Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung besteht aus sechs Hauptpunkten. Nach der Einleitung (I.) zum Thema, werden unter II. verschiedene Begriffe definiert und die Inhalte gegenüber verwandten Gebieten abgegrenzt. Als dritter Hauptpunkt (III.) folgt eine Untersuchung zu den klassischen Typologien der Pflichtenkollisionen. Dieses Thema wurde in der Vergangenheit in der Theologie und Philosophie immer wieder breit diskutiert. Unter IV. werden die Pflichtenkollisionen im lukanischen Doppelwerk untersucht. Diese exegetische Analyse soll aufzeigen, wie Jesus und die Apostel solchen Situationen begegnen und damit umgegangen sind. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch die Frage nach möglicher Schuld, als Konsequenz, untersucht. Der fünfte Hauptpunkt (V.) beschäftigt sich mit dem richtigen Verhalten in Pflichtenkollisionen. Einerseits wird die Position des Autors näher begründet und andererseits ein Vorschlag für eine Wertreihenfolge als Richtschnur im Konfliktfall angeboten. Im letzten Teil (VI.) werden die Erkenntnisse der Untersuchung auf sieben konkreten Fälle von Pflichtenkollisionen aus der Gemeinde und der Geschäftswelt praktisch angewendet. / This analysis consists of six main sections. Following the introduction of the theme (I), various terms are defined (II), and the contents are distinguished from related topics, with pertinent reasons given. The third (III) section consists of the results of my research on the classic typologies of conflicting duties. In the past, this subject has been widely discussed in the theological and philosophical circles. In the fourth (IV) section, conflicting duties are examined in light of Luke's writings. The goal of this exegetic analysis is to show how Jesus and the apostles met such situations, and how they dealt with them. In connection with this topic, the question of possible guilt, as a consequence, is researched. The fifth (V) section deals with proper behaviour toward conflicting duties. On one hand, the position of the author is established, and on the other hand a proposal is offered for a prioritization of values as a guiding principle in conflict situations. In the last section (VI), the findings of the research are applied practically to seven concrete examples of conflicting duties within the church and society. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological Ethics)

L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prix. / The purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application.

No description available.

South African company law is currently the object of comprehensive review. One o f the areas under scrutiny is that of corporate governance. Control over management is vital in the interests of the company itself, its shareholders and its creditors. Effective accountability should be balanced against the need to allow those who manage a certain measure of freedom and discretion in the exercise of their function. Company directors are subject to various duties. This thesis concentrates on their fiduciary obligation. It is suggested that this sui generis obligation is owed to the company as a separate entity. Interests of other groups may sometimes merit con­ sideration. Against the background o f a com parative investigation, a "corporate opportunity" is defined as any property or economic opportunity to which the com­ pany has a claim. South African law protects a company’s claim to an opportunity if it is in the company’s line of business and if the company has justifiably been relying upon the director(s) to acquire it or to assist in its acquisition for the company. The application of established fiduciary principles suffice to resolve corporate opportunity matters. Essentially the application o f these rules amount to a determination whether the director has complied with his fundamental duty to act in the company’s best interests. There seems to be no need for a separate doctrine of corporate opportunities.' A director should only be absolved from liability on account of the company’s inability to pursue an opportunity or its rejection by the company if there was no real conflict of interest. The appropriation of corporate opportunities should not be ratifiable, both because the ratification constitutes a fraud on the minority, and because the decision to ratify cannot be regarded as being in the interests of the company. The relationship between the appropriation of corporate opportunities, misuse of confidential information and competition is investigated. These aspects fre­ quently overlap, but should be distinguished because their bases, and accordingly their appropriate remedies, may differ. Effective control may benefit by a restatement of directors’ fiduciary duties in the Companies Act. To this end certain amendments to the Act are recommended. / Mercantile Law / LLD

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Small and medium enterprises have an important role to play in the South African economy. The success of SME’s will lead to economic growth, that will play a major role in reducing unemployment in South Africa. It will also be the main driver for black economic empowerment. As elsewhere in the world one of the main problems that SME’s face is the need for finance and access to finance. Banks play a major role in providing finance to SME’s by providing different forms of finance to SME’s. The finance that the shareholders / directors can access in their personal capacity plays a critical role in the provision of finance to SME’s. Banks will require security when advancing credit facilities and the security that is offered by the shareholders / directors play an important role in the decision of banks to advance credit. The risk that the banks carry when granting credit facilities to SME’s is reduced when personal suretyships of the directors / shareholders are required. The personal assets of the shareholders / directors are used as security to obtain credit facilities for the SME’s. If the SME’s should fail, the banks will liquidate the personal assets of the directors / shareholders to settle the credit facilities that were granted to the SME’s. Customers are not aware of the dangers when signing surety. Banks have fiduciary duties towards their customers to inform them of any risks and what possible solutions might exist that will minimize the adverse financial effect of such risk consequences. If the surety should die, the bank will have the option to liquidate the assets of the sureties to settle the debts of the entities for which the surety has signed personal surety. Life cover can be affected on the lives of the sureties that will provide the necessary liquidity to settle the debts of the entities without the bank having to liquidate the personal assets of the sureties. Consumer protection has become widespread where the phrase caveat emptor has been replaced by caveat vendor – let the seller be aware. In addition to this the South African Government has also enacted legislation that banks have to adhere to that will lead to customers making informed decisions. The National Credit and the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Acts have been introduced to afford the customer more protection. The banking industry has adopted the Code of Banking Practice which places responsibility on the banks to fully disclose all risks to their customers. It is especially the surety, the person that provides security for the debts of others that now enjoys increased protection. The National Credit Act affords a surety the same protection as the principal debtor and the Code of Banking Practice also contains very specific references with regards to sureties. Banks have become a business and the traditional notion that holds that business ethics and absolute adherence to legislation, industry codes and its own code of ethics will have an adverse effect on business, no longer holds. Many reasons have been given by ABSA Bank as to why the financial planners of ABSA Brokers should not be part and parcel of each transaction where credit facilities are extended to their customers. The reality however is that the Financial Planners must be made part of the process when credit facilities are extended. The Financial Planners must provide a financial needs analysis to the customer that will enable the customer to make an informed decision as to whether to implement life cover or not. By making the financial planners part of the process ABSA Business Bank will ensure adherence to legislation, industry codes and most importantly, it will fulfill the fiduciary duty that it has towards its customers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klein en medium ondernemings (KMO’s) speel ‘n belangrike rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Die sukses van klein en medium ondernemings sal lei tot ekonomiese groei, wat sal bydra tot ‘n afname in werkloosheid in Suid Afrika. Dit sal ook die hoof drywer wees van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging. Soos elders in die wêreld is een van die hoofprobleme wat deur KMO’s in die gesig gestaar word die behoefte aan finansiering en die toegang tot finansiering. Banke speel ‘n belangrike rol in die verskaffing van finansiering deurdat finansiering in verskeie vorme aan KMO’s beskikbaar gestel word. Die finansiering wat aandeelhouers / direkteure in hulle persoonlike hoedanigheid kan bekom speel ‘n kritieke rol in die verskaffing van finansiering aan KMO’s. Banke vereis sekuriteit wanneer kredietfasiliteite beskikbaar gestel word en die sekuriteit wat deur die aandeelhouers / direkteure aangebied word speel ‘n belangrike rol in die banke se besluit om krediet te verskaf. Die risiko’s wat banke loop wanneer kredietfasiliteite aan KMO’s beskikbaar gestel word, word verminder wanneer persoonlike borgskappe van aandeelhouers / direkteure vereis word. Die persoonlike bates van die aandeelhouers / direkteure word gebruik as sekuriteit om kredietfasiliteite vir KMO’s te bekom. Indien die KMO’s sou misluk, sal die banke die persoonlike bates van direkteure / aandeelhouers te gelde maak om die kredietfasiliteite wat aan die KMO’s beskikbaar gestel was af te los. Kliënte is nie bewus van die gevare wat hulle loop wanneer hulle borgskappe verleen nie. Banke het fidusiêre pligte teenoor hulle kliënte om hulle in te lig aangaande enige risiko’s en watter moontlike oplossings daar bestaan wat enige nadelige finansiële gevolge sal beperk. Indien die borggewer tot sterwe sou kom, het die bank die opsie om die bates van die borggewer te gelde te maak om die skulde te delg van die entiteite waarvoor die borggewers persoonlike sekuriteite verskaf het. Lewensdekking kan aangegaan word op die lewe van die borggewers wat die nodige likiditeit sal verskaf om die skulde van die entiteite te delg sonder dat die persoonlike bates van die borggewers te gelde gemaak hoef te word. Verbruikersbeskerming geniet hedendaags voorrang waar die frase 'caveat emptor' - laat die koper op sy hoede wees - vervang is deur 'caveat vendor' – laat die verkoper bedag wees. Hiermee saam het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering ook wetgewing in plek gestel waaraan banke moet voldoen wat daartoe sal lei dat kliënte ingeligte besluite kan neem. Die Nasionale Kredietwet en die Finansiële Adviseurs- en Tussengangerswet is in werking gestel om meer beskerming aan die verbruiker te verleen. Die bank industrie het ook die Kode van Bankpraktyk aanvaar wat groter verantwoordelikhede op banke plaas om alle risiko’s ten volle aan hulle kliënte te openbaar. Dit is veral die borggewer, die persoon wat sekuriteit verskaf vir die skulde van ander persone / entiteite wat groter beskerming geniet. Die Nasionale Kredietwet bied aan die borggewer dieselfde beskerming as die hoofskuldenaar en die Kode van Bankpraktyk bevat ook spesifieke verwysing na die regte van borggewers. Bankwese het ‘n besigheid geraak en die tradisionele siening dat sake etiek en streng onderworpenheid aan wetgewing, industrie kodes en banke se eie etiese kodes ‘n negatiewe effek op besigheid sal hê, dra nie meer water nie. Verskeie redes is al deur ABSA Bank aangevoer oor hoekom die finansiële beplanners van ABSA Makelaars nie deel moet wees van elke transaksie waar krediet aan kliënte verleen word nie. Die realiteit is egter dat die finansiële beplanners deel van die proses gemaak moet word. Die finansiële beplanners moet ‘n finansiële behoefte ontleding aan die kliënt beskikbaar stel wat die kliënt in staat sal stel om ‘n ingeligte besluit te neem om lewensdekking te implementeer al dan nie. Deur die finansiële beplanners deel van die proses te maak verseker ABSA Besigheidsbank nakoming aan wetgewing en industrie kodes. Wat egter meer belangrik is, is dat die bank dan ook sy fidusiêre plig wat die bank teenoor sy kliënte het, sal nakom.

Ce mémoire vise à analyser l’importance du cosmopolitisme dans la pensée de Cicéron. Dans l’introduction, nous présentons d’abord une histoire de la réhabilitation de Cicéron en tant que philosophe et une chronologie de la pensée cosmopolite. La deuxième partie consiste en une analyse de trois textes de Cicéron : De Finibus, De Officiis et De Re Publica, pour trouver une réponse à notre problématique. La conclusion qui sort de cette analyse est que Cicéron a toujours effectué un compromis entre le cosmopolitisme et l’appartenance à une communauté locale, sans prendre catégoriquement un parti, même si son coeur penche davantage vers Rome. Nous avons mis en parallèle ce compromis avec l’ambiguïté de Cicéron quant à la problématique des genres de vie. Ce parallélisme montre que la tension entre cosmopolitisme et appartenance à une communauté locale n’est qu’un cas particulier d’une ambiguïté plus générale des oeuvres de Cicéron, envers la philosophie. / The goal of this thesis is to study the significance of the ideology of cosmopolitanism in Cicero’s philosophical works. In the introduction, we present a history of the rehabilitation of Cicero the philosopher and a chronology of cosmopolitan thought. In the second part we analyse three texts of Cicero: De Finibus, De Officiis and De Re Publica, in search of passages pertaining to cosmopolitanism. From this analysis, we must conclude that Cicero always compromises between cosmopolitanism and his sense of belonging to a local community, even if he is a fervent Roman patriot. Similar to this compromise is the ambiguous answer of Cicero to the problem of which is the best way of life: the political or philosophical life. This similarity informs us that the tension between cosmopolitanism and patriotism is just a special case of a more general ambiguity present in Cicero’s work, toward philosophy itself.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise s’intéresse au sujet de la citoyenneté telle que vue par treize personnalités musulmanes influentes du Québec. Ces personnes sont largement impliquées dans différentes sphères des affaires publiques, telles que religieuse, politique, communautaire, académique et économique. L’objectif de l’étude qualitative de ces entrevues de type ouvert est de comprendre comment ces personnes perçoivent leur citoyenneté et les expériences personnelles sociales qui influencent leurs visions respectives à partir de la sémantique de leur articulation de la relation de la foi musulmane avec la notion de citoyenneté. Le contenu de ces entrevues a été soumis à une analyse de discours et nous en avons ressorti « une théorie de la citoyenneté chez les musulmans du Québec » basée sur des définitions différentes de la citoyenneté : une citoyenneté qui est « à part entière » en contradiction avec une autre de « seconde zone » ou de « seconde classe », toutes les deux définies par un ensemble de droits et de devoirs. Cette logique de définition de la citoyenneté se justifie par un cumul d’identités durant la trajectoire personnelle de chacun en faisant intervenir ses priorités et ses préoccupations courantes tout en trouvant sa source d’inspiration dans l’islam. La nationalité canadienne/québécoise se complète par l’islam comme mode de vie au sein de cette définition de la citoyenneté, selon cette même logique, à l’intérieur d’une idéologie nationaliste canadienne. / We are focusing on the study of citizenship as seen by a group of influential Muslim people, extensively involved in public affairs in various fields: social, religion, politics, community and academic. This group of thirteen persons has been questioned in an open interview manner about citizenship with a goal to understand how they perceive their citizenship and which social experiences influence that vision and shape their position. The qualitative analysis using a discourse analysis methodology brings out a “Muslim Quebecers theory of citizenship” based on different definitions of citizenship: a "global citizenship" that is "full" at odds with one another labeled as "second class citizenship", both defined by a set of rights and duties. This logic of definition is defined by a set of identities cumulated during their personal experience and shaped by their current priorities as social actors. It has its roots in Islam as a spiritual referential. In other cases the citizenship is defined by the completion of the local Canadian/Quebecer nationality by Islam as a lifestyle within a Canadian nationalist ideology.

TITLE : Historical development Competencies of Managerial Staff in the Edication Sector in the years of 1855 till 1900. AUTHOR : Eva Krupková DEPARTMENT : School Management Center SUPERVISOR : PhDr. Václav Trojan, Ph.D. ABSTRAKT: This Diploma Thesis focused on the Historical development Competencies of Managerial Staff in the Education Sector in the years of 1855 till 1900 . The main focus of this Thesis is base on the analysis and critical evaluation of the determination as well on the outline of the skills of school employees in the given time period . In this Thesis , I will explain school managers' requirements which are imposed for each of individual types of school as well how the responsibilities and competences' of school managers had changed . Objective of this final theses is very difficult . I am going to be focusing on the basic detail analysis of all functions done by the school principle which has to be accomplish . As well the school principle should take in consideration all suggestions by his/her leaders of given school. I will clarify concepts that are used in the old Austrian law for all changes which influenced control of school teachers and all administrative staff which all was in control of the Managerial Staff (School Director) . This Thesis is based on an analysis of information...

The topic of shareholder's duty of loyalty is an important aspect for the definition of most of the duties and obligations of the capital company members. Therefore, it is also very popular topic for the authors of professional literature, who tend to be interested in systematized distinction of the duties and obligations of the capital company members. Most authors, along with the jurisprudence, already admit considerable importance of principle of loyalty and consider it to be the rule of interpretation appropriate for its application to the other duties and obligations of company members. The principle of loyalty, having a regulatory function, may fill in particular gaps in the statutory regulation. As a derogatory rule it may avoid the application of other rules that would lead to unfair decisions. This work aims to demonstrate the possibility of application of the principle of loyalty in practice. The thesis is divided into two main parts, the first is meant to clarify the place of the duty of loyalty in Czech law. It describes how was the existence of the duty of loyalty inferred before its regulation in new Civil Code. Next chapters of the first part are devoted to current applicable regulation. The second part of the theses focuses on particular examples in order to demonstrate the...

REŠOVSKÁ Radka: Participants of the civil proceedings. [Graduation theses] / Radka Rešovská - Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law. - Head of the Graduation theses: doc. JUDr. Alena Macková, Ph.D, Prague: PrF UK, 2011. The graduation theses deal with contemporary legal regulations of the civil proceeding participants. A big attention was dedicated to particular definitions of the participants within contentious and non-contentious proceedings. The presumptions are being analysed of which a certain person can become the participant in proceedings and the presumptions of which the participant in proceedings is legitimated to act on his/her own behalf in the trial. Object of theses are also different kinds of representation of the participants, i.e. representation at law, representation at judicial decision or representation under the power of attorney. A relevant part of theses is characteristics of the principle of equality which is reflected in status of participants of the civil proceedings and is a part of the right of due process. A body of the fundamental procedural rights and duties of participants is being presented which constitute the content of procedural relations realized by this way. Attention is concentrated on joinder of participants which are being...