Den här studien undersöker huruvida anställda i restaurangbranschen har kännedom och möjlighet att nyttja sina rättigheter. Studien har genomförts med ett medarbetarperspektiv. En kvalitativ undersökning genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna har olika befattningar och arbetsplatser, detta ger en helhetsbild av restaurangbranschen. Huvudfokus vid intervjutillfällena har varit dygns- och veckovila, samt betald semester. Resultatet visar både likheter och skillnader mellan respondenternas upplevelser. En del respondenter hade tidigare reflekterat över frågorna, därför användes två mer djupgående intervjuer som nyckelintervjuer. Idén till studien uppkom ur tidigare forskning som visar att anställda i restaurangbranschen har svårt att få inflytande på arbetsplatsen. Vår förhoppning är att studien ska bidra till ökad kunskap kring vilka rättigheter man har som medarbetare i restaurangbranschen. / This study examines whether employees within the restaurant industry are aware of and have the freedom to make use of their rights. The study has been carried out with an employee focused perspective. We conducted qualitative research using semi-structured interviews. The respondents obtain different positions and work at different workplaces which helps create a big picture of what the restaurant industry looks like. The main focuses during the interviews was on the daily rest period, weekly rest and paid vacation. The results show both similarities and differences between the respondents' experiences. Some respondents had previously reflected on the matters, therefore two of the more in-depth interviews were used as key interviews. The idea for the study arose from previous research that shows that employees in the restaurant industry find it difficult to gain influence in the workplace. Our hope is that the study will contribute to increased knowledge about what rights you have as an employee in the restaurant industry.

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This thesis is a quantitative analysis of women working for pay aged sixteen and older in five mid-size Texas cities from 1900 to 1940. It examines wage-earning women primarily in terms of race, age, marital status, and occupation at each census year and how those key factors changed over time. This study investigates what, if any, trends occurred in the types of occupations open to women and the roles of race, age, and marital status in women working for pay in the first forty years of the 20th century.

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Fördelningen av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet har länge varit ett omtalat ämne och en orsak till konflikter i förhållandet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur heterosexuella par med hemmavarande barn hanterar och upplever fördelningen av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet samt möjliga framgångsrika strategier paren kan tänkas använda för att uppnå en jämlik fördelning. 10 par intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att besvara första frågeställningen användes materialet för att få fram den upplevda jämlikheten samt att sammanställa den upplevda arbetsfördelningen. För den andra frågeställningen tematiserades materialet där teman för strategier visade sig. Resultatet visade att kvinnor ägnar mer tid åt hushållsarbete än männen, men när det kommer till omsorgen blir fördelningen mer jämlik. Parens upplevelse av jämlikhet varierade, trots ojämlikhet inom vissa par så har ändå majoriteten en upplevelse av att det jämnar ut sig i slutändan. Varierande strategier användes men den som paren angav oftast var kommunikation.

I slutet av år 2022 introducerades det nya AI-verktyget ChatGPT, en AI-modell som använder maskininlärning för att generera människoliknande svar i stor skala. ChatGPT:s snabba framväxt medför en ovisshet kring hur AI-verktyget kommer påverka praxis för digital marknadsföring. Denna studie utreder därför vilken roll ChatGPT kommer spela inom olika praxis för digital marknadsföring och ämnar därmed att utreda forskningsfrågan: Hur kommer ChatGPT att påverka praxis för digital marknadsföring? Den valda forskningsstrategin för denna studie är en kartläggning där ansikte-mot-ansikte kartläggning tillämpas. Detta stöds med hjälp av intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod och vidare appliceras en tematisk analys för att analysera insamlad data. Fem marknadsföringsexperter intervjuades i denna studie och samtliga menade att ChatGPT på något vis påverkar praxis inom digital marknadsföring. Slutsatsen pekar därför mot att ChatGPT, trots dess nya upptäckt, redan börjat påverka processer inom praxis för digital marknadsföring och att det troligtvis i bredare utsträckning kommer fortsätta göra det på olika vis, genom att fortsätta inspirera, effektivisera och optimera. Vidare hade alla respondenter en positiv inställning till att se ChatGPT som ett komplement till dagens marknadsföringspraxis, dock en mer negativ inställning till att se det som ett substitut. / In late 2022, the new AI tool, ChatGPT, was introduced. It is an AI-model that uses machine learning to generate human-like responses on a large scale. The rapid rise of ChatGPT has resulted in a lack of sufficient knowledge about the effect that ChatGPT will have on digital marketing practices. Therefore, this study investigates the role of ChatGPT in different digital marketing practices and aims to address the research question: How will ChatGPT af ect digital marketing practices? The chosen research strategy for this study is a survey strategy, as well as the application of the face-to-face survey. This is supported by the data collection method interviews and then a thematic analysis is applied to analyse the collected data. Five marketing experts were interviewed in this thesis and all believed that ChatGPT will, and already has, in some way influenced digital marketing practices. The conclusion therefore points to the fact that ChatGPT, despite its recent discovery, has already begun to influence processes within the practice of digital marketing. Furthermore ChatGPT will most likely continue to enhance digital marketing in a variety of ways on a wider scale, through continuing to inspire as well as contribute with efficiency and optimisation. In addition, all respondents had a positive attitude towards seeing ChatGPT as a complement to current marketing practices, however a more negative attitude towards seeing it as a substitute.

21世紀是經濟繁榮及醫療科技進步的時代，世界各國面對人口結構快速老化、生命延長、慢性疾病遽增，及流感與疾病的可快速傳播，使世界衛生組織的功能逐漸受到重視。台灣各級醫院的病床幾乎都是急性病床，植物人在健保醫療照護體系中，被歸屬於慢性病非重大傷病，並無特殊的減免醫療支出與補助，僅提供慢性病床及有限的居家護理給付。我國自實施全民健保以來，減輕了許多急重症病患家庭的醫療支出，但健保收入在政治因素的介入下，永遠跟不上醫療支出；且健保局預估今（2009）年收支短絀約320多億(健保局，2008)。不免讓我們憂心未來醫療資源的可能枯竭，加上植物人在病情穩定後即需出院，無法長期留在醫院受專業及妥適的照顧，使得植物人照顧家庭在精神及經濟層面更是雪上加霜陷入困頓。為此，內政、社福、衛生等行政部門，實需積極整合介力協助；如此或可與先進國家的長照體系接軌，使植物人照護得到兼具專業、人性與尊嚴的照應。 本研究採用質性研究中的深入訪談法，以台北縣市植物人照顧家庭的12位家屬為訪談對象，以深入探討都會地區照顧家屬難兼具照顧及就業。照顧者是無酬勞的工作，易在身心俱疲下陷於下一個被犧牲者的情境，植物人家庭對植物人照料與甦醒期待及照顧過程裡對自我生命成長價值觀。訪談所得資料，經歸納、分析所得研究結果: 都會地區家庭結構的轉變，使得家庭照護人力不足，何況目前尚無新醫療可預測植物人何時甦醒，況且頭部病變照顧已久植物人再甦醒的機會很渺茫。大台北地區雙薪家庭聘請外籍看護工的型態，確實讓蠟燭兩頭燒的雙薪家庭，減輕了部份照顧人力不足及精神壓力負擔，但此終究非長久之計。但是，如何讓受照顧的植物人，享有品質的醫療與照護，從而體現生命之尊嚴與國家、社會照護、互助的價值，這正是長照體系建立刻不容緩。或許在可預見的將來，因著教育及社會觀念的轉化，我們可以欣然接受安樂死或推行生前醫療契約，坦然接受自己或家人在面對需要長期療護，特別是可能造成植物人情況的事前自在選擇。所以，如何建構可長可久且結合醫療、勞工、社福用以嘉惠老人及植物人之機構，是政府在拼經濟、擴大內需建設及增加就業，不可不亟力擘劃貫徹的重大議題。但這需要政府與民間一起攜手打造，使台灣寶島實現老吾老以及人之老的平和尊嚴人生之樂土。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對家庭之建議：均衡飲食、養成運動習慣、強化家庭生命共同體。二、對醫療團隊：建立醫院網頁、建構植物人疾病成因及預防之道、社工諮商團隊協助家庭以落實社區長期照護系統。三、對學校建議：課程加入生死學課程、強化衛教觀念及基本照顧方式、培養怡情興趣、學習紓解壓力。四、對政府的建議：政府各部會平台資訊聯結化、行政作業單一窗口化、政策宣導口語化、政策推行離島實施而後推廣至全國，應快速實施長期照護系統。 關鍵字：全民健保、植物人、長期照護、安樂死、生前醫療契約 / The 21st century is a time of economic prosperity and technological advancement. However, the world is facing challenges from the problems of the rapidly aging population, increasing longevity, the surging of chronic disease, in addition to epidemics and flues spreading faster then before. Most hospital beds in Taiwan are considered to be “acute hospital beds”, where vegetative patients are considered by the National Health Insurance to be suffering from a chronic disease and not as major illness/injury. There is no extra medical subsidy for these vegetative patients, and only limited payments for home care. Unfortunately, due to the inefficient funding for health insurance, we are concerned that medical resources might become exhausted in the future. Also, a vegetated patient is required to leave the hospital whenever his or her condition becomes stable. They are unable to remain in the hospital for long-term and professional care, which causes the families with vegetated patients to suffer emotionally and economically. Thus, studying ways for vegetated patients to obtain more professional, human, and dignified care is an important issue worthy of research. This study uses an in-depth interview method from quantitative research. 12 families with vegetative patients in Taipei County are the subjects of the interview. In-depth discussions are conducted on the difficulties for families who take care of a vegetative patient, and who have employment in the urban area. The information obtained was categorized and analyzed. 1. Nursing manpower insufficiency Due to the shifting of family structure in the urban area, there are not enough people in the family to take care of the vegetated patient. It is not possible to predict when a medical breakthrough will enable the patient to regain consciousness. Moreover, there is only a slight chance a vegetated patient suffering from head trauma for a long period of time can be revived again. 2. Dependence on foreign nurse aides By hiring foreign nurse aids, the dual-earner families in the Taipei metro area are able to get relief from the burden of caring for a vegetative patient. However, it is not a long-term solution. 3. The need for long-term care. Therefore, it is very important to construct a long-term care system for the vegetated patient to be able to receive quality medical care. Furthermore, Taiwan will benefit from showing respect for life, the importance of social care, and the value of helping each other. 4. Trying new concepts. Perhaps in the foreseeable future, we will accept things such as euthanasia or pre-paid medical contracts due to the changes in education and social attitudes. We might accept that one of our family members might be facing long-term care in the future, so any one of us is able to make arrangements before an unforeseen accident or illness results in becoming a vegetated patient. 5. Co-operation between the government and the people. This is an important issue for the method of constructing a long-lasting system that can combine medicine, labor, social welfare, and benefits for senior citizens and vegetated patients. However, it will take the cooperation of both government and the people to make Taiwan into a peaceful land that will respect their elders and respect life. Some suggestions have been developed as a result of this study: 1. suggestions to families: a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and strengthen the unity between family members. 2. suggestions to the medical team: develop hospital websites, prevent diseases that can cause vegetation, and the social worker consulting team should help families to implement a long-term community care system. 3. Suggestions to schools: add life and death lessons into the school’s curriculum, reinforce the concept of health education and a basic caring method, as well as increase community service, and teach methods for relieving stress. 4. Suggestions to the government: linking information by using a single window to handle all processes, use colloquial language for promoting policies, the policies should first be implemented in off-shore islands before being used in the main island, implement a long-term care system, and provide subsidies to those who hire domestic nurse aids. Keyword： National Health Insurance, Vegetative, Long-Term care, Home care, Euthanasia, Pre-paid medical contract

The U.S. is the only OECD country that does not offer any form of federal paid parental leave. Only three states—California, New Jersey and Rhode Island—have state paid parental leave policies; implemented in 2004, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Through descriptive statistics and a regression analysis of women and men’s wages in those three states, before and after the implementation of the policies, we assess the effects of paid leave programs on the gender wage gaps in those states. Our results show us that California’s paid family leave policy had greater effects on decreasing the gender wage gap than the policies in New Jersey and Rhode Island. In addition, our regression analysis shows us that women of childbearing age (19-45 years) saw an increase in their wages after the policy implementations, while men of childbearing age saw a decrease in their wages. This led us to the conclusion that paid family leave policies may be effective in decreasing the gender wage gap; however it is problematic that men’s wages decreased, implying that the policies may not be totally welfare optimizing. However, we came to an important conclusion that will hopefully entice more states and the federal government to implement policies to better support working parents.

The U.S. is the only OECD country that does not offer any form of federal paid parental leave. Only three states—California, New Jersey and Rhode Island—have state-provided paid leave policies; implemented in 2004, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Through descriptive statistics and difference-in-difference-in-difference regression analyses of the wages of women and men of childbearing age (19-45 years) in those three states, we assess whether the paid leave programs have effected wages, and whether these effects vary depending on gender. Our results show that wages of women of childbearing age saw negligible net effects post-policy in policy states, although statistically insignificant. On the other hand, the wages of men of childbearing age saw improvements post-policy implementation in policy states, compared to wages in non-policy states. Although the policies do not necessarily widen the gender wage gap, they do not work to help close it, due to flaws in the policies. To be more effective in reducing gender wage gaps, these policies need to increase the amount of paid support, and implement job protection rights in order to decrease the opportunity costs of men taking leave. If more men are able to take paid leave, then potentially parts of the gender wage gap that are due to employers viewing women as less attached to the workforce can decrease. Through this research we came to important conclusions that highlight the ways in which support of working parents in the US is lacking, and offered recommendations to create more equitable and effective policies.

A proposta desta tese é estudar o trabalho doméstico remunerado e/ou realizado na casa de terceiros como um objeto temporal. Por meio de uma etnografia da duração (Eckert e Rocha, 2013), pautada no tempo plural e lacunar, junto à imaginação criativa, priorizamos as narrativas biográficas e trajetórias sociais de trabalhadoras domésticas, mas também imagens relativas ao trabalho advindas de outros suportes como fotografias, vídeos, reportagens e relatos de empregadores que constituem o jogo de memórias das entrevistadas e da própria pesquisadora. Durante o processo de proposição e efetivação da pesquisa (2012 a 2016), ocorreram mudanças impactantes no que diz respeito a regulamentação do trabalho doméstico no Brasil, mas também no quadro mais global a partir da Convenção 189 e da Recomendação 201 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho – OIT (2011). Em 2012 foi aprovada a Proposta de Emenda Constitucional 66, mas conhecida como a “PEC das Domésticas”, seguida da Emenda Constitucional 72/2013, até a Lei Complementar 150/2015 e a ratificação da convenção pela presidenta Dilma Rousseff em abril de 2016. Estes dispositivos visam equiparar os direitos das domésticas com os demais trabalhadores urbanos, além de garantir um trabalho decente para a categoria, incluindo estabilidade, segurança e organização sindical Contudo, além de transformações nos empregos, as novas regulamentações têm causado conflitos e estranhamentos nas relações que envolvem este trabalho bastante frequente e observado no Brasil, pelo menos, desde o regime escravocrata. Dentre os argumentos mais alardeados na mídia e contrário aos novos direitos está a ameaça de que devido ao maior custo: As domésticas vão acabar! Posto que os patrões não teriam condições de pagar os serviços e as trabalhadoras não encontrariam outro emprego causando um grande problema social. Discutindo as configurações do emprego doméstico em três cidades brasileiras: Belém/PA, Porto Alegre/RS e Salvador/BA, a partir de diferentes ângulos e dimensões através de uma etnografia multi-situada, em tempos e espaços distintos, salientamos os argumentos contrários e favoráveis a tal assertiva, levando em consideração a interseccionalidade de raça, gênero e classe que engendram este trabalho, ancoradas no racismo estrutural que sustenta e dá sentido a presença do trabalho doméstico remunerado e/ou realizado na casa de terceiros na contemporaneidade brasileira. / The proposal of this thesis is to study the paid domestic work and/or held at a third house as a temporality object. By means of an ethnography of duration (Eckert and Rocha, 2013), marked in the plural and lacunar time, next to creative imagination, we prioritize the biographical narratives and social trajectories of domestic workers, but also work-related images coming from other medias such as photographs, videos, reports and narratives of employers that make the game of memories of the interviewed and even the researcher. During the proposal process and completion of research (2012 to 2016), impactful changes occurred as regards the regulation of domestic work in Brazil but also, more in the global framework from the Convention 189 and Recommendation 201 of the International Labor Organization-ILO (2011). In 2012 was approved the Proposed Constitutional Amendment 66, but known as the "PEC of domestic", followed by the Constitutional Amendment 72/2013, until the Complementary Law 150/2015 and ratification of the convention by the President Dilma Rousseff in April, 2016. These devices are intended to equate the rights of domestic with the other urban workers, in addition to ensuring decent work for the category, including stability, security and trade union organization However, in addition to changes in jobs, the new regulations have caused conflicts and unfamiliarity in relations of this work quite often observed in Brazil, at least, since the slave regime. Therefore, among the arguments most publicized in the media and against the new rights, is the threat that due to higher cost: the maids will end! Since the bosses would not afford the services and the workers would not find other employment, causing a major social problem. Discussing domestic job settings in three Brazilian cities: Belém (Pará), Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul) and Salvador (Bahia), from different angles and dimensions through Ethnography multi-situated, in different spaces and times. We emphasize the pros and cons arguments of such assertive, taking into consideration the intersectionality of race, gender, and class that engenders this work, anchored in the structural racism that underpins and gives meaning to the presence of paid domestic work and/or held at third house on Brazilian contemporaneity.