Although interest in Performance Measurement and Management Systems (PMMS) and their application in various organizations has grown substantially, they are mainly developed for larger companies, and practitioners find it challenging to implement these systems in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). SME characteristics such as limited budget, lack of experience and knowledge, and pace of change usually make it difficult for managers to adopt and use traditional PMMS. One of the solutions to the lack of applicability of PMMS in the SME context is provided by integrating traditional PMMS with Business Intelligence (BI) and Business Analytics (BA) tools and technologies. The main goal of this thesis is to design and evaluate a Performance Management System based on Business Intelligence (PMS-BI) artifact that contains frameworks, architectures, tools and guidelines to help SMEs evaluate their current Performance Management System (PMS), select the most suitable PMS-BI system components, and design their own PMS based on BI. This artifact also guides them throughout the year by providing tools to assess their PMS-BI and maintain it. For this thesis, I applied a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology to collect the relevant information needed in the design step, design and develop the artifact, and evaluate it. I used the case study approach in the design's information collection and artifact evaluation phases. The final artifact consists of an executive document that guides the SME managers to design their own PMS-BI and helps them have a perception of its efficiency. In the data collection phase, I systematically reviewed the relevant literature to understand best practices, then interviewed eleven participants from seven SMEs to find out the gaps and requirements regarding PMS in SMEs. These participants are directly responsible for the PMS in their organization. Then by combining this information, I extracted the PMS-BI features. In the creative process of system design, I used these features to develop the artifact. Then, I presented the results to the same participants in the form of an executive summary. Finally, I used a “usability questionnaire” to understand participants' opinions about the artifact and document their feedback. My research fills the gap in the application of DSR in the PMS artifact development. This thesis helps researchers understand the application of DSR in designing and developing PMS artifacts for SMEs. In addition, the final artifact can be used by SMEs to develop and apply their own PMS-BI.

Recruitment consultants today are faced with considerable stress and challenges as a result of their work. They must cope effectively with these challenges in order to deliver effective job performance, which is crucial to an organisation’s survival. In this study the relationship between sense of coherence, self-efficacy and job performance amongst recruitment consultants was investigated. The Orientation to Life Questionnaire, Generalised Self-efficacy Scale and a job performance measure comprising key performance indicators were used. The study was conducted with 99 recruitment consultants at a national recruitment organisation in South Africa. While a theoretical relationship was determined, this was not supported by the empirical investigation. Relationships did, however, emerge for the comprehensibility component of sense of coherence to job performance total and for two of its dimensions (namely customer service and productivity). A regression model, comprising comprehensibility and meaningfulness, emerged as a significant predictor of total job performance. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm.(Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Kandidatuppsats 15 hp, Civilekonomprogrammet, controller fördjupningen, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö. Titel: Hållbarhet – en integrationsfråga Kurs: 2FE24E Ämne: Ämnesfördjupande arbete, ekonomistyrning Författare: Elin Jönsson, Erik Krantz, Philip Lordh Handledare: Karin Jonnergård Bakgrund: Skogsbranschen upplever idag stort tryck gällande hållbarhetsarbetet och hållbarhet ligger i fokus i dagens samhälle. För att företag ska lyckas med sitt hållbarhetsarbete krävs det en anpassning i den interna styrning och att hållbarhet involveras i företags prestationsmätning. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera och jämföra utformning, förmedling och uppföljning av mål och mått, samt undersöka vilka motiv som ligger bakom valet att arbeta med hållbarhet. Metod: Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsdesign och ett iterativt tillvägagångssätt. Flerfallstudier har använts och det empiriska materialet är insamlat genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med relevanta personer på de företag i skogsbranschen som vår studie berör. Den teoretiska referensramen är insamlad utifrån böcker och vetenskapliga artiklar. Vidare ligger en analysmodell till grund för den analys som gjorts. Slutsats: Den slutsats som kan dras är att företag inom skogsbranschen integrerar mål och mått med hänsyn till hållbarhet i sin interna styrning genom sin styrmiljö, riskbedömning, kontrollaktiviteter, informationsförmedling och uppföljning. De har ett väl utvecklat hållbarhetsarbete och där integreringen av hållbarhet i den interna styrningen är framgångsrik på flera punkter. Nyckelord: Skogsbranschen, hållbarhet, intern styrning, prestationsmätning, externa motiv, interna motiv, informationsförmedling, uppföljning. / Bachelor Thesis 15 hp, Program of Master of Science in Business and Economics, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Växjö. Title: Sustainability – a question of integration Course code: 2FE24E Subject: Subject Profounding Work, Management Accounting Authors: Elin Jönsson, Erik Krantz, Philip Lordh Advisor: Karin Jonnergård Background: The forest industry is currently experiencing great pressure on their sustainability work and sustainability is a hot topic in today’s society. In order for companies to succeed in their sustainability efforts, there has to be an adjustment in their internal management and that sustainability is involved in companies performance measurements. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the design, instrumentality and follow-up of goals and measurements, as well as investigate the motives behind the choice of working with sustainability. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research design and an iterative approach. Multivariate studies have been used and the empirical material is collected through semi- structured interviews with relevant individuals in the forest industry. The theoretical frame of references is collected from literature and scientific articles. Furthermore, an analysis model forms the basis for the written analysis. Conclusion: The conclusion is that companies within the forest industry integrate goals and measurements with regard to sustainability in their internal management through their management environment, risk assessment, control activities, instrumentality and follow-up. They have a well-developed sustainability work and the integration of sustainability in the internal management is successful in several areas. Keywords: Forest industry, sustainability, internal management, performance measurements, internal motives, external motives, instrumentality, follow-up.

Recruitment consultants today are faced with considerable stress and challenges as a result of their work. They must cope effectively with these challenges in order to deliver effective job performance, which is crucial to an organisation’s survival. In this study the relationship between sense of coherence, self-efficacy and job performance amongst recruitment consultants was investigated. The Orientation to Life Questionnaire, Generalised Self-efficacy Scale and a job performance measure comprising key performance indicators were used. The study was conducted with 99 recruitment consultants at a national recruitment organisation in South Africa. While a theoretical relationship was determined, this was not supported by the empirical investigation. Relationships did, however, emerge for the comprehensibility component of sense of coherence to job performance total and for two of its dimensions (namely customer service and productivity). A regression model, comprising comprehensibility and meaningfulness, emerged as a significant predictor of total job performance. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Titel: Användarens roll vid prestationsmätning för miljö - En fallstudie på Växjö kommun  Bakgrund: En ökad medvetenhet kring miljö i samhället, ett växande tryck från allmänheten och fler regulatoriska krav har påverkat offentliga verksamheters ansträngningar inom miljöområdet. Följden av denna ansträngning är att prestationsmätningar för miljö har implementerats från den privata sektorn för att offentliga verksamheter skall kunna visa upp förbättringar och göra utvärderingar av sitt arbete med miljöfrågor. Forskare menar dock att insamling av information om prestationer inte är tillräckligt utan informationen behöver även användas i verksamheten. Därmed blev det intressant att studera hur chefer i offentliga verksamheter använder information från prestationsmätning för miljö och varför informationen används. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera hur förvaltningschefer och kommunala bolagschefer på Växjö kommun använder information från prestationsmätningar för miljö samt förklara varför informationen används. Dessutom syftar studien till att ge förbättringsförslag som stödjer Växjö kommuns arbete med prestationsmätning för miljö. Metod: Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ fallstudie med Växjö kommun som fallverksamhet. Vid insamling av data har framförallt kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts, men data innefattas även av interna dokument som exempelvis Växjö kommuns miljöprogram.        Resultat och slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar att förvaltningschefer och kommunala bolagschefer i Växjö kommun främst använder information från prestationsmätningar för miljö för interna syften, dock är vissa chefer mer benägna att använda informationen än andra. Studiens resultat visar även att arbetet med prestationsmätning för miljö kan vidareutvecklas. / Title: The user's role in Environmental Performance Measurement- A case study on Växjö municipality Background: Increased awareness of the environment in society, growing public pressure and more regulations have affected public organisation's efforts in the environmental field. The result of this effort is that environmental performance measurements have been implemented from the private sector so that public organisations can demonstrate improvements and make evaluations of their work on environmental issues. However, researchers argue that collecting information about performance is not enough, the information also needs to be used in the organisation. Therefore it became interesting to study how public sector managers use information from Environmental performance measurements and why the information is used. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how managers at Växjö municipality use information from Environmental Performance Measurements and explain why the information is used. In addition, the study aims at providing improvement proposals that support Växjö municipality's work on Environmental Performance Measurement. Methods: This study is a qualitative case study with Växjö municipality as the case. In collecting data, qualitative interviews have been conducted, but data is also collected through internal documents, such as Växjö municipality's Environmental Program Results and conclusions: The study's results shows that managers at Växjö municipality mainly use information from Environmental Performance Measurements for internal purposes, although some managers are more likely to use information than others. The study's results also shows that the work on environmental Performance Measurement can be further developed.

Internet of Things utvecklas och växer konstant. Det blir allt vanligare att applikationer och enheter kopplas samman via nätverk. En av teknikerna som används för att trådlöst sammankoppla enheter är Bluetooth Low Energy. Preferenser för kvaliteten i en kommunikation kan variera. Det är därför viktigt att utföra prestandamätningar för att veta vilka fördelar och nackdelar en nätverksteknik har.  Detta examensarbete handlar om prestandamätningar vid datasändningar mellan mobila enheter och trådlösa sensorer, och övervakning av parametrar som fås under mätningarna. En metod med monitoreringspaket inspirerad från tidigare forskning, utformades och implementerades i ett system för Bluetooth Low Energy, vilken därefter har utvärderats.  Resultatet blev att två system skapades som visade dataförluster, fördröjningsvariation och genomströmning, löpande på en mobil enhet. Det ena systemet använde metoden med monitoreringspaket. Det andra systemet använde en egengjord metod som gjorde mätningar med hög precision, men som ställde högre krav på funktioner och prestanda på sensornoden, och på den mobila enheten. Experiment med hjälp av systemen utfördes och resulterande värden analyserades. / Internet of Things develops and grows constantly. It becomes increasingly common that applications and units are connected through a network. One of the technologies used for wirelessly linking together units is Bluetooth Low Energy. Preferences for the quality of a connection can vary. It is therefore important to conduct measurements of performance in order to know advantages and disadvantages that a networking technology has.  This thesis is about measurements of performance during data transfers between mobile devices and wireless sensors, as well as monitoring parameters that are given during the measurements. One method using monitoring packets inspired from previously made research, were designed and implemented in a system for Bluetooth Low Energy, which was then evaluated. The result was that two systems were created that presented data loss, delay variation and throughput, continuously on a mobile device. One system used the method with monitoring packets. The other system used a self-made method which made measurements with high precision, but that places higher demands on functions and performance of the sensor node, and on the mobile device. Experiments were conducted by using the systems and resulting values were analyzed.

Command and control (C2) environments are complex, dynamic and rich in information. Thus, measuring the performance of an agent in a C2-system, in this case a platoon commander, poses a challenging task for the researcher. To measure the performance of a platoon commander in this thesis, the OODA loop is used as a model for representing the four processes in which the platoon commander is engaged in during a military C2 mission. In accordance with these processes, performance measurements for the platoon commander are identified. The relevance of the performance measurements, to the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, are tested through three studies conducted in a simulated warfare scenario, and two workshops, one with a platoon commander and one with two scientists. As a result of the studies and workshops, an assessment tool for measuring the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, is developed. This assessment tool consists of modified versions of the Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS), the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as well as generic performance measurements measuring fratricide, deaths and completion of overarching goal.

As the use of mobile payment applications (apps) and electronic wallets (e-wallets)increases, so does the demand for a improved user experience when interactingwith these apps. The field of Human-Computer interaction (HCI) focuses onthe design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems forhuman use. One aspect of HCI is usability, i.e., the quality of the interactions witha product or system. This thesis investigates how an e-wallet can be designed to provide a high level ofusability by conforming to best HCI practices and by formative evaluation using aset of usability evaluation methods.The research process consisted of an initial literature study and developmentof a prototype, which was evaluated iteratively through Thinking-aloud-protocol(TAP) and a combination of performance measurements and questionnaire by achosen test group. By each iteration, the results of the performance measurements, as well as theverbal data improved. The most complex or difficult task, for the test subjectsto perform, was, according to the results, Pay via manual input. All goals wereachieved for all tasks except for the performance goal of a percentage of errorsbelow 5%. To conclude, it was clear that the test subjects had more trouble understandingthe concept of the e-wallet rather than navigating and completing tasks. Thedifficulties lay in understanding how currencies were stored and how transactionshappened. When developing this e-wallet we noticed that the most importantissue was to make new functions and concepts familiar to the user through relatingit to recognizable ideas. / I och med att användning av mobila betalningslösningar (appar) och elektroniskaplånböcker (e-plånböcker) ökar, ökar även efterfrågan på en förbättradanvändarupplevelse vid interaktion med dessa appar. Området människadatorinteraktion(MDI) fokuserar på design, utvärdering och implementeringav interaktiva datorsystem för mänsklig användning. En aspekt av MDI äranvändbarhet, dvs kvaliteten på interaktionerna med en produkt eller ett system.Detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöker hur en e-plånbok kan utformas föratt ge en hög användbarhet genom att anpassas till MDI praxis och formativutvärdering av designen med hjälp av en uppsättning utvärderingsmetoder föranvändbarhet. Forskningsprocessen bestod av en litteraturstudie och utveckling av en prototoyp,som utvärderades iterativt genom Thinking-aloud Protocol (TAP) samt enkombination av prestationsmätningar och frågeformulär av en vald testgrupp.Efter varje iteration förbättrades resultaten av prestationsmätningarna, såvälsom för den verbala datan. Den mest komplexa eller svåra uppgiften,för testpersonerna att utföra, var, enligt resultaten, Betalning via manuelinmatning. Alla mål uppnåddes för alla uppgifter förutom prestationsmålet fören procentandel av fel under 5%. Avslutningsvis var det tydligt att testpersonerna fann det svårare att förståkonceptet av e-plånboken än att navigera och slutföra uppgifterna. Svårigheternalåg i att förstå hur valutor lagrades och hur transaktioner gick till. När viutvecklade den här e-plånboken märkte vi att den viktigaste uppgiften var att göranya funktioner och koncept förståerliga för användaren genom att koppla dem tilligenkännliga idéer.

Performance measurements are used as evaluation tools in manufacturing organizations. The use of performance measurements should provide useful information regarding organizational performance. A challenge for manufacturing organizations is to translate the performance in an organization to quantifiable measures. Another challenge is to understand the potential of performance measurements to induce change. There are also requirements of the measures to be followed-up, in order for manufacturing organizations to go towards its objectives. Change and communication are another challenges for different departments within industrial organizations, because demands are faced for communication in order to optimize performance measurements. In this master thesis, a case study with a qualitative approach was conducted with the purpose of investigate the role of internal communication in the change of performance measurements systems in a manufacturing organization. A list of performance measurement has previously been provided and updated in the manufacturing organization. 14 employees within the manufacturing organization were interviewed regarding opinions of the performance measurements of the new implemented list. Furthermore, during the interviews the employees gave its opinions of how to follow-up the performance measurements. The employees also discussed how the communication is between the Manufacturing Engineering (ME) and the Product department in the manufacturing organization. The findings in the thesis show that after change in the organization clearer definition of performance measurements is essential. To have clear definition could lead to an increased understanding of how to optimize performance measurements. Furthermore, the findings show that effective communication between departments in manufacturing organizations can influence the performance measurement to be improved. The thesis firstly argues for the manufacturing organization to provide employees with a clearer definition of the performance measurements of the list with the performance measurements. Secondly, to have different follow-up processes of the performance measurements depending on the project the measures are applied to. Thirdly, the thesis argues for the development of communication to create a regular meeting place for the employees between the departments. The benefits of meeting these three arguments are for the manufacturing organization to improve its performance measurements. / För att kunna mäta prestanda och prestation inom företag i tillverkningsindustrin används olika sorters nyckeltal. Nyckeltalen används som verktyg för att utvärdera och ge användbar information gällande hur prestandan och prestationen inom företag ser ut. En utmaning för företag inom tillverkningsindustrin är att kunna omvandla det som produceras och tillverkas till något mätbart. För att förändring och utveckling ska kunna ske utgörs en utmaning av att förstå hur nyckeltalen ska användas. Uppföljning av nyckeltal är en viktig förutsättning för att företagen ska kunna nå uppsatta mål. Ytterligare förutsättningar som krävs för organisationen att tillämpa nyckeltal är förståelse i att tillämpa informationen som ges via nyckeltal, samt att därefter säkerställa att informationen når ut till rätt instanser i organisationen. En god internkommunikation krävs. I detta examensarbete genomfördes en fallstudie med en kvalitativ inriktning. Syftet var att undersöka den interna kommunikationens roll efter förändring som sker vid användning av nyckeltal i ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin. Inom företaget har det nyligen implementerats och uppdaterats en lista av nyckeltal. Dessa nyckeltal ska hjälpa företaget att gå mot förbättring av att mäta prestanda och hur företaget presterar i projekt och produktion. I fallstudien genomfördes 14 intervjuer med anställda i företaget. I intervjuerna diskuterades tre aspekter. Först, den listan av nyckeltal och de anställdas tankar och åsikter kring den. Den andra aspekten, var hur de anställda skulle vilja följa upp nyckeltalen. Den tredje aspekten diskuterade hur kommunikationen såg ut idag mellan två avdelningar; Manufacutring Enginnering (ME) och Produktion. Resultat från fallstudien visar att tydliga definitioner behövs kommuniceras för ökad förståelse för hur man optimerar användandet av nyckeltal. Vidare visare resultaten att effektivare kommunikation mellan avdelningar i ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin kan resultera i förbättrad mätning av nyckeltal. Det här examensarbetet har tre argumentationer för att användningen av mätetalen ska förbättras inom företaget i tillverkningsindustrin. Den första argumentationen är tydliga definitioner av nyckeltalen i listan. Den andra argumentationen är att uppföljningen av nyckeltalen kan vara varierande beroende vad det är för projekt de är applicerade på. Den tredje argumentationen är att skapa en regelbunden mötesplats för förbättring av kommunikationen mellan de två avdelningarna inom företaget. Fördelen med att försöka möta dessa tre argument är för företaget att bli bättre på de nyckeltal man mäter.

Title: Humanitarian Supply Chain: Improvement of lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. A multiple case study on the preparedness stage of humanitarian organizations with their partners. Authors: Ester Lisnati Jayadi, Hugo Richit, Najmus Sadat. Background: 315 natural disasters events were reported, causing 11,804 deaths, affecting 68 million people, and costing US$131.7 billion in economic losses worldwide. This fact emerges the importance of humanitarian organizations (HOs) to act in reducing suffering and improving peoples’ life. However, the greater donations and support to HOs still do not solve this enormous issue at all which forces HOs to pursue greater accountability by improving their effectiveness and efficiency in terms of time and cost in disaster activities, especially in preparedness activities. No single actors like HOs have sufficient resources to solve the disaster problem alone; thus, they need partners to work hand in hand to relieve the suffering. Performance measurement through integration called performance management process is the key to enabling HOs and their partners to achieve the lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Purpose: The purposes of the study are to explore which performance measurements are needed between humanitarian organizations with their partners and to explore how to integrate their relationship to improve lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Then, the suggestions can be made by fulfilling the purposes. Method: A multiple case study by utilizing qualitative data through semi-structured interviews. Findings and Conclusions: RQ 1. What HSC (humanitarian supply chain) performance measurements are needed in the HSC’s preparedness stage in order to achieve the lead time effectiveness and cost efficiency? The performance required measurements in HSC’s preparedness stage to achieve lead-time effectiveness, and cost-efficiency are organizational procedures, learning and evaluation, HO’s mission, feedback, budgeting, fund management, sourcing, human and resource management, IT utilization, infrastructure utilization, human resources utilization, delivery time, knowledge management, information sharing, and employee management. RQ 2. How to integrate the HSC performance management process in the HSC’s preparedness stage to improve the lead time effectiveness and cost efficiency? By implementing a proposed performance management process, aligning vision and mission, trusting each other, utilizing IT technologies, improving the language, and applying standardization in HSC. Keywords: Humanitarian Supply Chain Management. Humanitarian Supply Chain. Preparedness Stage. Natural Disasters. Humanitarian Organizations. Partners. Dyads. Multiple Case Studies. Performance Measurements. Performance Management Process. Supply Chain Process Integration