Papal primacy rests on a single line of scripture: Matthew 16:18, “You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church.” The question of whether or not Christ vested the full authority of the Christian Church to Peter alone allowed secular rulers and reformers alike to dispute the legitimacy of the papal institution. In the period leading up to the opening of the Council of Trent, papal primacy became a fundamental concern. Popes claimed that any threat to their plenitudo potestatis jeopardized the unity of the faith, while their opponents saw it as the main hurdle towards religious and civic autonomy. During this time, a series of ongoing papal commissions beginning with Paul III Farnese (1534-1549) and continuing through the pontificate of Gregory XIII Boncompagni (1572-1585) sourced pictorial content from the Acts of the Apostles and the Life of Peter. These pontiffs were able to legitimize and bolster their authority by investing in Petrine and Pauline imagery that promoted the Apostolic identity of the church at a crucial turning point when the very definition of doctrine was intensely debated. This project traces how a coherent and consistent program for leveraging cultural capital emerged across five decorative programs within the Apostolic Palace: the Pauline Chapel (1542-45/1573-76/1580-85), the Casino of Pius IV (1562-63), a previously unknown series of frescoes for the landings of the palace staircases (1572), the second loggia (c. 1574/75), and the area above the portico of Saint Peter’s Basilica (c. 1575/76). Over the course of forty years, the papacy employed artists such as Michelangelo Buonarroti, Perino del Vaga, Giorgio Vasari, Lorenzo Sabbatini, Federico Zuccaro, and many others to visually concretize these Apostolic-focused narratives. Besides painted programs, the larger visual strategy capitalized on a broader scope of media. This included cope decorations, carved marble reliefs, and papal medals, which helped circulate and solidify the thematic typological associations between the Apostolic age and the Tridentine era. By the end of the sixteenth century, the systematic development of the papacy’s Apostolic identity had taken such a firm hold that it continued with Clement VIII Aldobrandini (1592-1605) in the altarpieces chosen for the small nave of new St. Peter’s Basilica, and with Paul V Borghese (1605-1621) at his eponymously named Pauline Chapel. What emerges from this analysis is the collective organization of a papal identity built around the lived and witnessed experience of the disciples that predates the full expression of a Counter-Reformation ideology. / Art History

本論文希望透過研究故宮博物院於1961年前往美國進行的「中國古藝術品展覽」，解釋今天故宮的特殊角色與定位。除了期望說明故宮代表中華文化的論述如何形成與建立，同時也解釋故宮如何透過展覽的陳列與解說，來呈現國家與國族的形象與想像。通過研究故宮發展、故宮藏品與國家政權之間的互動，對於文化藝術與權力之間的關係作更深刻的思考。 今天故宮不僅被視為中華文化的象徵，甚至將故宮藏品當成「國寶」。但是如果我們嘗試分析故宮藏品，不難發現這些文物僅是中國皇室收藏的珍奇異品。不過最近幾年，由於台灣社會、政治的變遷，故宮的獨尊地位開始受到挑戰。現任故宮院長杜正勝就質疑前任院長秦孝儀塑造故宮為華夏民族博物館的作法，否定台北故宮和北京故宮有前、後繼承的關係；並主張台北故宮的典藏政策不需要依循「國寶」的脈絡。由於這樣的質疑與轉變，使得故宮在中國文化上所代表的正統與典範地位，以及故宮和國家、政權之間的關係得以被重新思考。 今天，我們之所以認為博物館能夠傳達國族或文化的概念，主要正是因為博物館將收藏的文物「有意識」的重新加以排列展示，因而得以將國家、文化的發展脈絡，具體的呈現在人們眼前。國家對於藝術品的保存與展示，逐漸變成定義一個國家、文化傳統的重要媒介。展覽不僅呈現文化遺產，還進一步將國家發展歷史「展示」出來，經由重新脈絡化來宣揚國族與文化。例如日本過去經常藉由博覽會與展覽貶抑中國，並積極塑造日本成為「亞洲藝術遺產的守護者」。而故宮對外展覽，其實正是開始爭取中國對外形象的塑造以及發言權，甚至彰顯中國在東方藝術與文化上的重要地位。 因此本論文以1961年故宮前往美國五大城市舉行為期近一年的「中國古藝術品展覽」為例，探討故宮如何透過展覽的展示與解說，塑造中國國族的歷史與想像，同時建立中國藝術的「經典」，因此影響了西方對於中國藝術的論述與評價。這場展覽是中華民國政府播遷到台灣之後，國家級文物首次大規模的出國展覽。不僅由創辦《時代》（Time）、《財星》（Fortune）、《生活》（Life）等刊物的媒體鉅子亨利魯斯提出邀請，並出任贊助人。同時，中、美兩國元首擔任名譽倡導人，展覽期間更是備受官方與學術界的矚目。但此時世界局勢不穩，似乎沒有必要大張旗鼓安排故宮文物前往美國展覽。另一方面，由於中華民國與中華人民共和國政府互相爭奪正統，雙方都透過外交與司法途徑互相角力，爭取中國的代表權。如果中共借題發揮，這批參展文物極有可能被中華人民共和國政府收回，因此故宮赴外展覽的動作，格外引人矚目。 故宮博物院從建館以來，受限於經費及政治因素，對於收藏文物展示的時間並不長，研究工作也無從展開，只能偏重於清點工作。可是為了赴外展覽，必須編寫展覽目錄，勢必集合學者著手檢討文物的真假、年代與作者。也因為要對外展現「中國」，而必須對文物重新編排、解釋。因此，故宮赴外展覽確實是一個討論與觀察中國近代國族建構論述形成的特殊視角。故宮如何對外呈現、宣揚「中國」文化與藝術，其實正是具體展現故宮如何形塑與建構「中國」國族與文化的論述與想像。尤其是在前文所述的特殊歷史時空下，究竟展覽中呈現出怎樣的「中國」圖像，應該是一個相當值得探討的議題。因此，這個深受各方重視，又在敏感時機出國的展覽，如何選擇足以代表中國藝術與文化的作品，並以怎樣的方式展示，標示出民族國家框架下定義的中國，便是本研究試圖探討的議題。 本文希望強調故宮赴外展覽往往和國族形象的建構以及文化外交有密切的關係，因為展覽的特殊目的，因此影響了故宮在文化與藝術上的意義。也就是說，故宮今天獨特的地位和赴外展覽中的國族論述以及審美的展示方式有密切關係，而也正是因為故宮的特殊背景，賦予這些藏品更深的民族、國家意涵。 / The National Palace Museum has generally been considered as representing the culture of China and, for many years, the collection of the National Palace Museum was considered representative of traditional Chinese art. It has also been used by the Nationalist government in Taiwan as a symbol of legitimacy for the Republic of China. However, the society and politics of Taiwan have changed recently leading to an introspection for the foregoing opinions. The current director of the National Palace Museum, Tu Cheng-sheng, has questioned the transformation of the institution from the prototype of an imperial museum into a national art museum. Because attitudes about nations and cultures have changed, we can rethink why and how the National Palace Museum took on its role as representation of Chinese culture and the significance of its role in the history of modern China. Museums are important in shaping knowledge, in defining identities, and in representing culture. Since the late eighteenth-century in Europe, the modern museum has been a powerful apparatus for supporting the idea of the nation-state by exhibiting culture. Many recent studies on the establishment of the Louvre and other European national museums have demonstrated how these museums and their collection represent culture and establish canons through exhibitions. But in the past research, there has not been much discussion about how the National Palace Museum practices representation of culture through the images of art works displayed or exhibited in the museum. In 1961 The Chinese Art Treasures exhibition toured five major cities, Washington D.C., New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco. This exhibition of works from the National Palace Museum was organized on the invitation of the United States government for the purpose of instilling cultural understanding. At the same time, the exhibition was organized with a clear political agenda—to counter the threat from the Communist government who wanted to take back the collection. This paper will discuss how the exhibition The Chinese Art Treasures was used to define the Republic of China’s national sovereignty and to represent Chinese culture. The exhibition was held during the period when the conflict between the Republic of China under the Nationalist (the KMT) and the People's Republic of China over political legitimacy was the most heated and tense. This paper hopes to illustrate how the KMT employed the exhibition to proclaim the Republic of China’s firm stance in its claim of sovereignty over China and to demonstrate how the exhibition solidified the National Palace Museum’s role as the representation of the five thousand-year cultural legacy of China.

Le présent document consiste en une étude de la céramique caractéristique de la ville d’Amarna (Akhet-Aton) en lien avec les productions palatiales dans les sociétés complexes. Dans une première partie, cette poterie à décor bleu est mise en contexte. La situation géographique, historique et religieuse de la ville sont mises en relief. Les thèmes habituels lors de l’étude d’une céramique sont ensuite abordés : les ateliers, les matériaux, la transformation, la cuisson, les formes et motifs. La fonction de ces vases restant un point de questionnement, diverses théories à ce sujet sont analysées. Le questionnement d’un lien entre ces vases et l’idéologie religieuse instaurée par le pharaon Akhenaton se pose ensuite et la comparaison entre les motifs et l’iconographie des palais de la ville et des tombes de l’époque permet d’y répondre positivement. Ces deux derniers points permettent de bien saisir l’importance de cette céramique dans le cadre amarnien. La seconde partie du travail concerne le concept d’objet palatial. Ce type de production est défini et plusieurs critères sont énumérés. Ces critères sont ensuite appliqués à des objets palatiaux appartenant à des sociétés complexes afin de les confirmer. Ces caractéristiques vérifiées, elles sont appliquées à la céramique à décor bleu afin de vérifier si celle-ci correspond à une industrie palatiale. Comme ce style de poterie répond à tous les critères, il est possible d’affirmer qu’il s’agit d’un objet palatial. Il est même possible de dire à ce sujet qu’il s’agit d’un objet de prestige consommé par une élite et qui sert de véhicule à l’idéologie en place. / The present work consists in a study of the ceramic typical of the city of Amarna (Akhet-Aten) viewed in relation to palatial productions in complex societies. In the first part of the work, we put this blue-painted pottery style in context and present the geographic, historical and religious situation of the city. We then consider the usual themes relating to the study of a ceramic: workshops, materials, transformation, firing, forms and motifs. Since the function of these vases remains an open question, we analyse various theories on the subject. We raise the question whether a link between these vases and the religious ideology introduced by pharaoh Akhenaten might exist; comparison of the motifs with the iconography of the city's palaces allows us to confirm this hypothesis. These last two points bring out the importance of this pottery in the Amarnian framework. The second part of this work pertains to the concept of palatial objects. This type of production is defined and various criteria are presented. We then apply these criteria to palatial objects from complex societies, in hope of confirming their adequacy. Having verified these characteristics, we apply them to blue-painted pottery in order to determine whether this latter corresponds to a palatial industry. Since this pottery style satisfies all these criteria, it is possible to assert that it is a palatial object. It is even possible to affirm that it consists in a prestige object, consummed by an elite and whose purpose is to further the established ideology.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar e compreender as concepções de corpo na Assíria do fim do século VIII e do século VII AEC, a partir da análise de fontes palacianas imagéticas e textuais. As primeiras são compostas pelos relevos dos palácios dos reis Senaqueribe (704- 681) e Assurbanipal II (669-627) em Nínive (no atual nordeste do Iraque). As segundas são Inscrições Reais, Tratados e Juramentos, Cartas e textos literários, sendo que todos esses gêneros têm como eixo de produção os palácios assírios. Os relevos são placas de pedra com esculturas em baixo relevo, que foram utilizadas nas paredes dos palácios assírios a partir do final do segundo milênio AEC. Esse uso foi continuado por todo o período denominado Neoassírio ou Tardo Assírio (934-610 AEC), expondo imagens de pessoas, animais, plantas, paisagens e arquiteturas. A configuração desses elementos figurativos expressa cenas de narrativas espaciais por meio de imagens. A disposição orquestrada dos relevos nas paredes dos palácios evidencia potenciais modos de percepção das imagens pela movimentação nos ambientes palacianos. A recorrência da expressão do corpo nos relevos suscita uma perspectiva atenta à materialidade, à relação entre as imagens do corpo e aos modos de percepção e contato com esses objetos no período. A presença constante de expressões corporais em textos neoassírios também constitui um tratamento ao corpo através da linguagem. Considerando a complementaridade entre fontes imagéticas e escritas no período e o fato de as concepções de corpo poderem estar expressas em textos e imagens, qual é o lugar e o uso do corpo neste período? Como o corpo aparece nos relevos e textos palacianos? Quais aspectos materiais dos relevos constituem os indícios da concepção de corpo? Como as imagens do corpo e as expressões corporais escritas indicam suas concepções? / The aim of this research is to examine and comprehend the conceptions of the body in Assyria at the end of the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, from the analysis of palatial images and texts. The visual sources are composed by the reliefs of the kings of Sennacherib (704-681) and Assurbanipal II (669-627) in Nineveh (present-day northern of Iraq). The written sources are Royal Inscriptions, Treaties and Oaths, Letters and literary texts. All these texts had the Assyrian royal palaces as production axis. The reliefs are stone plaques with bas-relief sculptures, which were used on the walls of the Assyrian palaces from the end of the second millennium BCE. This use was continued throughout the period called Neo-Assyrian or Late Assyrian (934-610 BCE), exposing images of people, animals, plants, landscapes and architectures. The configuration of these figurative elements expresses scenes of spatial narratives through images. The orchestrated arrangement of the reliefs on the walls of the palaces shows potential ways of perception of the images by the movement in the palatial environments. The recurrence of the body expression in the reliefs evokes an attentive threefold perspective: on the materiality, the images of the body and the modes of perception and contact with these objects in that period. The constant presence of body expressions in Neo-Assyrian texts also constitutes a way to treat body through language. Considering the complementarity between visual and written sources in the Neo-Assyrian period and the fact that body conceptions can be expressed in texts and images, what is the status and use of the body in this period? How does the body appear in the reliefs and palatial texts? What are the material aspects of the reliefs? How do body images and written body expressions indicate their conceptions?

A crescente preocupação com a conservação e preservação dos bens do patrimônio histórico construído tem levado os diversos ramos do conhecimento a executarem estudos de diagnóstico e caracterização das edificações e monumentos, tanto quanto aos seus materiais constituintes quanto às questões de funcionalidade e finalidade no contexto da sociedade. No ramo da geologia, estudos da geodiversidade dos monumentos e edificações vêm sendo executados no centro velho da cidade de São Paulo e em diversos outros pontos da cidade, com a caracterização dos materiais pétreos que os constituem. Esses monumentos, de inestimável valor, tanto histórico quanto cultural, devem ser conservados para as futuras gerações prevenindo as alterações naturais devido ao intemperismo, seja físico ou químico, e às ações antrópicas, preservando esses bens com ações preventivas de conservação. A presente dissertação objetivou colaborar com essa linha de pesquisa, visando caracterizar os materiais pétreos do Palácio da Justiça, patrimônio histórico e cultural da cidade de São Paulo tombado em 1981, assim como o seu estado de alteração, e com isso contribuir para futuros trabalhos de restauro, quando necessários. Tratando-se de monumento tombado, foram utilizados métodos não destrutivos, isto é, com equipamentos que não alteram nem danificam as rochas analisadas e que podem ser feitas em situ. Foram utilizados o espectrofotômetro para medição da cor da superfície e o Martelo de Schmidt (esclerômetro) para medição da dureza superficial da rocha. Nos ensaios com o espectrofotômetro foi possível medir a cor atual da rocha, podendo ainda servir como padrão para futuros ensaios. Também foi possível comparar a rocha em diferentes usos e desgastes. No Palácio foi encontrado grande variedade de rochas ornamentais, tais como, Mármore Vermelho Real Belga, Mármore Carrara Branco, Mármore Nero Marquina com Fósseis, Calcário Lioz, Mármore Vermelho Bidasoa, Mármore Giallo Verona, Mármore Calacatta Oro, Mármore Botticino, variados Calcários Fossilíferos e Granito Rosa Itupeva. Dentre as rochas encontradas no Palácio, o Granito Rosa Itupeva, nome comercial desse granito, foi escolhido para os ensaios esclerométricos, por se apresentar em diferentes formas, como colunas, revestimento de paredes internas e externas, pisos e escadas. O índice esclerométrico variou de 30 em superfícies serradas a 42 a 48 em superfícies polidas. O Palácio passou por uma reforma geral, finalizada em 2017, sendo que as rochas aí presentes se apresentam em boas condições de conservação. Pela diversidade de rochas ornamentais encontradas no Palácio esse local constitui um local adequado para a prática de geoturismo no centro da capital paulista, visando a divulgação das geociências através da visitação ao Palácio da Justiça. Sugere-se que a caracterização das rochas que foram identificadas e caracterizadas nesta dissertação sejam incorporadas ao guia de visitação do Palácio apresentando aos visitantes as belíssimas rochas ali existentes. / The concern about conservation and preservation of historical heritage has led the various branches of knowledge to carry out studies on the diagnosis and characterization of buildings and monuments, as well as their constituent materials regarding the questions of functionality and purpose for society. In the field of geology, studies of the geodiversity of monuments and buildings have been carried out in the old center of the city of São Paulo and in several other points of the city, with the characterization of their stone materials. These monuments of inestimable value, both historical and cultural, must be preserved for future generations by preventing natural changes due to weathering, physical or chemical, and to anthropic actions, preserving the heritage with preventive conservation actions. This dissertation had the objective of collaborating with this line of research, aiming to characterize the stone materials of the Palace of Justice, historical and cultural heritage of the city of São Paulo protected by law since 1981, as well as its conservation condition, and of contributing to future restoration works. As the Palace of Justice is a monument protected by law, non-destructive methods, such as spectrophotometer and Schmidt hammer (sclerometer), were used because they do not alter or damage the analyzed stone and they can be applied in situ. With the spectrophotometer it was possible to measure the current color of the stone; therefore, the data should be used as a standard for future trials. It was also possible to compare the stone in different uses. A great variety of ornamental stones was found in the Palace, such as: Red Belgian Royal Marble, White Carrara Marble, Nero Marquina Marble with Fossils, Lioz Limestone, Red Bidasoa Marble, Giallo Verona Marble, Calacatta Oro Marble, Botticino Marble, Fossiliferous Limestones and Pink Itupeva Granite. Among the stones found in the Palace, Pink Itupeva Granite (commercial name of this granite) was chosen for the sclerometric tests because it occurs in different forms, such as columns, internal and external wall cladding, floors and stairs. The sclerometric index ranged from 30 on sawn surfaces to 42-48 on polished surfaces. The Palace underwent a general renovation completed in 2017. Because of that the stones present good conservation condition. Due to the diversity of ornamental stones found in this building, it is a suitable place for practicing geotourism in the center of the city of São Paulo, aiming at the dissemination of geosciences through the visitation to the Palace of Justice. It is suggested that the characterization of the stones identified in this dissertation should be added to the visitation guide of the Palace pointing out to the visitors the beautiful stones present there.

Taking off from a security related interest in de-democratization processes throughout Europe and the limited theoretical field thereof, this paper examines the political development in Poland 2008-2018. Through a comparison of the development in Poland and Hungary, the ambition is to identify what differs the de-democratization process of the two East European countries in regards to their communist past and in a broader sense to their current membership in the European Union. To guide the comparison is the theoretical framework of Merkel (2004), through both qualitative and quantitative analysis as it has been applied on Hungary by Bogaards (2018). The combined framework provides five categories of defect democracies: exclusive, illiberal, delegative, tutelary and diffusely defect. While Bogaards (2018) categorizes Hungary as a diffusely defect democracy, the study finds that Poland does not adhere to any single one of the categories. The question of what differs the development in Poland and Hungary is best answered in terms of legality. Whereas the systematic Hungarian process has been carried out within legal frames of the majority rule in parliament, the hasty Polish process resembles a palace revolution, as the leading party is interfering with and partly controlling the rule of law. The study provides support to the observations of the EU being an externally limiting, enabling and legitimizing factor of autocratic developments in member states, made by Bozóki and Hegedüs (2018). Additionally, a reverse snowball effect is being put to action by Poland and Hungary vetoing on EU sanctions against one another. The findings of the paper also support observation made of a limited research field; theoretical understanding and international measurement indexes of democratization being insufficient in explaining and describing the emerging de-democratization. The study opens up for further research regarding democratic peace in Europe.

La Première Période intermédiaire égyptienne est souvent perçue comme une époque de crise de l’autorité royale, de morcellement politique du pays et de perte des valeurs éthiques traditionnels. Cette recherche a l’ambition de vérifier l’état de ce changement dans l’organisation sociale à travers le prisme de l’histoire institutionnelle. Les sources primaires analysées sont principalement les textes commémoratifs des notables des villes et des membres de leur maisonnée : il s’agit de titres, d’épithètes et de récits autobiographiques qui révèlent comment les rangs supérieurs de la société définissaient leur autorité, c’est-à-dire leur pouvoir et leur prestige. L’étude de leurs fonctions et de leur comportement dans quatre secteurs administratifs (l’administration centrale, territoriale, l’administration des palais et des temples) et dans le domaine privé permet de conclure que la Première Période intermédiaire ne représente pas une césure nette avec le passé. En revanche, l’augmentation des centres ayant leurs propres ateliers qui produisent des monuments inscrits offre une photographie inédite sur les sociétés urbaines et sur les liens que les élites de province entretenaient avec la capitale à la fin du IIIe millénaire. Des aspects caractéristiques de la Première Période intermédiaire, comme l’importance des activités militaires, sont aussi envisagés. / Egypt's First Intermediate Period is often portrayed as a time of crisis of the royal authority, political fragmentation, and loss of traditional ethical values. The aim of this research is to assess the features of this transformation in the social organization, through the lens of institutional history. The primary sources analysed are chiefly the commemorative texts of the towns' dignitaries and the members of their households; they includes titles, epithets, and autobiographical records that reveal how the higher ranks of society defined their authority, i.e. their power and prestige. The study of the roles and behaviour of these individuals within four administrative areas (i.e. central, territorial, palace, and temple administration) and in the private domain makes it possible to conclude that the First Intermediate Period does not constitute a clear break with the past. On the other hand, the increase in the number of centres that were provided with their own workshops for the production of inscribed monuments offers a new view of the contemporary urban societies, and of the link that the provincial elites maintain with the capital at the end of the 3rd millennium. Some features distinctive of the First Intermediate Period (for instance, the importance of military activities) are also considered.

A crescente preocupação com a conservação e preservação dos bens do patrimônio histórico construído tem levado os diversos ramos do conhecimento a executarem estudos de diagnóstico e caracterização das edificações e monumentos, tanto quanto aos seus materiais constituintes quanto às questões de funcionalidade e finalidade no contexto da sociedade. No ramo da geologia, estudos da geodiversidade dos monumentos e edificações vêm sendo executados no centro velho da cidade de São Paulo e em diversos outros pontos da cidade, com a caracterização dos materiais pétreos que os constituem. Esses monumentos, de inestimável valor, tanto histórico quanto cultural, devem ser conservados para as futuras gerações prevenindo as alterações naturais devido ao intemperismo, seja físico ou químico, e às ações antrópicas, preservando esses bens com ações preventivas de conservação. A presente dissertação objetivou colaborar com essa linha de pesquisa, visando caracterizar os materiais pétreos do Palácio da Justiça, patrimônio histórico e cultural da cidade de São Paulo tombado em 1981, assim como o seu estado de alteração, e com isso contribuir para futuros trabalhos de restauro, quando necessários. Tratando-se de monumento tombado, foram utilizados métodos não destrutivos, isto é, com equipamentos que não alteram nem danificam as rochas analisadas e que podem ser feitas em situ. Foram utilizados o espectrofotômetro para medição da cor da superfície e o Martelo de Schmidt (esclerômetro) para medição da dureza superficial da rocha. Nos ensaios com o espectrofotômetro foi possível medir a cor atual da rocha, podendo ainda servir como padrão para futuros ensaios. Também foi possível comparar a rocha em diferentes usos e desgastes. No Palácio foi encontrado grande variedade de rochas ornamentais, tais como, Mármore Vermelho Real Belga, Mármore Carrara Branco, Mármore Nero Marquina com Fósseis, Calcário Lioz, Mármore Vermelho Bidasoa, Mármore Giallo Verona, Mármore Calacatta Oro, Mármore Botticino, variados Calcários Fossilíferos e Granito Rosa Itupeva. Dentre as rochas encontradas no Palácio, o Granito Rosa Itupeva, nome comercial desse granito, foi escolhido para os ensaios esclerométricos, por se apresentar em diferentes formas, como colunas, revestimento de paredes internas e externas, pisos e escadas. O índice esclerométrico variou de 30 em superfícies serradas a 42 a 48 em superfícies polidas. O Palácio passou por uma reforma geral, finalizada em 2017, sendo que as rochas aí presentes se apresentam em boas condições de conservação. Pela diversidade de rochas ornamentais encontradas no Palácio esse local constitui um local adequado para a prática de geoturismo no centro da capital paulista, visando a divulgação das geociências através da visitação ao Palácio da Justiça. Sugere-se que a caracterização das rochas que foram identificadas e caracterizadas nesta dissertação sejam incorporadas ao guia de visitação do Palácio apresentando aos visitantes as belíssimas rochas ali existentes. / The concern about conservation and preservation of historical heritage has led the various branches of knowledge to carry out studies on the diagnosis and characterization of buildings and monuments, as well as their constituent materials regarding the questions of functionality and purpose for society. In the field of geology, studies of the geodiversity of monuments and buildings have been carried out in the old center of the city of São Paulo and in several other points of the city, with the characterization of their stone materials. These monuments of inestimable value, both historical and cultural, must be preserved for future generations by preventing natural changes due to weathering, physical or chemical, and to anthropic actions, preserving the heritage with preventive conservation actions. This dissertation had the objective of collaborating with this line of research, aiming to characterize the stone materials of the Palace of Justice, historical and cultural heritage of the city of São Paulo protected by law since 1981, as well as its conservation condition, and of contributing to future restoration works. As the Palace of Justice is a monument protected by law, non-destructive methods, such as spectrophotometer and Schmidt hammer (sclerometer), were used because they do not alter or damage the analyzed stone and they can be applied in situ. With the spectrophotometer it was possible to measure the current color of the stone; therefore, the data should be used as a standard for future trials. It was also possible to compare the stone in different uses. A great variety of ornamental stones was found in the Palace, such as: Red Belgian Royal Marble, White Carrara Marble, Nero Marquina Marble with Fossils, Lioz Limestone, Red Bidasoa Marble, Giallo Verona Marble, Calacatta Oro Marble, Botticino Marble, Fossiliferous Limestones and Pink Itupeva Granite. Among the stones found in the Palace, Pink Itupeva Granite (commercial name of this granite) was chosen for the sclerometric tests because it occurs in different forms, such as columns, internal and external wall cladding, floors and stairs. The sclerometric index ranged from 30 on sawn surfaces to 42-48 on polished surfaces. The Palace underwent a general renovation completed in 2017. Because of that the stones present good conservation condition. Due to the diversity of ornamental stones found in this building, it is a suitable place for practicing geotourism in the center of the city of São Paulo, aiming at the dissemination of geosciences through the visitation to the Palace of Justice. It is suggested that the characterization of the stones identified in this dissertation should be added to the visitation guide of the Palace pointing out to the visitors the beautiful stones present there.

Notre recherche de doctorant aborde l’architecture royale en Mésopotamie à la fin du bronze ancien et au bronze moyen (de l’époque de la IIIème dynastie d’Ur : 2112- 2004 av. J.-C. à l’époque paléo-babylonienne : 2004-1595 av. J.-C.). C’est durant cette partie de l’âge du Bronze que les activités de construction de grands bâtiments publics ont été les plus importantes et qu’elles sont les mieux documentées par les fouilles archéologiques La thèse comporte deux volumes (texte et figures). Le volume du texte se compose de trois parties : la première et la deuxième concernent l’analyse architecturale des palais de la Mésopotamie du Sud et du Nord. Dans la dernière partie, on a proposé une étude comparative entre les palais mésopotamiens construits de la période d’Ur III à l’époque paléo-babylonienne. Des comparaisons sont aussi faites entre ces derniers palais et ceux appartenant à la même région de l’âge du bronze. On a aussi proposé d’autres études comparatives entre les palais mésopotamiens et ceux relevant des civilisations voisines, ainsi qu’entre ces palais et les grandes maisons de la même région. / Our doctoral research discusses royal architecture in Mesopotamia from the end of the Early Bronze Age through the Middle Bronze Age (from the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur: 2112-2004 BC through the Old Babylonian period: 2004-1595 BC). Activities surrounding the construction of large public buildings reached their height during this part of the Bronze Age and the most complete records from archeological excavations date from this period.The thesis consists of two volumes (text and figures). The text volume is divided into three sections: the first and second sections give an architectural analysis of the palaces of North and South Mesopotamia. In the last section, we offer a comparative study of Mesopotamian palaces built at the time of Ur III and those built during the Old Babylonian period. We also compare these Old Babylonian palaces to those of the same region during other periods of the Bronze Age. Finally, we compare Mesopotamian palaces to those of neighboring civilizations and to the large houses of the same region.

因應資訊科技帶動政府再造的趨勢，國立故宮博物院（以下簡稱故宮）在推行各國家型數位政策的過程中，有許多亮眼的數位化成果，對應過去的傳統形象和經營模式也有很大的改變，然而目前卻鮮少有研究去探討故宮這樣一個傳統機關進行轉型的過程。因此，本研究擬以組織變革為探討的理論基礎，運用質性研究方法，探討近年來故宮的組織變革，以及瞭解資訊科技在故宮變革中的角色，來瞭解故宮近年來何以有這麼多的數位發展成果，以及對故宮造成了哪些影響，綜合故宮近年來的變革發展。 　　本研究藉由深度訪談與次級資料整理，針對研究問題提出下述結論，並提出組織變革理論與實務上的建議。 一、促使故宮變革的趨力可分成組織外部的國家典藏計畫資源的挹注，以及組織內部因應領導者決策、組織法規的修訂以及發展上的侷限，造成故宮必須改變現況的變革需要，並在變革過程中受到資源、組織結構與成員三方面的阻力。 二、資訊科技並非直接促使故宮變革的趨力，但在故宮的變革過程中也扮演了推波助瀾的重要角色。具體而言，資訊科技不只是協助故宮落實變革的工具，也是讓故宮在組織法規上不符需要的問題被關注的契機，更是故宮在發展上的新途徑。 三、資訊科技對故宮的影響，不僅可對應於電子化政府的發展願景，對內部管理、組織結構、組織成員、與民眾的溝通，以及服務流程等方面產生影響，也擴散了故宮的行銷，擴展了故宮的發展範疇。 / Following the trend of applying Information Technology to Reinvent Government, National Palace Museum (NPM) produces remarkable digitalized asset through carrying out National Digital Archives Program. In addition, NPM gets distinct from the previous stereotype and also runs a modified business model; however, the shifting process is rarely explored. This research focuses on the transformation process of the most traditional institution based on Organization Change theory. The author adopts qualitative approach to investigate the organization change of NPM in order to know what the impact on NPM is, what the role Information Technology plays in the evolution and to know why NPM is able to bring in the abundant digital asset, apart from summarizing the recent changes of NPM. 　　The author attains the following conclusions and proposes suggestions on the organization change in both the theoretical and the practical aspects, after conducting in-depth interviews and researching secondary materials. First, the driving force which transforms NPM can be categorized into two kinds. Outside NPM, there is a sustained funding from National Digital Archives Program. Inside NPM, the transformation necessity results from the limitation of the legal regulations, the policies of the leaders and the development confinement. NPM confronts problems from resources scarcity, organization structure and members’ resistance in the evolving process. 　　Second, although Information Technology is not the direct driving force, it plays a critical stimulus factor to the evolution of NPM. Generally speaking, Information Technology, not simply a tool, reveals the problems of out-of-date legal regulations but also an innovative way of development. 　　Third, the lessons of Information Technology impact on NPM can be served as a reference of e-Government vision. It not only influences the internal management, the organization structure, the participant members, the communication with the public and the serving process, but also spreads the marketing and expands the scope of NPM.