de violences mettent en avant d’autres événements comme constituant des points tournants dans leur parcours de vie. Accorder une place de choix à la subjectivité de nos participantes a permis d'offrir une compréhension plus riche et plus précise de leur discours mais aussi de l'émergence de leur comportement violent. Finalement, il ne nous a pas été possible d’identifier, comme nous le souhaitions, comment évoluaient les modalités de commission des délits et quels facteurs étaient responsables de ces évolutions, en raison de la forte non reconnaissance des auteures de violences (Chapitre VI). Il est en effet apparu que ces dernières reconnaissaient peu leur implication et leur responsabilité dans les faits pour lesquels elles ont été condamnées. L’étude de leur discours a permis de mettre en avant deux versants de tactiques de présentation de soi visant à se désapproprier leurs délits. Les implications théoriques sont également discutées. / Until recently, very few studies dedicated to female violent or sexual offenders have considered the offense as part of a criminal path. To date, the fact that offending by a woman can evolve and repeat under different conditions over the series of assaults has never been considered by studies on offense process studies. However, many female offenders commit multiple offenses that are part of a criminal path. This thesis aim to explore and understand the criminal paths of women who committed physically violent and/or sexual offenses, and this, paying special attention to the beginning and the evolution of this path. The perspective adopted here allows us to approach violent offense as an emerging phenomenon resulting from external factors (through local life circumstances) and internal causes (through individual subjectivity). The data used is based on 40 female violent offenders incarcerated in France with whom we conducted exploratory and semi- directed interviews twinned with life map calendars. This methodology seems to be the best option to fully understand the development of offending, the changes appearing in local life circumstances and in offending, the subjectivity of these women as well as the offense process. Our thesis highlighted many results. Firstly, we traced the life history of the participants to our study, which appeared to be full of challenges that led to a lot of vulnerabilities (Chapter III). At this stage, the female violent offenders appeared to be a homogenous group. The study of the characteristics of their offenses enabled us to identify three deliquent paths including two trajectories (Chapter IV). First, an isolated offending path with a single criminal act. Secondly, a more specialised trajectory with the repetition of criminal acts of the same nature. And lastly, a diversified trajectory with a multiplicity of infractions. We then identified a transition towards the emergence of violence made of, affective, cognitive, behavioural and contextual components (Chapter V). Violent action appeared to be the result of an inadequate adaptation to negative affects caused by a change in life circonstances, favored by intoxication, the accumulation of anterior negative affects that have not been evacuated and by the increase of vulnerabilities coming from a globaly difficult life history. Our results also show that female violent offenders emphasise other events as constitutive of turning points in their life. To allow for more subjectivity from our participants, enabled us to have a richer and more precise understanding of their testimony and also of the emergence of their violent behaviour. Finally, it wasn’t possible to identify, as we aimed to, how the offending modalities were evolving and what factors were responsible for this evolution beacause of the high propensity of female offenders to refuse to acknowledge their crimes (Chapter VI). Indeed, it appeared that the female offenders were very little inclined to acknowledge their involvement and their responsability in the crimes for which they were convicted. The study of their testimony put forward two parts of a strategy consisting of presenting themselves in a way that disassociated them with their crimes.

Omissions in Crimial Law Abstract The submitted thesis represents a relatively comprehensive, and given the contemporary state of the domestic criminal law theory, also a quite complex elaboration of questions associated with the phenomenon of omission in criminal law. From my point of view, the text itself deals with all significant problems related to criminal liability for omissive conduct. This concerns in particular the subject matter associated with the institution of omission within the doctrine of substantive criminal law, the term of omission in criminal law and the reason and historical evolution of criminalization of omission. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the individual types of criminal omissions and questions associated therewith, including a note of the differences between the traditional dual distinction on the one hand and the newer triple distinction of criminal omissions on the other, while comprising the emphasis of shortcomings of the traditional approach and the advantages of the newer concept. Saying that, in the most part the thesis focuses on the newer approach towards criminal liability for omission and it describes the foundation points thereof in great detail, since I consider it to be the key subject of this dissertation. I also comment on the very important subject of...