Business Analytics används idag i ökad grad i organisationer som grund till beslutsfattande. Ett av villkoren för att kunna använda sig av Business Analytics för att utföra analyser av data från olika källor är att det finns interoperabilitet mellan dem. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om det är möjligt att skapa en IT-artefakt som kan hämta data ifrån flertalet XML-dokument med olika struktur för att uppnå semantisk interoperabilitet och på så vis möjliggöra för Business Analytics. Med olika struktur menar vi att benämningarna på taggarna skiljer sig språkmässigt men har samma semantiska betydelse. Lösningen skapas genom forskningsstrategin Design Science vilket innebär att en IT-artefakt utvecklas som kunskapsbidrag, och visar att en implementation av en lösning är möjlig för de semantiska problem vi identifierat. Resultatet av utvecklingen är en flexibel IT-artefakt där en användare kan koppla samman och hämta data från XML-filer med olika struktur. Denna sammankoppling skapas genom att användaren själv kan bygga upp och använda en ontologi med de ord som används som taggar i XML-filerna. Genom att använda ontologier på det här sättet visar vi med vår forskning att det är möjligt att uppnå semantisk interoperabilitet mellan XML-filer med olika struktur. Utifrån resultatet av den IT-artefakt vi skapar kan vi dra slutsatser om att det går att skapa en generell lösning för denna typ av problematik. / Today Business Analytics is becoming increasingly popular and is utilized by organizations to analyze data that is used as support for decision-making. Business Analytics requires that interoperability exists between the data sources used to gather and compile data for analysis to ensure that data can be correctly interpreted. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of creating an IT-artifact for querying several XML-documents consisting of various structures in order to achieve semantic interoperability, thus enabling Business Analytics. The structural differences considered in this report focuses on when XML-tags have been given different names that essentially have the same semantic meaning. The research strategy Design Science has been used when creating the solution. As a result of the research strategy the knowledge contribution is an IT-artifact. The IT-artifact is a Proof of concept that demonstrates a possible implementation of a solution that handles the semantic problems identified in this report. The result of the development is a flexible application that users can utilize to gather data from XML-files with different structures. This is made possible by letting the user create an ontology containing the tag names from the XML-files. By using ontologies like this we have given proof that it is possible to accomplish interoperability between XML-files with different structures. The conclusion that can be drawn from the development of the IT-artifact is that it is possible to create a general solution for the identified problem.

The cave Stora Förvar, excavated in the end of the 19th century, yielded a vast archaeological assemblage, providing great insight into the stone-age occupation of Stora Karlsö, an island a few kilometers off the west coast of Gotland. The bones of around ten humans dating to the Mesolithic have previously been identified among the four tons of faunal remains recovered from the cave. The human bone material featured cut-marks and split tubular bones. This, along with the apparent mixing of human- and animal bones in the cave, was interpreted as signs of anthropophagy. Later researchers have tentatively proposed that the individuals represented in the bone material might have been shamans, deviants, human sacrifices or low-status individuals. In the author’s opinion, this assertion is based on the dichotomies nature/culture and profane/sacred which produce a separation between the human bones and the animal bones. It is shown that defleshing and disarticulation were widespread practices during the Mesolithic, which could explain the marks found on the bones from Stora Förvar. Similarly, the mixing of human- and animal remains is a common feature of many Mesolithic sites across Europe. Employing a theoretical framework inspired by posthumanism and the ‘ontological turn’, the author argues that the assemblage should be understood through an alternative ontological premise where human and animal, hunter and prey, were not regarded as fundamentally different.

This essay tries to find a possible way for us to deal with the questions concerning climate change by looking into an alternative conception of being. One can speak of the ongoing climate change as a crisis that concerns all of human kind and all beings on earth, but how can we fight it together? The situation demands us to re-think how we humans exist together and among other beings. Despite that the situation calls for instant and radical action, we seem unwilling to do enough. We get stuck on questions about who should take action: is it the politicians or each one alone, or is there something in between? By looking more deeply into the concept of Mitsein as Martin Heidegger depicts it in Being and Time, Jean-Luc Nancy brings to light a possible way past the problematic thought of Heidegger. Nancy shows us in Being Singular Plural that Heideggers exposition on Mitsein is a mere sketch when considering the full potential of the concept. By determining Mitsein as being fundamentally-ontologically originary and anterior to the individuation of Dasein, Nancy opens up a whole new field of thought. According to Nancy, the existential analytic has to begin with something like a ”co-existential analytic”, which will draw the lines for how we exist being-with. With a concept like being singular plural and his way of conceptualizing meaning, Nancy might give us some possible tools to cope with our situation today. Nancys actuality is confirmed by the ecological philosopher Mick Smith, who emphasizes the demand for a new approach towards nature and what it means to be. Smith adds to the essay a glimpse of an emerging philosophical discourse about the thought of an ecological community, where the concept of being singular plural could possibly play a central part.

<p>Sweden has an enormous treasure in its vast number of large-scale historical maps from a period of 400 years made for different purposes, that we call map series. The maps are also very time and regional dependent with respect to their concepts. A large scanning project by Lantmäteriverket will make most of these maps available as raster images. In many disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, like history, human geography and archaeology, historical maps are of great importance as a source of information. They are used frequently in different studies for a variety of problems. A full and systematic analyse of this material from a database perspective has so far not been conducted. During the last decade or two, it has been more and more common to use data from historical maps in GIS-analysis. In this thesis a novel approach to model these maps is tested. The method is based on the modelling of each map series as its own ontology, thus focusing on the unique concepts of each map series. The scope of this work is a map series covering the province of Gotland produced during the period 1693-1705. These maps have extensive text descriptions concerned with different aspects of the mapped features. Via a code marking system they are attached to the maps. In this thesis a semantic analysis and an ontology over all the concepts found in the maps and text descriptions are presented. In our project we model the maps as close to the original structure as possible with a very data oriented view. Furthermore; we demonstrate how this ontology can be used as a conceptual schema for a logical E/R database schema. The Ontology is described in terms of the Protégé meta-model and the E/R schema in UML. The mapping between the two is a set of elementary rules, which are easy for a human to comprehend, but hard to automate. The E/R schema is implemented in a demonstration system. Examples of some different applications which are feasibly to perform by the system are presented. These examples go beyond the traditional use of historical maps in GIS today</p>

The thesis investigates how the notion of ‘ontology’ has been used in the field of medical informatics and knowledge representation. Partly to investigate what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent and what requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. The author studies the already existing medical terminologies and ‘ontologies’ to elucidate what theories they are based on. The terminological theories of Eugen Wüster and his legacy in medical informatics are studied. It is noted that terminological theories handling linguistic entities are not suited for describing and representing medical theories, since these are assumed to refer to the real world, which consists of more than linguistics entities. In order to find a metaphysical theory in accordance with the world view that medical theories describe, the author turn to the critical realism of Karl Popper, Roy Bhaskar and Ilkka Niiniluoto. These theories, taken together with the metaphysical theories regarding universals of David M Armstrong and Ingvar Johansson, are used as a basis to find out what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent, and what criteria and requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. Among the requirements presented in the thesis are stability, interoperability and the requirement that a good ‘ontology’ must be in accordance with our best available theories. Finally, it is discussed how these requirements and criteria can come into conflict with one another, and how one should reason when handling these trade-offs. The author emphasises the importance of including the medical expertise in the process of creating ‘ontologies’, in order to produce as useful and relevant ‘ontologies’ as possible. / Avhandlingen undersöker hur begreppet ’ontology’ används inom den medicinska informatiken och kunskapsrepresentation. Dels ämnar avhandlingen att utreda vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera och dels vilka krav man kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Utifrån historiska studier av redan existerande medicinska terminologier och ontologier studeras vilka teorier som ligger till grund för dessa. Bland annat studeras Eugen Wüsters teorier rörande terminologi och hur dennes efterföljare inom medicinsk informatik ser ut. Författaren konstaterar att terminologiska teorier som behandlar språkliga entiteter inte är lämpliga för att beskriva och representera medicinska teorier, då dessa antas handla om en verklighet bestående av mer än språkliga entiteter. För att hitta en metafysisk teori som stämmer överens med den världsbild som de medicinska teorierna beskriver, vänder sig författaren till Karl Poppers, Ilkka Niiniluotos och Roy Bhaskars syn på kritisk realism, vad det gäller vetenskapliga teorier. Detta tillsammans David M Armstrongs och Ingvar Johanssons metafysiska teorier rörande immanent realism och universalia, används som grund för att försöka analysera vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera, och vilka krav vi kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Bland de krav som presenteras i avhandlingen finns stabilitet, interoperabilitet och kravet på att en god ’ontology’ ska vara i enlighet med de bästa tillgängliga vetenskapliga teorierna. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur dessa krav kan komma i konflikt med varandra, och hur man bör resonera när man hanterar dessa ’trade-offs’. Författaren poängterar vikten av att man tar med medicinska expertisen i skapandeprocessen av ’ontologies’, för att man ska producera så användbara och relevanta ’ontologies’ som möjligt.

Vad vi framför är ett alternativ till idealismen och vi bemöter det ideella med relationell ontologi. Vi jämför Peter van Inwagen (2011), Bryan E. Bannon (2011), Achille Varzi (2016), Gil C. Santos (2015) och Robin Durie (2002) för att skapa en förståelse för vad relationell ontologi innebär. Vidare väljer vi att använda Andrew Benjamins (2015) definition för vidare struktur av vår teoretiska metod. Denna konkretisering menar på att vår tillblivelse är skapad utifrån relationer, ett utbyte mellan singulariteter, de punkterna som definierar en artefakt eller ett fenomen. Vidare analyserar vi analog skissteknik och applicerar den analysen och dess beståndsdelar på digitala tekniker som bildredigering och 3D modellering i vad vi kallar den Rhizo – Singulär analys som process metoden. Vad vi får ut är ett alternativt sätt att skapa vilket vi väljer att definiera som relationell avbildning, med detta utmanar vi idealismen och de ideella mönsterbilderna (Ohlsson, 2013). Med andra ord att vi förhåller oss till en öppenhet och de förvrängningar inom sinnes – världen utifrån Aristoteles och estetiken enligt Danius, Sjöholm, &amp; Wallenstein (2012). Vi diskuterar de val som vi gör i designprocessen och fortsätter att argumentera för öppna förhållningssätt och förståelse som vi hämtar och jämför från Benjamin (2015) och Deleuze &amp; Guattaris (1987) rhizomen. Undersökningen och den metoden vi skapar kan bli förstådd samt tillämpad i flertalet variationer. Slutgiltligen att den teoretiska metoden växer och förändras utav personer i en plural händelse vilket är Rhizo - Singulär analys som processmetoden. / We present an alternative to idealism and we meet the ideal with the concept of relational ontology. We compare Peter van Inwagen (2011), Bryan E. Bannon (2011), Achille Varzi (2016), Gil C. Santos (2015) and Robin Durie (2002) to create an understanding for what relational ontology is or could be. We choose Andrew Benjamin's (2015) definition to structure our theoretical method. This concretization means relations are fundamental for our becoming as people and objects. Relations are an exchange between singularities, the points which define an artefact or a phenomenon. Continually we analyze sketching techniques and apply that analysis and its components on digital techniques as photo editing and 3D modeling in what we call the Rhizo – Singular analysis as a process method. What we get from doing this is an alternative way of creating which we choose to define as a relational imaging, with this we challenge the idealism and the ideal pattern images (Ohlsson, 2013). In other words we approach to a openness and the material worlds distortions from Aristoteles and the aesthetics of Danius, Sjöholm, &amp; Wallenstein (2012). We discuss the choices that we have made in the design process. We continue to argue for the open approach, the understanding which we gain and compare from Benjamin (2015) as well as Deleuze &amp; Guattari’s (1987) rhizome. In other words the research, it's methods themselves can be understood and be applied in several variations. Finally the theoretical method grows and changes by people in a plural event that is Rhizo - Singular analysis as a process method.

Den här magisteruppsatsen förenar de tre områdena Svenska kyrkans ekonomiska historia, svensk lönebildningshistoria och Martin Heidegger. Jag hävdar inledningsvis att prästerskapets löner är den bästa utgångspunkten för en ekonomisk-historiker som vill ta sig an Svenska kyrkan, och konstaterar mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning om lönebildning på den svenska arbetsmarknaden att lönebegreppet i bristande utsträckning har bearbetats på den mikrohistoriska nivå jag väljer att kalla ”den mänskliga tillvarons nivå”. För att angripa denna nivå definierar jag lönebegreppet utifrån Martin Heideggers teori om människan och hennes möjligheter i den vardagliga världen. Med grund i Heideggers Vara och tid analyserar jag löneutbetalningarna i kontanter till kyrkoherden i Björklinge församling 1910-1932, samt prästgården som var knuten till tjänsten. Resultaten visar att Heideggers ontologi kan vara fruktbar att använda, men att tillämpbarheten vid empiriska studier ännu är begränsad, och att fortsatt teoretiskt arbete är nödvändigt. / This Master's thesis combines three fields of study, namely the economic history of the Church of Sweden, the Swedish history of wage development, and Martin Heidegger. Initially, I suggest that the wages of the clergy is the best starting point for an economic historian wishing to approach the study of the Church of Sweden. I conclude with regards to previous research on the subject of wage development on the Swedish labor market, that the term ”wage” has been dealt with to an unsatisfying degree on the microhistorical level I have opted to call ”the level of the human condition”. To approach this level I define the term ”wage” based on Martin Heidegger's theory about the human being and her possibilities in the everyday world. Starting out with Heidegger's Being and Time, I analyze the payment of cash wages to the vicar of Björklinge parish 1910-1932, as well as the parsonage tied to that position. The results show that the use of Heidegger's ontology can prove fruitful, though its applicability in matters of empirical studies is yet limited, and that continued theoretical work is needed.

Sweden has an enormous treasure in its vast number of large-scale historical maps from a period of 400 years made for different purposes, that we call map series. The maps are also very time and regional dependent with respect to their concepts. A large scanning project by Lantmäteriverket will make most of these maps available as raster images. In many disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, like history, human geography and archaeology, historical maps are of great importance as a source of information. They are used frequently in different studies for a variety of problems. A full and systematic analyse of this material from a database perspective has so far not been conducted. During the last decade or two, it has been more and more common to use data from historical maps in GIS-analysis. In this thesis a novel approach to model these maps is tested. The method is based on the modelling of each map series as its own ontology, thus focusing on the unique concepts of each map series. The scope of this work is a map series covering the province of Gotland produced during the period 1693-1705. These maps have extensive text descriptions concerned with different aspects of the mapped features. Via a code marking system they are attached to the maps. In this thesis a semantic analysis and an ontology over all the concepts found in the maps and text descriptions are presented. In our project we model the maps as close to the original structure as possible with a very data oriented view. Furthermore; we demonstrate how this ontology can be used as a conceptual schema for a logical E/R database schema. The Ontology is described in terms of the Protégé meta-model and the E/R schema in UML. The mapping between the two is a set of elementary rules, which are easy for a human to comprehend, but hard to automate. The E/R schema is implemented in a demonstration system. Examples of some different applications which are feasibly to perform by the system are presented. These examples go beyond the traditional use of historical maps in GIS today

Med sitt ofullbordade verk Le Visible et l’invisible påbörjade Maurice Merleau-Ponty formulerandet av en poetisk ontologi – en filosofi som sätter konsten i centrum för erfarenheten av Varat och som därmed går att förstå som en estetik. Uppsatsen undersöker Merleau-Pontys Le Visible et l’invisible som en estetik i den dubbla bemärkelsen av en teori om sinnlighetens relation till tänkandet och vilken betydelse konsten har för denna relation. I fokus är sinnlighetens öppenhet gentemot en värld bortom det enskilda subjektet, som detta subjekt står i kontakt med genom sin kroppslighet. Här undersöks hur konstens sinnliga idéer indirekt frambringar en erfarenhet av Varats osynliga lager, de latenta samband mellan Varats framträdelser som följer och bär upp det synliga, och hur konsten därmed kan sägas frambringa en ny sanning. Här undersöks hur dessa sinnliga idéer kommer till uttryck, vilka former de antar. Med det aktiveras frågan om konstverkets form och innehåll, uttryck och mening. Sinnligheten förstås som samtidig gräns och öppning, som plats för den händelse som skapar världen. / With his unfinished work Le Visible et l’invisible Maurice Merleau-Ponty began to formulate a poetic ontology – a philosophy that places art in center of the experience of Being, and which is therefore possible to understand as an aesthetics. The essay examines Le Visible et l’invisible as an aesthetics in the double sense as a theory of how perception relates to cognition and what impact the arts has to this relation. It focuses on the perception’s openness towards a world beyond the subject, a world that the subject is connected to through its corporeality. It examines how the sensuous ideas of the arts indirectly brings forth the experience of the invisible layers of Being, the latent connections that lines and supports the visible, and how the arts therefore can be said to bring forth a new truth. It examines how these sensuous ideas come into expression, which forms they take. With that the question about form and content, expression and meaning, of the art work is activated. Perception is understood as the simultaneous limit and opening, as the place of the event that creates the world.

This study focuses on the attitudes of museumgoers toward the exhibition of human remains in modern Swedish museums. More specifically, it deals with how their attitudes toward remains are shaped and informed by museums’ materiality and institutionalized authority, whether they think of remains as humans or objects, as well as how these dead bodies ultimately become culturally meaningful to us who are still alive. Through the use of ethnographic field methods including go-along interviews and participant observation, the behaviors and opinions of museumgoers are recorded. With the help of Emmanuel Levinas’ ethical phenomenology and Annemarie Mol’s theory of multiple ontology, the cultural background against which these attitudes have taken shape is examined. The study shows that museumgoers are generally positive toward the exhibition of human remains in museums—an attitude which is influenced by the history, scientific authority, and carefully designed materiality of the museum. Among the perceived benefits of exhibiting human remains, visitors cite the ability of the remains to arouse their curiosity and serve as links to the past, as well as provide material proof that validates the museum’s claims to knowledge. However, this positive attitude is dependent on whether the remains are treated and displayed with respect. This call to treat the dead respectfully can be seen as a universal reaction to the ”face-to-face encounter” as described by Emmanuel Levinas, but at the same time, museumgoers’ interpretation of respect is culturally contingent and heavily influenced by contemporary values such as individuality, scientific objectivity, and equality. Furthermore, the perceived need to treat remains respectfully is directly tied to the perceived humanity of the remains. This is in turn dependent on how close the remains are to us in terms of appearance and temporal distance. By focusing on museumgoers instead of professionals, and through using ethnographic fieldwork to note opinions and their cultural backgrounds, this study attempts to add a fresh perspective and new knowledge to what is currently one of the hottest debates in museology: whether remains even belong in museums. Further, by recognizing that no opinion is formed in a vacuum, the narrow question of displaying death can tell us something bigger about the norms and values of Sweden today.