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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

華特.史考特之艾凡赫:論蘇格蘭國族主義之進程 / Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe: the Process of Scottish Nationalism

林侃儒, Lin, Kan Ju Unknown Date (has links)
艾凡赫(又名劫後英雄傳)是華特.史考特(Sir Walter Scott,有時譯為司各特)所作的威佛利系列小說(Waverley Novels)中最受歡的小說之一。史考特在出版了幾本有關蘇格蘭的小說之後,決定嘗試寫一部純粹只與英格蘭有關的作品。在閱覽評論艾凡赫的文章中,我發現大部分的學者忽略了艾凡赫或許與蘇格蘭有關的可能性。因此我決定透過蘇格蘭國族主義的角度來分析艾凡赫,探究其與蘇格蘭的關係。 從中古世紀到十九世紀的蘇格蘭歷史中,我得到了啟發。我認為我們可以將國族主義形成的過程分成「集體身分認同」、「國家和國族主義」以及「國家身分認同與進階國族主義」來討論。本論文共有五個章節,除了序論和結論之外,中間三個章節將按照上述的三點進行分析。第一章將藉由閱讀蘇格蘭中古歷史和文學作品從中了解蘇格蘭集體身分認同的形成,並將其形成的模式套用於艾凡赫,進而解釋理查國王(King Richard)如何建立英格蘭集體身分認同。第二章所探討的是蘇格蘭歷史與威佛利中蘇格蘭如何成為國家以及其國族主義的建立,並以所得的結果分析理查國王如何使英格蘭成為真正的國家與其建立英格蘭國族主義的手法。第三章將重點擺在小說中英格蘭國家身分認同與其進階的國族主義,希望經由與前兩章相同的對應手法反向解釋史考特如何運用艾凡赫表達自己的蘇格蘭國家身分認同以及其進階的蘇格蘭國族主義。 / Among Sir Walter Scott’s Waverley Novels, Ivanhoe is one of the most popular works. After writing several novels related to Scotland, Scott boldly attempted to create a purely English novel as an experiment in his life as a novelist. In reviewing the papers on Ivanhoe, I find that critics in and after Scott’s time seem to overlook the possibility that Ivanhoe, like any of its predecessor, is related to Scotland. Therefore, this thesis examines the relationship between Scottish history and Ivanhoe from the perspective of nationalism. Learning from Scottish history, I suggest discussing the formation of Scottish nationalism from aspects of “collective identity,” “nation and nationalism,” and “national identity and advanced nationalism.” The thesis is divided into three chapters according to aspects and a concluding chapter. Chapter One focuses on the building of Scottish identity in history and the building of English identity in Ivanhoe. Chapter Two discusses Scotland as a nation, the appearance of Scottish nationalism before the Union and Scottish nationalism in Waverley and Ivanhoe. Chapter Three looks into while the characters exhibit their English national identity and King Richard pursues his advanced English nationalism in the novel, Scott shows his Scottish national identity and develops an advanced Scottish nationalism that, with a well-preserved Scottish national identity, consecrates to reach a harmonious peace between the Scots and the English via Ivanhoe. Conclusion closes the thesis by reconfirming the relationship between Scott’s Ivanhoe and Scotland through the three-stage process of Scottish nationalism.
2

由國中小教科書看戒嚴時期台灣之國族建構—以國語文科和社會類科為分析中心

蔡佩娥 Unknown Date (has links)
近現代國家以教育作為塑造國族認同的手段之一,為普世常見的情況,台灣的近代教育體制肇始於日治時期,由國家所主導的國民教育也始於這個階段,戰後台灣由中華民國接收後展開另一階段的教育體制,雖然在教育制度上有所差異,但兩者都是由國家機器強力掌控教育。而中華民國政府在接收台灣後的首要目標在於去日本化、行中國化,主要手段之一便是透過教育來實施,戰後台灣在黨國體制的威權統治下,教育的特色包含黨化教育、軍國民教育以及民族精神教育,也就是學校教育的功能不只是傳遞知識與社會文化,更與國家機器的統治結合,用以塑造民族意識、凝聚對國家機器統治正當性的認同。 基於強人威權體制統治之下,教育政策和教科書制度皆由政府掌控,使台灣戒嚴時期的國中小教科書維持一貫的中國化教育,自五0到八0年代數十年之間的教科書是「既未換湯、也未換藥」,並沒有隨著時代的變遷而有結構性的改變,國族建構在教育內容中亦占有一定的份量,這情況要到九0年代後期開始進行教育改革後,台灣的國族教育內容才逐漸轉變。本論文的目的在探究戰後台灣國民教育的教育內容中國家權力介入之痕跡,因此嘗試以涵蓋整個戒嚴時期國中小之國語文和社會類科教科書以及課程標準為分析對象,針對教科書內容進行量的與質的分析,佐以課程理論、教育權理論、課程社會學之研究視角切入探討以及批判戒嚴時期教科書內容及其分析之結果,除了釐清戒嚴時期台灣教科書中有關國族建構內容產生的時空背景及其歷史脈絡,亦嘗試呈現戒嚴時期實際的國族認同教育內容和其背後代表的意義。
3

創造社小說中的國族性格與寓言性質研究 / Research of the national personality and allegory characteristics in novels of creation association

崔舜華 Unknown Date (has links)
二十世紀初期的中國正處於曖昧而又多音繽紛的過渡狀態,在政治、文化與社會心理方面皆發生了巨大的轉變,其劇烈的程度猶如分娩時的陣痛;國家型態的轉型是漸進而複雜的過程,晚清的維新變法吸收日本維新經驗,在國體型態上對於「新」與「變」的共同追求與想像,以及彼時代知識分子所擁有的「直進式」時間觀,已成為新時代對國族想像的共同基礎,並主導了往後中國文化、政治與社會話語的思路走向。 在文學社團流派的聚合現象上,文學研究會主張嚴肅的啟蒙現代性,而成立於日本的創造社則舉起「為藝術而藝術」的大旗,以異軍突起之姿站上了中國現代文壇,開啟了審美現代性的道路,為現代文學開拓出更多元多音的話語空間。由於前期創造社成員幾乎全數均為赴日留學的留學生,在共同的留學經驗與知識背景之下,均不約而同地呈現出「留學生小說」的書寫主題,以及孤苦無依的「零餘者」形象,這種「自我」的書寫思維常以個體的身體經驗與生命處境作為書寫主題,一方面承接了五四文學立足於情慾自主,強調人性張揚的精神基調,一方面也展現出詹明信所言「國族寓言」的政治語境,與時代議題的承擔意識。   後期創造社所標張的革命文學,明確區分了「資產階級時代」的逝去與「無產階級時代」的實現;在表層話語上,革命文學大力批判五四的資產階級啟蒙性質,但在話語策略的潛意識層面裡,革命文學卻又不自覺地繼承了五四的革命意識,並將晚清以來的啟蒙現代性與革命論述策略發揮到極致。在實際的文學創作中,部分作家仍舊有意無意地承接了前期創造社小說的頹美風格與情慾書寫,這種承繼與轉變顯現於蔣光慈、葉靈鳳、陶晶孫、倪貽德、周全平等後期創造社小說家筆下,顯示出革命文學的雙重性格。 晚清以來的啟蒙話語,使文學具備嶄新的時代承擔意識,作家透過小說中的生命書寫與身體經驗,塑造出具有時代共享性質的國族想像,使二十世紀初期中國現代文學具有強烈的寓言性質,並回歸匯流到具體時代的政治語境。在創造社小說家的筆下,我們得以窺見中國現代知識分子對家國時代的深切關懷,以及自身生存境遇與國族命運的寓言式對應。
4

朝向一個國族的完成─19世紀烏克蘭民族運動發展歷程(1798-1922) / Toward the Completion of a Nation - The Development of Ukrainian National Movement (1798-1922)

徐裕軒, Hsu, Yu Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
本論文屬於國族建構的個案研究,探討19世紀烏克蘭的民族運動發展歷程。由歷史意識的關切出發,採用捷克歷史社會學家赫洛荷的民族運動理論作為分析架構,鋪陳出歷史、文化與政治的三階段發展歷程。在內容論述上,挑選12位最具代表性的烏克蘭知識份子,以列傳形式帶出19世紀烏克蘭民族運動的發展歷程。同時輔以知識分子的文本,以分析19世紀以來烏克蘭國族意識的興起與開展、及其對今日烏克蘭社會的影響。 本論文除緒論與結論外,共分為四個部分。首先,由歷史溯源,爬梳9世紀基輔羅斯以來的烏克蘭歷史,找尋烏克蘭國族的根源;其次,進入烏克蘭國族意識的萌芽階段,探討烏克蘭人如何透過傳統的發明與歷史的詮釋,創建出想像中的共同體價值;再次,隨著國族意識與民族運動逐漸開展,具規模性的文化活動與團體組織,亦不斷深化烏克蘭民族存在的正當性;復次,民族運動來到政治動員與國家構築階段,創建實體的政治黨派與政府,不但是凝聚烏克蘭國族的必要手段,更成為完成國族建構的必經之路。結論針對問題的緣起做出回應,並反思19世紀以來的國族運動經驗對照今日的烏克蘭國族認同問題。 / This thesis provides a case study of nation-building. Initiated by the concern of historical consciousness, it aims at analyzing the developing process of Ukrainian national movement in the 19th century. Applying the theoretical framework by Czech historian/sociologist Miroslav Hroch, it divides the national movement course into 3 phases (i.e. historical, cultural and political). Furthermore, biographical ketches contribute to a holistic analysis of the 19th century Ukrainian national movement as a whole. This study is divided into four parts. First, it traces back to the historical root of Ukrainian nation from the time of Kyivan Rus’. Second, it investigates how Ukrainians created the imagined community by inventing a common tradition and re-interpreting the history. Third, as the national consciousness grows, cultural and organizational activities contribute to strengthen the Ukrainian national idea in the mid-19th century. Fourth, political means such as regime establishment was employed by the eve of the Revolutionary times. In conclusion, it proposes feedbacks and reflections to re-consider the national identity problem in today’s Ukraine.
5

Nationalism in 21st Century Chinese Blockbusters

荻羅拉, Tylova, Klara Unknown Date (has links)
This study is thematic analysis that sought to identify nationalistic themes in mainland China's box-office hits in the 21st century. Box-office hits as the study material were picked because of their potential to spread the message they carry. Altogether, 14 movies were analyzed through a deconstruction, identifying scenes and dialogues that contained nationalistic appeals of both political and cultural nationalism as defined by Greenfeld (1992). During the coding process, 22 nationalistic themes were labeled, defined and described. Additionally, the study examined nationalistic structures of the movies taking Gries' (2004) nationalistic narratives and Smith's (1995) ethnic myths as a basis. Movies' background, and historical context adressing China's movie industry and Chinese nationalism are included for clarification purposes. The movies were found to exhibit manifestations of both cultural and political nationalism. It was found that movies financed and backed by government tend to show political nationalism while commercial movies exhibit cultural nationalism. For the movies' thematic structures, the shift from positive ones showing China's achievements towards negative ones expressing China's suffering was discovered. / This study is thematic analysis that sought to identify nationalistic themes in mainland China's box-office hits in the 21st century. Box-office hits as the study material were picked because of their potential to spread the message they carry. Altogether, 14 movies were analyzed through a deconstruction, identifying scenes and dialogues that contained nationalistic appeals of both political and cultural nationalism as defined by Greenfeld (1992). During the coding process, 22 nationalistic themes were labeled, defined and described. Additionally, the study examined nationalistic structures of the movies taking Gries' (2004) nationalistic narratives and Smith's (1995) ethnic myths as a basis. Movies' background, and historical context adressing China's movie industry and Chinese nationalism are included for clarification purposes. The movies were found to exhibit manifestations of both cultural and political nationalism. It was found that movies financed and backed by government tend to show political nationalism while commercial movies exhibit cultural nationalism. For the movies' thematic structures, the shift from positive ones showing China's achievements towards negative ones expressing China's suffering was discovered.
6

台灣心聲現象之解析

簡余晏 Unknown Date (has links)
2004年總統大選前後台灣出現許多電視政論節目,其中以劇作家汪笨湖主持年代MUCH台「台灣心聲」節目曾帶動台語政論風潮,引發「台灣心聲現象」,這個現象之後隨政治情勢變化等原因結束節目。政論節目召喚閱聽人的「認同」,閱聽人也對政論節目產生「迷」現象。政論節目與政治、國族認同結合,節目內容呈現特定符碼與意識形態。 / 本研究依據Hall的媒介文化模型,從這個概念研究產製流程、文本、與接收者解碼,了解其中的儀式性參與及最後形成的認同,透過「台灣心聲」政論節目的意義生產(編碼)與消費(解碼)面向,來觀察政論節目的文化產品意義。 / 本研究由研究者參與並觀察政論節目的運作流程,發現影響政論節目運作的因素包括收視率、主持人、政經大氣候、電視台小氣候等,呈現動態變化。本研究採論述分析法分析「台灣心聲」節目文本所呈現的認同意涵與意識形態建構。研究發現,當涉及族群及國族認同時,政論節目展演者在國家、台灣、中華民國、拚經濟等議題與符號上,呈現出運作差異範疇,透過符號運作政論節目區分出我者與他者的差異認同。 / 本研究深入訪問長期收看「台灣心聲」節目的閱聽人,了解閱聽人觀看節目的動機及認同;並採問卷調查法抽樣大台北地區大學生了解閱聽人選擇觀看的政論節目與其政治認同的關連性。深度觀看「台灣心聲」的受訪者強調認同「台灣主體意識」,台灣心聲的節目呈現形式、主持人風格、台語說書式模式並進一步產生了「迷」現象。 / Many political talk shows were brought forth in Taiwan before and after the 2004 presidential campaign. One of the shows, “Taiwanese Hearty Voice” in the channel “MUCH”, hosted by a playwright, Wang Ben Hu, surged the political talk shows in Taiwaness native tongue that caused the so-called “the phenomenon of Taiwanese Hearty Voice”. The phenomenon has waned while the political fever dropped and the show has ceased. Political talk shows arouse a sense of ‘identity’ among the audience and the audience is prone to be ‘fans’ of the shows. Political talk shows combined with politics and national identity present special encoding and ideology. / The thesis is based upon the Media Culture Model by Dr. Stuart Hall. From the model on the media process of production, text and the decoding of audience, the audience’s ritual participation and the finalized identity are studied. Through the political talk show case of “Taiwaness Hearty Voice”, I studied the media production of meaning “encoding” and comsuming “decoding” to explore the culture insight of the political talk show production. / The author of this thesis played both roles as participant and the observer in the show’s operation process and found the factors that affect the operation of political talk shows, such as ratings, who’s the host, political and economical climate at the moment, the atmosphere in the TV company, etc. They are dynamical. The method applied is discourse analysis, that analyses the identity insight and ideological structure presented by the text of “Taiwanese Hearty Voice”. It is found that, when involving ethnic and national identity, the participants of the show characterized distinct differences in the issues and encoding on “country”, “Taiwan”, “Republic of China” and “straining for economy”, etc. Manipulating the endcoding of political talk shows can distinguish the different identity between ‘we-group’ and ‘they-group’. / In order to understand the audience’s motivaton and identity, a survey is conducted to interview long-term audience of “Taiwanese Hearty Voice”. It adopted questionnaire survey and sampled college students in Grand Taipei area to correlate the choice of which political talk show to view and his/her political identity. In the survey, the audience who admits to be loyal audience of “Taiwanese Hearty Voice” emphasizes ‘the ideology of Taiwan’s identity’. “Taiwanese Hearty Voice” has presented its special form, host manner, and talk- show style in native Taiwanese tongue, which further produced a ‘fans’ phenomenon.
7

展覽中的中國:以1961年中國古藝術品赴美展覽為例

吳淑瑛, Wu Sue-Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本論文希望透過研究故宮博物院於1961年前往美國進行的「中國古藝術品展覽」,解釋今天故宮的特殊角色與定位。除了期望說明故宮代表中華文化的論述如何形成與建立,同時也解釋故宮如何透過展覽的陳列與解說,來呈現國家與國族的形象與想像。通過研究故宮發展、故宮藏品與國家政權之間的互動,對於文化藝術與權力之間的關係作更深刻的思考。 今天故宮不僅被視為中華文化的象徵,甚至將故宮藏品當成「國寶」。但是如果我們嘗試分析故宮藏品,不難發現這些文物僅是中國皇室收藏的珍奇異品。不過最近幾年,由於台灣社會、政治的變遷,故宮的獨尊地位開始受到挑戰。現任故宮院長杜正勝就質疑前任院長秦孝儀塑造故宮為華夏民族博物館的作法,否定台北故宮和北京故宮有前、後繼承的關係;並主張台北故宮的典藏政策不需要依循「國寶」的脈絡。由於這樣的質疑與轉變,使得故宮在中國文化上所代表的正統與典範地位,以及故宮和國家、政權之間的關係得以被重新思考。 今天,我們之所以認為博物館能夠傳達國族或文化的概念,主要正是因為博物館將收藏的文物「有意識」的重新加以排列展示,因而得以將國家、文化的發展脈絡,具體的呈現在人們眼前。國家對於藝術品的保存與展示,逐漸變成定義一個國家、文化傳統的重要媒介。展覽不僅呈現文化遺產,還進一步將國家發展歷史「展示」出來,經由重新脈絡化來宣揚國族與文化。例如日本過去經常藉由博覽會與展覽貶抑中國,並積極塑造日本成為「亞洲藝術遺產的守護者」。而故宮對外展覽,其實正是開始爭取中國對外形象的塑造以及發言權,甚至彰顯中國在東方藝術與文化上的重要地位。 因此本論文以1961年故宮前往美國五大城市舉行為期近一年的「中國古藝術品展覽」為例,探討故宮如何透過展覽的展示與解說,塑造中國國族的歷史與想像,同時建立中國藝術的「經典」,因此影響了西方對於中國藝術的論述與評價。這場展覽是中華民國政府播遷到台灣之後,國家級文物首次大規模的出國展覽。不僅由創辦《時代》(Time)、《財星》(Fortune)、《生活》(Life)等刊物的媒體鉅子亨利魯斯提出邀請,並出任贊助人。同時,中、美兩國元首擔任名譽倡導人,展覽期間更是備受官方與學術界的矚目。但此時世界局勢不穩,似乎沒有必要大張旗鼓安排故宮文物前往美國展覽。另一方面,由於中華民國與中華人民共和國政府互相爭奪正統,雙方都透過外交與司法途徑互相角力,爭取中國的代表權。如果中共借題發揮,這批參展文物極有可能被中華人民共和國政府收回,因此故宮赴外展覽的動作,格外引人矚目。 故宮博物院從建館以來,受限於經費及政治因素,對於收藏文物展示的時間並不長,研究工作也無從展開,只能偏重於清點工作。可是為了赴外展覽,必須編寫展覽目錄,勢必集合學者著手檢討文物的真假、年代與作者。也因為要對外展現「中國」,而必須對文物重新編排、解釋。因此,故宮赴外展覽確實是一個討論與觀察中國近代國族建構論述形成的特殊視角。故宮如何對外呈現、宣揚「中國」文化與藝術,其實正是具體展現故宮如何形塑與建構「中國」國族與文化的論述與想像。尤其是在前文所述的特殊歷史時空下,究竟展覽中呈現出怎樣的「中國」圖像,應該是一個相當值得探討的議題。因此,這個深受各方重視,又在敏感時機出國的展覽,如何選擇足以代表中國藝術與文化的作品,並以怎樣的方式展示,標示出民族國家框架下定義的中國,便是本研究試圖探討的議題。 本文希望強調故宮赴外展覽往往和國族形象的建構以及文化外交有密切的關係,因為展覽的特殊目的,因此影響了故宮在文化與藝術上的意義。也就是說,故宮今天獨特的地位和赴外展覽中的國族論述以及審美的展示方式有密切關係,而也正是因為故宮的特殊背景,賦予這些藏品更深的民族、國家意涵。 / The National Palace Museum has generally been considered as representing the culture of China and, for many years, the collection of the National Palace Museum was considered representative of traditional Chinese art. It has also been used by the Nationalist government in Taiwan as a symbol of legitimacy for the Republic of China. However, the society and politics of Taiwan have changed recently leading to an introspection for the foregoing opinions. The current director of the National Palace Museum, Tu Cheng-sheng, has questioned the transformation of the institution from the prototype of an imperial museum into a national art museum. Because attitudes about nations and cultures have changed, we can rethink why and how the National Palace Museum took on its role as representation of Chinese culture and the significance of its role in the history of modern China. Museums are important in shaping knowledge, in defining identities, and in representing culture. Since the late eighteenth-century in Europe, the modern museum has been a powerful apparatus for supporting the idea of the nation-state by exhibiting culture. Many recent studies on the establishment of the Louvre and other European national museums have demonstrated how these museums and their collection represent culture and establish canons through exhibitions. But in the past research, there has not been much discussion about how the National Palace Museum practices representation of culture through the images of art works displayed or exhibited in the museum. In 1961 The Chinese Art Treasures exhibition toured five major cities, Washington D.C., New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco. This exhibition of works from the National Palace Museum was organized on the invitation of the United States government for the purpose of instilling cultural understanding. At the same time, the exhibition was organized with a clear political agenda—to counter the threat from the Communist government who wanted to take back the collection. This paper will discuss how the exhibition The Chinese Art Treasures was used to define the Republic of China’s national sovereignty and to represent Chinese culture. The exhibition was held during the period when the conflict between the Republic of China under the Nationalist (the KMT) and the People's Republic of China over political legitimacy was the most heated and tense. This paper hopes to illustrate how the KMT employed the exhibition to proclaim the Republic of China’s firm stance in its claim of sovereignty over China and to demonstrate how the exhibition solidified the National Palace Museum’s role as the representation of the five thousand-year cultural legacy of China.
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女體與國族:強國強種與近代中國的婦女衛生(1895-1949) / Women's Hygiene in Modern China(1895-1949)

周春燕, Chou,Chun Yen Unknown Date (has links)
本論文利用大量的史料,包括檔案、方志、報刊、雜誌、文集、筆記、傳統醫籍,以及近代的醫學專業文獻,配合身體史、醫療史、醫療社會學的角度,輔以專業的醫學知識,考察1895-1949年間,女性在面臨月經、懷孕、生產等生命歷程時,其相關知識與照護,是否有別於傳統?同時也觀察在「強國強種」的風潮下,政府對於婦女衛生的推廣,是否有介入的情形。   經過一系列的分析後,本論文發現:在「男女授受不親」的社會習俗,以及中醫理論及技術發展的若干缺憾中,傳統中國婦女所受的健康保障較為有限,尤其是涉及女性生殖器官的月經和孕產等方面,無論是婦女本身,抑或是社會風氣,均存在一定的禁忌與避諱,以致女性因對自身生理認識不清,而無法達到良好的自我照護;即使面臨分娩此等攸關生命的大事,婦女也在「嚴男女之防」的考量下,把較為專業的男性醫者排拒在生產場域之外,寧將母嬰二命託付於較缺乏醫學知識的穩婆手中,這或許正是造成過去中國婦嬰死亡率偏高的重要原因。   然而,甲午戰敗的刺激,以及西醫之大量傳入,卻意外地衝破中國婦女的身體界線,使婦女衛生在「強國強種」的風潮下,得到改革的契機。這些改革,不僅造成近代婦產科醫學的革新之外,也在實際生活中影響著婦女。除了早期的不纏足運動之外,各種攸關女性身體健康的醫學知識,包括月經、生產等以往較少公開談論的知識,也不斷地湧入中國,並配合近代大量出現的報刊雜誌,傳播到許多受過教育的新女性的腦海中,使她們能更清楚自己的生理結構,進而執行適當的婦女保健。此外,女性的生理用品、生產場域,以及分娩時隨侍在旁的助產人員,也出現了不同於傳統的新選擇。新式月經帶(或衛生棉)、西醫婦產科醫院,以及西醫婦產科醫師與受專業訓練的助產士,成了少數婦女的新體驗,藉由這些較注重清潔衛生,以及講求科學原理的新事物,她們有可能獲得較為可靠的健康保障。必須說明的是,由於這些新的婦產科醫療與女性衛生用品,早期多出現於城市之中,且價格不菲,因此有能力享受者,多係居於城市的中上階層的婦女。 隨著外患侵逼日甚,以及中國國際處境之艱困,中國人對於「強國強種」的企求也持續提升;再加上戰爭、疾病所帶來的大量傷亡,在在促使國民政府不得不注重攸關國力的婦嬰衛生。除了訓練舊式穩婆,設立中央助產委員會,推廣西式的助產教育外,政府也頒布各種法令規範穩婆及助產士;為了有效預防婦嬰的兩大殺手──產褥熱與新生兒破傷風,政府更積極推廣強調清潔消毒的新法接生,並實施公醫制度,派遣專業人員深入鄉區推廣婦嬰衛生,甚至還發明圖文並茂的簡易助產包,俾使不識字的接生者也能操作新式助產技術。 儘管在1949年之前,中國仍有不少婦女尋求穩婆之協助,採取舊法接生;但新式助產事業之於中國,事實上是在兵馬倥傯的亂局中,經歷了「從無到有」的過程。在中華民國政府篳路藍縷的草創階段奠定基礎,中華人民共和國在政局穩定之後,於此根基上繼續耕耘,並逐漸獲得成效。至此,中國的婦女衛生終於衝破傳統的藩籬,向前跨出一大步,中國女性獲得健康的途徑,也因此更加多元。
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政治共同體的再建構 - 德東人國族認同的轉變與延續 / Re-construction of Political Community - The Transformation and Continuation of National Identity for the East German

王贊焜 Unknown Date (has links)
1973年西德聯邦憲法法院作出東、西德基礎條約判決指陳 ”基礎條約的特殊性在於,它雖是一項適用國際法規則、並且具有國際法條約效力的兩國間之雙邊條約,然而這兩個國家卻是一個始終尚存、又保有同一民族的整體德國之兩部份”。西德以「基本法(Das Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, GG)」治國,在政治自由與經濟成長的輝煌成果,對社會主義東德產生催枯拉朽的體系瓦解,並導致兩個德國在1990年10月3日正式復歸「統一」。 國族認同在德國既因為納粹時代的誤用而被視為一種罪惡及禁忌,二次戰後的德國人,既不能像其他國族國家的人民一般以土地作為政治共同體認同的對象,也不能繼續以國族為認同的對象,乃發展出以體制為認同的對象。統一後德國經濟的表現與落差,不如原先之預測與期待,隨之而來的是,認同自己是「德東人」的前東德人卻越來越多。1990年統一之初,有六成一的東德人回答自己是「德國人」,到了2000年時,認同自己是「東德人」的竟高達七成七。以歷史的角度來看,所謂的日耳曼民族「統一」,在漫長的歷史長河裏,是否竟成短暫一瞬?國族認同其實是不斷「轉變」、需要被「建構」? 德東人的國族認同似乎印證此一說法。 / The decision of the Federal Constitutional Court in the Basic Treaty of 1973 stated “ The specialty of the treaty is that it applies to, as well as effects, a bilateral international treaty between two states which are existing for long and keep the same nation in the two divisions of the entire Germany as a whole.” The significant political freedoms and economic prosperity that West Germany established under the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), which across the border many of East Germany’s citizens looked to, eventually led to the collapse of socialist and the consequent official unification of two German states into one again on 3rd October 1990. Due to the Nazis’ distortion of national identity, as well as the changing border in historical Germany, an ideology of identity in political communities has appeared on “systems” for the postwar German, rather than on “nations” or “lands” as for people in other nation state. Alongside the social unequal and decline derived from the disappointing economic performance after unification, more and more pre East German now declare themselves “East German”. In 1990, 61% of pre East German recognized “German”, while in 2000 77% of those recognized “East German”. From the historical point of view, the so called “Germanic unification” ultimate becomes a short memory in the long history? National identity actually transforms and needs to be continuously constructed? The terms of pre East German seem in support of this indication.
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劃界的女性婚姻移民公民權--多元文化女性主義的觀點

李品蓉 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要探討近年來大量的女性婚姻移民隨著全球化浪潮進入我國,在遭逢我國國族建構的互動過程中,其公民身份與權利如何的受到對待與回應。本研究探討的焦點分為兩部份:第一部份著重在大陸及東南亞配偶在Marshall的三種公民權—市民權、社會權、政治權分類下,所受到國家法令規範的限制,並比較兩者的差異;第二部份著重在以多元文化主義的女性主義觀點分析種族、階級、國族與性別四種因素如何影響著婚姻移民的公民權行使,女性婚姻移民如何跳脫出公民權本質與運作上所帶來的阻礙,並比較現階段大陸及東南亞配偶在公民權實踐上的差異。 本研究在研究方法上,一方面從相關移民法令、公報、報章媒體等次級資料加以分析整理現階段女性婚姻移民在法令上的保障與限制;另一方面,以深度訪談的方式,對移盟與沒錢盟的主要幹部進行面對面訪談,以進一步了解女性婚姻移民的現實處境,及移民團體對政府移民政策的批判。 本研究結果發現,在目前的法令規範上,大陸配偶所受到的限制較東南亞配偶嚴苛;在阻礙因素上,由於個人地位與角色受到多重因素的影響,使得女性婚姻移民落入國族與性別的交互壓迫與歧視循環中,而無法享有平等的公民權;此外,來自國族的影響對大陸配偶的公民權限制較大,種族歧視則對東南亞配偶的公民權限制較大,性別及階級歧視則同時限制了大陸及東南亞配偶的部份公民權。

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