Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

?rea de concentra??o: Pol?tica, Cultura e Sociedade. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-11-08T16:01:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) samuel_luiz_souza_pereira.pdf: 6573227 bytes, checksum: 5cb80c580c97be540c6a2c5b050eb1c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-11-10T12:00:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) samuel_luiz_souza_pereira.pdf: 6573227 bytes, checksum: 5cb80c580c97be540c6a2c5b050eb1c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-10T12:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) samuel_luiz_souza_pereira.pdf: 6573227 bytes, checksum: 5cb80c580c97be540c6a2c5b050eb1c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / A presente pesquisa insere-se nas atuais discuss?es da teoria pol?tica contempor?nea sobre democracia e participa??o. Parte-se do pressuposto que o sistema pol?tico democr?tico pode ganhar qualidade quando concilia a democracia representativa aos espa?os de democracia participativa, em suma, quando as institui??es pol?ticas formais conseguem, em algum grau, serem perme?veis ?s contribui??es da sociedade no controle e proposi??o de pol?ticas p?blicas. A assertiva que nos orienta, de alguma forma, tamb?m funcionou como base para cria??o dos Conselhos Gestores. N?o obstante a este fato, resta-nos saber se de fato tais Institui??es Participativas se fizeram exitosas em suas pretens?es. Da? o estudo das experi?ncias vividas no ?mbito dos Conselhos Municipais de Assist?ncia Social e Sa?de de Diamantina/MG. Com foco nestes espa?os, nos dirigimos a descortinar a din?mica da participa??o compreendendo-a a partir de vari?veis que acreditamos serem capazes de influenci?-la, inibindo ou impulsionando o protagonismo dos atores, s?o elas: o Desenho Institucional, portanto ?as regras do jogo?, os elementos sociais que se relacionam a ele - poder e interesses e as motiva??es para participa??o seja elas vinculadas a escolha racional e/ou derivadas do capital c?vico. O estudo emp?rico lan?a m?o de pesquisa documental e entrevista junto aos atores sociais envolvidos. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam limites das Institui??es Participativas analisadas principalmente no que se refere a representatividade dos atores sociais e na partilha de poderes entre Governo e Sociedade, mas, por outro lado, identifica potencialidade no que tange ao accountability tendo em vista a submiss?o de dados administrativos a aprecia??o dos conselhos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Humanas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018. / This study is part of current discussions of contemporary political theory about democracy and participation. It is assumed that the democratic political system can be of a better quality if representative and participative democracy are conciliated, in short, when formal political institutions can, in any way, be opened to society contributions for controling and proposing public policies. The assertive that guide us has, some way, worked as basis to create administrative councils. Nonetheless, the question remains as to whether such participative institutions has succeded in their claims, then the need to study experiences lived in the full scope of City Councils of social assistance and health of Diamantina/MG. We worked in order to reveal the dinamic of participating, trying to comphreend it through some variables we believe are able to influence it in a way of inhibiting or giving a boost to its protagonists: institutional design (social elements ? power and interests) and motivation, even if it is linked to rational choice and/or came from civic capital. The empirical study let go off documental research and interview with social actors involved. Results show limits of participative institutions analysed, mainly relating to social actors representativity and power-sharing between government and society, but, on the other hand, it identify potentiality referring to accountability with a view of submitting administrative data to councils apreciation.

O estudo trata da gestão municipal dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e os desafios do gerenciamento participativo nos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica. A partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, os recursos hídricos passaram a ser de domínio exclusivamente público da União e Estados membros. Em janeiro de 1997 entrou em vigor a Lei n. 9.433/97, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, o que mudou os paradigmas do setor, na perspectiva de implementar uma gestão sistêmica e descentralizada, levando em conta todos os elementos do ambiente e proporcionando a todos os atores sociais a possibilidade de participar do processo por meio dos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica. O trabalho se ocupou também, em discutir o papel do Município nesse novo modelo de gestão, já que num primeiro momento não tem a titularidade de nenhum recurso hídrico e o espaço local de discussão passou a ser o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica. Em julho de 2000, a Lei n. 9.984/00, criou a Agência Nacional de Águas, que tem como missão implementar a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, em articulação com os demais membros desse sistema. Finalmente analisa a relação entre o Município e os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica, no que diz respeito a sua participação e possíveis conflitos de competência. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T16:55:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ricardo Menezes.pdf: 527588 bytes, checksum: a454a6b82ae20581472e2c244b95611b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T16:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ricardo Menezes.pdf: 527588 bytes, checksum: a454a6b82ae20581472e2c244b95611b (MD5) / The study approaches the municipal management of the water resources in Brazil and the challenges of the participative management in the Committees of Hydrographic Basin. From the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, the water resources had started to be of exclusively public domain of the Union and States members. In January of 1997, the Law nº 9.433/97 that instituted the National Politics of Water Resources and the National System of Water Resources Management was approved, what changed the paradigms of the sector, in the perspective to implement a systemic and decentralized management, taking in account all the elements of the environment and providing to all the social actors the possibility to participate of the process by means of the Committees of Hydrographic Basin. This work also discusses the City´s role in this new model of management, since at a first moment it does not have the title of the water resource and the responsible started to be the Committee of Hydrographic Basin. In July of 2000, Law nº 9.984/00, created the National Water Agency, which has as mission to implement the National Politics of Water Resources and the National System of Water Resources Management, in joint with the other members of this system. Finally, it analyzes the relation between the City and the Committees of Hydrographic Basin, concerning its participation and possible concurrent jurisdictions.

« Territorialisation de l’espace public : une approche polanyienne appliquée au cas de l’Auvergne » est une recherche en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication portant sur l’espace public contemporain. Cette recherche s’intéresse aux enjeux démocratiques liés à l’existence simultanée de différentes échelles d’articulation des sphères politique, économique et symbolique. Il s’agit d’un travail théorique et empirique appuyé sur le niveau régional auvergnat, mobilisant une épistémologie de la complexité (Edgar Morin), la méthodologie de « l’étude de cas élargie » (Michael Burawoy) et une approche interdisciplinaire.L’espace public est défini comme ayant une double dimension empirique et normative (Jürgen Habermas). Mais en référence aux travaux d’Éric Dacheux, l’espace public est également le fruit d’un compromis particulier, historiquement déterminé, entre les trois ordres politique, économique et symbolique. Par conséquent, l’espace public est le lieu où ces trois systèmes entrent en confrontation et sont en interaction (dimension empirique) et une instance propre à la démocratie (dimension normative). Il est donc le lieu où se jouent, en démocratie, les processus de régulation et de transformation sociale. Le mot « polanyien » fait référence aux travaux de Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) qui ont démontré que même si État libéral, démocratie et « idéologie de marché » sont historiquement liés, ils sont incompatibles à long terme. Cela signifie qu’il est nécessaire de développer une nouvelle relation entre la sphère économique et la sphère politique, compatible avec la démocratie. Les activités communicationnelles dans l’espace public sont considérées comme des relations humaines intentionnelles ayant pour objectif un partage de sens. En contexte démocratique, il s’agit de relations entre des personnes égales et libres aux altérités irréductibles. L’agir communicationnelle peut en être une des modalités, même s’il s’agit davantage d’un idéal normatif, la réalité empirique étant marquée par l’incommunication et l’expression préalable de désaccords à partir desquels peut se construire une activité délibérative.Le terrain de recherche empirique se situe à l’échelle de l’espace public régional, considéré comme un « espace public émergent ». Les outils mobilisés sont des « focus groups », des « entretiens compréhensifs » avec des acteurs politiques et des acteurs de l’ESS vivant en Auvergne, et le fruit d’une observation participante en tant qu’acteur politique. Des pratiques de démocratie participative à l’initiative du Conseil régional sont ainsi décrites et analysées.Cette démarche de recherche aboutit à la proposition d’une représentation d’un « espace public pluriel territorialisé ». Elle défend l’intérêt d’une approche d’économie plurielle en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication. / "Territorialisation of the public sphere: a Polanyian approach applied to the case of Auvergne” is a doctoral research project in Information and Communication Sciences on the contemporary public sphere. This research focuses on democratic issues linked with the coexistence of different scales of articulation of political, economic and symbolic spheres. It is a theoretical and empirical work applied to the regional level (Auvergne- France), using an epistemology of complexity (Edgar Morin), the extended case method” (Michael Burawoy) and an interdisciplinary approach.Public sphere is defined as having a dual empirical and normative dimension (Jürgen Habermas). But in reference to the work of Éric Dacheux, the public sphere is also the consequence of a particular compromise, historically determined, between three orders: political, economic and symbolic systems. As a result, the public sphere is the place where these three systems come into confrontation and interact (empirical dimension) and a proper instance of democracy (normative dimension). In a democracy, it is the place where regulation and social transformation processes take place. The word “Polanyian” refers to research by Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) who demonstrated that even if liberal state, democracy and “market ideology” are historically linked, they are incompatible in the long term. This means that it is necessary to develop a new relationship between the economic sphere and the political sphere compatible with democracy. Communicational activities in the public sphere are considered as intentional human relations aimed creating shared meaning. In a democratic context, this involves a relationship between equal and free persons with irreducible otherness. Communicative action can be one of the modalities, although it is rather a normative ideal, while empirical reality is characterized by miscommunication and the prior expression of disagreements from which one can build a deliberative activity.The empirical research field is based on a study of the regional public sphere as an “emerging public sphere”. The tools used are “focus groups”, “interactive interviews” with some political actors and actors of the social and solidarity economy living in Auvergne, and the result of a participant observation as a political actor. Participatory democratic practices initiated by the Regional Council are thus described and analyzed.This research approach leads to the proposal for the representation of a “territorialized plural public sphere” representation. It vindicates a plural economy approach in Information and Communication Sciences.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise do Conselho Municipal de Educação de Ribeirão Preto (CMERP) a partir de três aspectos essenciais - os contornos do seu desenho institucional, os conteúdos dos seus processos deliberativos e os sentidos da participação em seu contexto. Es-peramos que essa análise possa indicar os caminhos que têm sido tomados por conselheiras e conselheiros no espaço participativo do Conselho, bem como compreender suas conquistas e desafios na direção da ampliação democrática. Os objetivos específicos são a investigação sobre o traçado e o funcionamento instituicional, a efetividade dos processos deliberativos e as rela-ções que se estabelecem numa conjuntura de partilha de poder entre o Poder Público e a socie-dade civil. O enfoque metodológico é qualitativo, com a reunião de dados documentais e a coleta de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O fenômeno da participação democrática no Brasil, em especial por meio das mais diversas instituições participativas criadas desde a redemocratização do país, tem gerado um campo vasto de pesquisas empíricas que tomam por base a democracia como processo de deliberação argumentativa e buscam avaliar ganhos e dificuldades desse ca-minho. Os resultados produzidos dentro de algumas décadas de funcionamento das instituições participativas ganham a centralidade da agenda de pesquisa, que busca medir a capacidade de tornar mais democráticas as relações entre Poder Público e sociedade civil. Para a nossa pesquisa, realizamos a análise de dados colhidos sobre o CMERP - a legislação, as atas das reuniões ordinárias e extraordinárias, o Plano Municipal de Educação de Ribeirão Preto, as entrevistas com conselheiras e conselheiros e as notas de campo. O CMERP é um conselho em funcionamento e que cumpre com suas atribuições legais. A instituição conta com uma participação marcadamente fiscalizatória do Poder Público e das políticas educacionais, com uma representação concentrada nos segmentos da educação municipal, em especial do professorado. Dentre os desafios encontrados em termos de ampliação democrática, estão a aproximação da sociedade civil e a diversificação dos setores representados internamente. / This research aims to analyze the Municipal Education Council of Ribeirão Preto (CMERP) through three essentials aspects: the outlines of its institutional design, the contentes of its de-liberative processes and the meanings of the participation in its context. We hope this analysis may indicate the paths that have been taken by counselers in the Council\'s participative space, as well as the understanding of its conquers and challenges towards a democratic enlargement. The specific objectives are the investigation on the layout and the institutional operation, the effectivness of deliberative processes and the relations that take place in a conjucture of power sharing between public Power and the civil society. The metodologic approach is qualitative, gathering documental data and collecting semi-structured interviews. The democratic partici-pation phenomenum in Brazil, especially by the means of several participative institutions that were created since the country\'s redemocratization, has generated a wide field of empirical researches that base the democracy as an argumentative deliberation process and aim to evalu-ate gains and difficulties on that path. From this perspective, the results produced whithin a few decades of operations of the participatory institutions gain the centrality of the research agenda in this area, which seeks to measure its ability to turn the relations between public sector and civil society more democratic. For our research, we did the analysis of direct and indirect data gathered on the CMERP - legislation, the minutes of meetings (ordinary and extraordinary), the Ribeirão Preto\'s Educational Municipal Plan, the interviews with advisors and counselors and the field notes. We can say that the Council is in operation and fulfills its legal atributions. The institution has a participation thar markedly fiscalizes do Public Power and educational public policies, with concentrated representation in the fields of municipal education, in special the teachers. Among the challenges in terms of democratic expansion, are the approaching of civil society and the diversification of sectors represented internally.

Depuis 2002, trois acteurs institutionnels et un acteur économique ont élaboré différentes politiques de développement durable à La Réunion. Avec son agenda 21 et le Plan Réunionnais de Développement Durable, Le Conseil Régional a été le premier à se lancer. Il est suivi en 2004 par le Conseil Général avec le Schéma Départemental d'Aménagement et de Développement Durable, par La Réunion Économique en 2006 avec Réunion Île Verte 2030 et enfin par l'État en 2007 avec GERRI. Cette thèse a pour but de déterminer s'il existe une stratégie de développement durable partagée par l'ensemble des acteurs du territoire réunionnais. Elle ambitionne également d'identifier s'il existe à La Réunion un décalage entre le discours tenu par les différents acteurs autour de la notion de développement durable et les actions entreprises en ce sens. Ces objectifs nous ont conduit à réaliser un bilan des actions engagées à La Réunion afin de rendre raison de l'écart entre discours et réalité, politiques publiques et perceptions d'acteurs dans le champ du développement durable. Pour remplir ces objectifs, le protocole de recherche mis en place se focalisait sur trois acteurs du territoire réunionnais : les acteurs politiques, les acteurs socio-économiques et la population générale. Pour chacun de ces acteurs, l'objectif était d'identifier le type d'actions élaborées dans le cadre du développement durable et de définir les représentations associées. Les acteurs politiques du territoire ont souvent profité de l'ambigüité du concept pour se lancer dans cette démarche, ou à tout le moins dans son volet « communication ». L'expression « développement durable » est réduite par les différents acteurs à la simple protection d'un environnement pouvant rendre des services à la population. Cette adhésion à la « protection de l'environnement » masque donc souvent une vision utilitariste de ce dernier. C'est donc une approche de la durabilité qui pourrait être qualifiée de « faible » et qui semble dominer à La Réunion. / Since 2002, three institutionnal players ad an economic player developed different policies for sustainable development in La Reunion. The Regional Council was the first to launch into with its agenda 21 and « Le Plan Réunionnais de Développement Durable ». He was followed by the General Council with the « Schéma Départemental d'Aménagement et de Développement Durable » in 2004, by La Réunion Économique in 2006 with « Reunion ïle Verte 2030 » and finally by the French State in 2007 with GERRI. This thesis aims to determine whether there is a sustainable dévelopment strategy shared by all the local actors. It also aims to identify whether there is a gap between the discourse of different actors about the concept of sustainable development and the action taken. These objectives lead us to take stoke of actions taken in La Reunion to justify the gap between rhetoric and reality, public policy and actor’s perceptions in the field of sustainable development. To fulfill these objectives, the research protocole implemented focused on three actors : political, socio-economic player and the population. For each of these actors, the objectif was to identify the type of action developed in the context of sustainable development and to define the associated representation. political actor have often take advantage of the ambiguity of the concept to engage in this process, or at least in its « communication » component. The concept of sustainable development is reduced to its simple expression of the protection of an environment that should provides services to the population. This adherence to the « environmental protection » hide an utilitarian view of the environment. It’s therefore a sustainability approach that could be described as « weak » and that seems to emerge in La Reunion.

O estudo trata da gestão municipal dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e os desafios do gerenciamento participativo nos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica. A partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, os recursos hídricos passaram a ser de domínio exclusivamente público da União e Estados membros. Em janeiro de 1997 entrou em vigor a Lei n. 9.433/97, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, o que mudou os paradigmas do setor, na perspectiva de implementar uma gestão sistêmica e descentralizada, levando em conta todos os elementos do ambiente e proporcionando a todos os atores sociais a possibilidade de participar do processo por meio dos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica. O trabalho se ocupou também, em discutir o papel do Município nesse novo modelo de gestão, já que num primeiro momento não tem a titularidade de nenhum recurso hídrico e o espaço local de discussão passou a ser o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica. Em julho de 2000, a Lei n. 9.984/00, criou a Agência Nacional de Águas, que tem como missão implementar a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, em articulação com os demais membros desse sistema. Finalmente analisa a relação entre o Município e os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica, no que diz respeito a sua participação e possíveis conflitos de competência. / The study approaches the municipal management of the water resources in Brazil and the challenges of the participative management in the Committees of Hydrographic Basin. From the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, the water resources had started to be of exclusively public domain of the Union and States members. In January of 1997, the Law nº 9.433/97 that instituted the National Politics of Water Resources and the National System of Water Resources Management was approved, what changed the paradigms of the sector, in the perspective to implement a systemic and decentralized management, taking in account all the elements of the environment and providing to all the social actors the possibility to participate of the process by means of the Committees of Hydrographic Basin. This work also discusses the City´s role in this new model of management, since at a first moment it does not have the title of the water resource and the responsible started to be the Committee of Hydrographic Basin. In July of 2000, Law nº 9.984/00, created the National Water Agency, which has as mission to implement the National Politics of Water Resources and the National System of Water Resources Management, in joint with the other members of this system. Finally, it analyzes the relation between the City and the Committees of Hydrographic Basin, concerning its participation and possible concurrent jurisdictions.

Mass media has always played the key role in democratic process. They are not only the indicator of its right functioning, but also the iniciator. From historical point of view is obvious, that technological progress and changes in the way of informing people were related to the political area. But with the increasing role of media, they changed their position from pure mediators of informations to the main actors of social and political life. The ‚old' media, such as newspapers, radio and television, are therefore partly responsible for commercialization of the public sphere and also for its depolitization. With contribution of the globalization effect on today's world, which causes besides other things the weakening of the nation state, there are only a little of the key democratic aspects left. Some find the solution in the ‚new' media represented by the Internet and social media, which are more interactive so they could get the citizens back to the game. And right in the increase of civic engagement see the theorists the potencial for creating a new democratic order based on high-level participation. KEY WORDS Mass media, Democracy, Public Sphere, Civic Engagement, Internet, Social media, Participative Democracy, Deliberative Democracy

The imbizo was introduced in the light of the problems associated with indirect democracy, as well as attempts to bring democracy closer to the people in ways with which they are more familiar. The problem of the study was approached by putting the imbizo in perspective. Hence, a cybernetics model was used with the two information systems, namely the GCIS and the spider-web. They were used to describe the workings of the imbizo in the political system. A mixed method using both the quantitative and qualitative approaches investigated the problem by surveying students‟ understanding of the imbizo. A case study regarding service delivery and public participation was conducted at villages where the imbizo had been held. Generally, findings confirm the imbizo’s role as an instrument to enhance service delivery. The findings have some far-reaching implications for democracy: Unlike indirect democracy, the imbizo “takes the government closer to the people” through unmediated engagement of the people in order to realise direct democracy and accountability. / M.A. (Politics) / Political Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alberto Carmello Junior.pdf: 1735734 bytes, checksum: dcc78b00ada28205d600ed5a1db600dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-13 / The purpose of this study is establish the relationship between participative democracy and childhood legal protection in Brazil. To achieve this goal it was needed to overlook how civil participation and public policies are brought into brazilian legal system. Once civil participation on building public policies can only be developed in the rule of the State of Law, it was firstly studied the State of Law as an historical phenomenon that combines liberal and social political approaches. Also, it was studied how the democratic ideal joins the liberal and the social views in Brazilian 1.988 Constitution. This legal document the most important one in Brazil brings some ways in which civil participation can be made directly by the people, as far as political decisions are concerned. Brazilian 1.988 Constitution also brings a new approach on childhood legal protection. In order to understand this new approach, known as integral protection doctrine , it was analyzed the most important international legal documents concerning childhood legal protection and how the main ideas of these documents were accepted by 1.988 Constitution and brazilian federal law nº 8.069/90. That allowed the conclusion that brazilian legal system is opened to civil participation on granting childhood rights. Some examples of civil participation on granting child health, education and others were given As far as childhood legal protection is concerned, Brazilian 1.988 Constitution also imposes that public policies should be built by society and government. Since brazilian federal 8.069/90 law should be understood as a specification of rights brought in 1.988 Brazilian Constitution, it was reached the conclusion that civil participation on granting childhood rights can be accomplished by joining the tutelar counsel and the rights counsels . Finally, it was analyzed the most important issues related to these counsels / O objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer a relação existente entre a democracia participativa e a proteção legal de crianças e adolescentes. Para atingir este objetivo, foi necessário verificar como a participação popular e as políticas públicas se inserem no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Como a participação popular na formulação de políticas públicas só pode se efetivar nos quadros do Estado de Direito, foi primeiramente estudado a sua evolução e historicidade, ao agregar características liberais e sociais. Foi também estudado como o ideal democrático se agrega ao traço liberal e social na Constituição Federal de 1988. A Constituição de 1988 trouxe alguns meios de o povo diretamente participar de decisões políticas fundamentais. Ainda, a Carta Política trouxe um novo paradigma legal no que diz respeito aos direitos de crianças e de adolescentes. Para compreender este paradigma o paradigma da proteção integral foram analisados os mais importantes documentos legais internacionais relacionados à proteção de crianças e adolescentes e como os postulados fundamentais desses documentos foram acolhidos pela atual Constituição e pela Lei nº 8.069/90. A partir desta análise, foi possível chegar à conclusão de que o sistema legal de proteção de crianças e adolescentes é aberto à participação civil na efetivação de direitos de crianças e adolescentes. Foram oferecidos exemplos de participação civil na efetivação de direitos diversos, dentre os quais saúde e educação. Ainda, a Constituição Federal de 1988 estabeleceu, como imposição, que políticas públicas voltadas para crianças e adolescentes sejam deliberadas em conjunto pelo poder público e pela sociedade civil. A Lei nº 8.069/90, ao regulamentar o mandamento constitucional, dispôs que a participação da sociedade pode se efetivar por meio do conselho tutelar e conselho dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, cujas características principais foram abordadas