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In this dissertation, I study the corpse as a material in Latin American art at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. On the one hand, I show that this is a social analyzer of the terrible consequences of dictatorships, neoliberal policies, and criminal violence on the continent. On the other hand, applying the theory of new materialism and focusing on the presence of the dead body -human or non-human- in the work of artists such as Nicola Costantino, José Antonio Hernández Díez, Teresa Margolles, María Fernanda Cardoso, Arturo Duclos, or Nicolás Lamas, among others, I develop what I call corpse art. As I argue, the impact of this art consists in challenging the limits of the body and its traditional binomials (surface-depth, organic-inorganic, living-dead) using the material capacities of skin, flesh, and bones. The material deployment of the corpse, as well as the re-appropriation of scientific and commercial techniques, put artistic media, their specificities, and their autonomies in crisis. But in addition, this corpse art allows also us to reflect on the manipulation of bodies and power ties that produce objects and merchandise of desire in the Latin American context.

This essay examines the intersection of Valerie Solanas' radical feminist manifesto, the S.C.U.M. (Society of Cutting Up Men) manifesto, and her attempted assassination of Andy Warhol in 1968, proposing that the latter can be understood as a sophisticated piece of performance art. Solanas' manifesto, penned in 1967, challenged societal norms, advocating for the overthrow of patriarchal structures. Through a lens of performativity theory, which emphasizes the performative nature of language and actions, this essay reinterprets Solanas' actions as deliberate expressions of her feminist beliefs. Tracing Solanas' life, from her early struggles to her involvement in the avant-garde art scene of New York City, highlighting her interactions with Warhol's Factory and her provocative works. Solanas' attempted assassination of Warhol, while initially perceived as a psychotic act, is reframed as a conscious enactment of her manifesto's principles, challenging dominant power dynamics. By reframing the assassination attempt as a form of performance art, this essay sheds new light on Solanas' legacy, emphasizing the transformative potential of art as a tool for social critique and change. / Denna uppsats undersöker skärningspunkten mellan Valerie Solanas radikalfeministiska S.C.U.M. (Society of Cutting Up Men) manifestet, och hennes försök att mörda Andy Warhol 1968. Undersökningen framhåller att det senare kan studeras som ett sofistikerat performanceverk. Solanas manifest utmanade rådande normer och förespråkade avskaffandet av patriarkala strukturer. Genom ett nyttjande av performativitetsteorin, som betonar den performativa naturen av språk och handlingar, omvärderar denna uppsats Solanas handlingar som medvetna uttryck för hennes feministiska övertygelser. Solanas försök att mörda Warhol, som vid sin tid uppfattades som en psykotisk handling, omvärderas i texten som en medveten förkroppsligande av hennes manifestets principer. Att omvärdera mordförsöket som en form av performancekonst, lyser texten ett nytt ljus på Solanas arv och betonar konstens transformerande potential som ett verktyg för social kritik och förändring.

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[ES] El presente trabajo de doctorado se centra en el artista, accionista, intelectual, compositor, escenógrafo y filósofo austriaco Hermann Nitsch y en su controvertida producción artística de mediados del siglo XX. Esta investigación se ha realizado desde la perspectiva de la conservación y tutela de obras de arte contemporáneas de naturaleza mutable y polimatéricas. La peculiaridad de este tipo de obras y los problemas derivados de su conservación son un tema que se entrelaza con los valores filosóficos intrínsecos a cada pieza. La investigación y el análisis de todos los factores implicados, tanto materiales como inmateriales, son los que hacen especialmente compleja la función del restaurador. Esta tesis propone, en primer lugar, un análisis de la compleja obra de Hermann Nitsch que, a menudo, se desarrolla con dinamismo, asumiendo la connotación de lo que él mismo considera Gesamtkunstwerk, es decir, Obra de Arte Total. A continuación, se analiza el "Museo Archivio Laboratorio per le Arti Contemporanee Hermann Nitsch" de Nápoles, donde se alojan las obras del artista vienés, llevando a cabo una catalogación de las tipologías de obras, de los materiales que las componen y del papel que cada objeto adquiere en las instalaciones artísticas. A partir de este análisis de la conservación de las obras de Nitsch, el objetivo final es articular el concepto general de conservación preventiva, incluyendo la fase de documentación y los criterios de prevención de daños, para garantizar la correcta conservación a largo plazo durante el almacenamiento. / [CA] El present treball de doctorat se centra en l'artista, accionista, intel·lectual, compositor, escenògraf i filòsof austríac Hermann Nitsch i en la seua controvertida producció artística de mitjan segle XX. Aquesta investigació s'ha dut a terme des de la perspectiva de la conservació i tutela d'obres d'art contemporànies de naturalesa mutable i polimaitericas. La peculiaritat d'aquesta mena d'obres i els problemes derivats de la seua conservació són un tema que s'entrellaça amb els valors filosòfics intrínsecs a cada peça. La investigació i l'anàlisi de tots els factors implicats, tant materials com immaterials, són els que fan especialment complexa la funció del restaurador. Aquesta Tesi proposa en primer lloc una anàlisi de les complexes obres d'Hermann Nitsch, que sovint es desenvolupen dinàmicament, adoptant les característiques del que ell denomina Gesamtkunstwerk, o Obra d'Art Total. A continuació s'analitza el "Museo Archivio Laboratorio per le Arti Contemporanee Hermann Nitsch" de Nàpols, on s'allotgen les obres del mestre vienés, duent a terme una catalogació de les tipologies d'obres, dels materials que les componen i del paper que cada objecte adquireix en les instal·lacions artístiques. A partir d'aquesta anàlisi de la conservació de les obres de Nitsch, l'objectiu final és articular el concepte general de conservació preventiva, incloent-hi la fase de documentació i els criteris de prevenció de danys, per a garantir la correcta conservació a llarg termini durant l'emmagatzematge. / [EN] This doctoral Thesis focuses on the Austrian artist, intellectual, composer, philosopher Hermann Nitsch and his controversial artistic production which started in the mid-twentieth century. The research is carried out from the perspective of the conservation of contemporary artworks of unstable and multi-material nature. The peculiarity of this kind of artwork and the problems resulting from their conservation are subjects which relate to the philosophical values intrinsic of each piece. The investigation and analysis of all the involved factors, both material and immaterial, represent a particularly challenging task for the conservator. This Thesis proposes at first an analysis of Hermann Nitsch's complex work, which often develops with dynamics, assuming the connotation of what he calls Gesamtkunstwerk, i.e. Total Work of Art. This is followed by the study of the "Museo Archivio Laboratorio per le Arti Contemporanee Hermann Nitsch" in Naples, where several works of the Viennese artist are collected, characterizing the different typologies of artworks, the used materials as well as the role that each object holds during the art installations. On the basis of these investigations, the final goal is to articulate the general concept of preventive conservation, including the documentation phase and the criteria for damage prevention, in order to ensure proper long-term conservation during storage. / Limatola, L. (2023). La conservación y restauración de las obras de Hermann Nitsch: el Teatro de las Orgías y Misterios como obra de arte total [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199856

Le présent mémoire propose de croiser les démarches de deux auteures et artistes contemporaines, Sophie Calle et Miranda July, dont les quatre œuvres à l’étude – Douleur exquise (2003), Aveugles (2011), Rachel, Monique (2012) de Calle et Il vous choisit (2013) de July – se fondent sur des expériences en amont de l’écriture qui mobilisent le corps même des auteures, les engagent dans une action concrète et, bien souvent, dans des interactions avec autrui. Cet art de la contrainte, cet art action qui devient le sédiment de leurs écrits s’inscrit dans la filiation hypothétique des théories du philosophe pragmatique John Dewey et de celles de l’artiste Allan Kaprow – l’un des premiers à réfléchir l’art de la performance. L’écriture intermédiale qu’elles pratiquent – ce jeu de relations entre différents médias au sein même de l’œuvre – permet à la fois de réactiver la valeur performative de l’expérience qui a impulsé la création littéraire et d’embrayer une expérience de lecture qui devient elle-même performative. Exemplaires d’une esthétique relationnelle, polyphoniques dans les voix qui s’expriment, les quatre ouvrages du corpus donnent à sentir le bruissement d’une communauté. Il s’agit d’une littérature interdisciplinaire et intersubjective, mais surtout performative dans son questionnement incessant sur le pouvoir de l’art pour transformer la vie. / This master’s thesis proposes to establish a dialogue between the practices of two contemporary writers and artists, Sophie Calle and Miranda July. The four studied pieces of work – Calle’s Douleur exquise (2003), Aveugles (2011) and Rachel, Monique (2012) and July’s Il vous choisit (2013) – are based on concrete experiences occurring beforehand, prior to the act of writing itself. Those experiences mobilize the body of the writers engaging them in a real action and often in interactions with other people. This form of action art becomes the foundations of their writing and could be linked to the theories of pragmatic philosopher John Dewey and artist Allan Kaprow – one of the first to develop a reflexion on performance art. The intermedial writing that Calle and July practice as a game of relations between different medias in the same work allows both artists to revive the performative value of the experience. It impulses the writing and initiates a reading experience which itself becomes performative. Exemplary of a relational aesthetic, polyphonic in the voices that are expressed, the studied body of work reveals glimpses of community to feel and experiment. It is a literature that is interdisciplinary and intersubjective but primarily performative in its constant questioning of art’s capacity to transform life.

Entre os anos de 1960 e 1978, diversos artistas europeus e norte-americanos recorreram em suas obras a práticas que remontam a antigos rituais de sacrifício religioso. Os documentos fotográficos e videográficos que restaram dessas ações chegam ao século XXI exercendo ainda, no encontro com as audiências do presente, uma notável performatividade que envolve a produção de rumores, sensacionalismos e mal-entendidos, mas também a produção de novas e novas performances do sacrifício. Esta tese propõe como ponto de partida metodológico uma arqueologia (Michel Foucault) da massa documental que envolve um nascimento da \"arte corporal\" na França e nos Estados Unidos entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, afim de deslocar uma ontologia da performance (Peggy Phelan) que, ainda hoje, especialmente no âmbito dessas poéticas, evoca a noção de \"real\" para o centro das discussões que envolvem a relação entre documento e performance. Nesse sentido, a tese apresenta o conceito de monumento sacrificial: a imagem de um corpo sacrificado ou a imagem de um corpo sacrificante que exerce sobre o corpo histórico da performance art uma repetição, ao evocar esse \"real\" enquanto risco, asco, dor, morte, destruição, ferida que fere - sacrifício. Dividida em duas partes, a tese propõe como hipótese uma passagem, no âmbito de uma história primordial destas poéticas, do corpo sacrificante - corpo sob o signo do excesso - para o corpo sacrificado - corpo sob o signo do martírio -, ocorrida na virada dos anos de 1960 para 1970. O conceito de sacrifício, por sua vez, é aqui desenvolvido, de um lado, a partir dos escritos de Georges Bataille e da estranha posição que o escritor ocupa no curso de uma história das teorias do sacrifício religioso modernas; e de outro, a partir dos monumentos sacrificiais produzidos, na década de 1960, por quatro artistas austríacos associados ao chamado Acionismo de Viena. Acredito que a imaginação sacrificial de Bataille e os monumentos sacrificiais de Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Günter Brus, Hermann Nitsch e Otto Muehl propiciam um olhar crítico sobre as poéticas e as políticas do sacrifício ontem e hoje. / Between the years of 1960 and 1978, several European and American artists have employed in their works practices that go back to ancient rituals of religious sacrifice. The photographic and videographic documents that remain of these actions arrive at the 21st century still exerting, in the meeting with the audiences of the present, a remarkable performativity that involves the production of rumors, sensationalisms and misunderstandings, but also the production of new performances of sacrifice This thesis proposes as a methodological starting point an archeology (Michel Foucault) of the documentary mass that involves the birth of the \"body art\" in France and in the United States between the 1960s and 1970s, in order to displace an ontology of performance (Peggy Phelan) which, even today, especially in the context of these poetics, evokes the notion of \"real\" to the center of the discussions that involves the relationship between document and performance. In this sense, the thesis presents the concept of a sacrificial monument: the image of a sacrificed body or the imagem of a sacrificing body which exerts upon the historical body of performance art a repetition, evoking this \"real\" as risk, disgust, pain, death, destruction, a wound which hurts - sacrifice. Divided into two parts, the thesis proposes as a hypothesis a turn point, within a primordial history of these poetics, from the sacrificing body - body under the sign of excess - to the sacrificed body - body under the sign of martyrdom -, that occurred in the early 1970\'s. The concept of sacrifice, for its turn, is developed here, on the one hand, from the writings of Georges Bataille and the strange position that he occupies in the course of a history of theories of modern religious sacrifice; and on the other hand, the concept is developed from the sacrificial monuments produced in the 1960s by four Austrian artists associated with the so-called Viennese Actionism. I belive that Bataille\'s sacrificial imagination and the sacrificial monuments by Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Günter Brus, Hermann Nitsch and Otto Muehl provide a critical gaze on the poetics and politcs of sacrifice of the past and the present.

A presente pesquisa visa a uma articulação entre o campo artístico da performance e a prática cênica de um dos mais importantes e longevos grupos de teatro em atividade no Brasil: o Teat(r)o Oficina, de São Paulo, dirigido por José Celso Martinez Corrêa. Recorrendo à história do grupo a título de uma genealogia, procuro apontar os traços de uma pulsão performativa que acompanha o Oficina desde a montagem de Roda Viva, de Chico Buarque de Hollanda, em 1968. Em 2012, integrei o elenco da companhia nos espetáculos Macumba Antropófaga - uma devoração do Manifesto Antropófago, de Oswald de Andrade e Acordes, adaptação do texto de Bertolt Brecht e da música de Paul Hindemith, ambos dirigidos por José Celso. Esta vivência como ator constitui parte fundamental da metodologia deste trabalho, que contou ainda com uma extensa arqueologia de matérias jornalísticas, entrevistas, manifestos, documentos, registros fotográficos e videográficos (alguns inéditos) e textos teóricos sobre a atividade do grupo entre os anos de 1968 e 2012. O texto aqui apresentado está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, busco um esclarecimento teórico das noções de \"performance\" e \"performativo\" na cena contemporânea tomando o \"corpo real\" (Fischer-Lichte) como um dos seus principais dispositivos, para em seguida avançar sobre a história do Oficina, reconhecendo aproximações e distanciamentos de sua prática cênica em relação ao legado de autores como Marvin Carlson, Richard Schechner, RoseLee Goldberg, Renato Cohen, Hans-Thies Lehmann, Óscar Cornago e, principalmente, Erika Fischer-Lichte. A segunda parte deste trabalho consta de uma análise da pulsão performativa no espetáculo Macumba Antropófaga, bem como no processo de montagem de Acordes. A título de conclusão, a pesquisa pondera que esta releitura da história do Teat(r)o Oficina à luz da performance, além de contribuir com as reflexões sobre teatro e performance na cena contemporânea, faz uma correção histórica ao colocar em termos de uma pulsão performativa aquilo que parte significativa da crítica teatral brasileira, entre os anos 60 e 70, julgou ser um teatro agressivo e irracionalista. / The purpose of this study is to articulate the artistic field of performance with the stagecraft of one of the most important and long-lived theater groups in Brazil: Teat(r)o Oficina, from São Paulo, directed by José Celso Martinez Corrêa. Analysing the theater group history in order to obtain its origins, I intend to show traces of a performative pulse, which is perceived since Oficina has performed Roda Viva, written by Chico Buarque de Hollanda, in 1968. In 2012, I joined Oficina cast for two plays: Macumba Antropófaga - uma devoração do Manifesto Antropófago, by Oswald de Andrade, and Acordes, adaptation of Bertolt Brecht\'s text and Paul Hindemith\'s music, both directed by José Celso. This experience as an actor of Oficina constitutes an essential aspect of methodology of this study, which is also based on extensive archeology of newspaper articles, interviews, manifestos, documents, photography and videography records (some of them are unpublished) and theoretic texts on group activity from 1968 to 2012. The following study is divided into two parts. In the first one, I conduct a research on clarifying theory notions of \"performance\" and \"performative\" in contemporary scene, taking the \"real body\" (Fischer-Lichte) as one of the main concept instruments. Afterwards, I continue to study on the history of Oficina, recognizing similarities and differences between its stagecraft and the legacy of researchers such as Marvin Carlson, Richard Schechner, RoseLee Goldberg, Renato Cohen, Hans-Thies Lehmann, Óscar Cornago and, mainly, Erika Fischer-Lichte. The second part of this study consists in analyzing the performative pulse on the production of Macumba Antropófaga, as well as on the process of production of Acordes. In conclusion, this research considers that this reinterpretation on the history of Oficina, based on performance, in addition to contributing to the reflections upon theater and performance in contemporary scene, also makes a correction to the history of Oficina when the performance pulse aspect is considered, whereas significant part of Brazilian Theater Criticism, in 1960\'s and 1970\'s, reviewed it as an aggressive and unreasonable kind of theatre

本研究係發想自政治大學「未來馬戲團」的展演活動表演方式，嘗試改進表演方式中的程式技術，以程式化方式整合展演藝術中實體與虛擬的互動平台，我們希望提供導演撰寫較為口語或展演描述方式的腳本敘述如『when ... other-wise ...』，如此一來就可以任意組合實體演員的肢體動作與指示虛擬環境的特效，因此我們採用了一套介接實體與虛擬環境應用程式的領域專屬語言- Digital In-teractive Performance Sketch (DIPS)，用以開發客製化的展演程式庫，並佈署於本團隊自行開發的執行引擎 Wearable Item Service runtimE (WISE)，提供導演在這個引擎上透過這個DIPS編寫前述口語的程式腳本，讓程式自行互動，達成展演效果的自動變化。 我們的系統會接收來自展演人員穿配的連網感應器上的訊號，並且根據導演寫好的腳本規則，自動根據接收到的裝置訊號判斷出該指示虛擬環境做出什麼樣的效果，以達到展演效果自動變化，完成虛擬與實體展互動的程式支援。 為了減少腳本程式撰寫前須具備的程式邏輯訓練，本研究開發一款所見即所得(WYSIWYG)的視覺化腳本編輯器 DIPS Creator，提供腳本編寫者可以直覺的方式組合編輯器中的展演詞彙方塊，完成腳本設計。 本研究展示了如何以較為口語或展演語意的方式敘述展演規則，以實現虛實互動的程式化，並且提供了具有彈性的客製化展演函式庫及圖形化展演規則編輯器的製作方式，未來可增加多演員層次的抽象支援以展現本研究系統的更多程式化能力，並加入表演階段設計、雙向溝通與規則互斥等能力，擴充系統功能。 / This research was inspired by “The Future Circus”, a cyber-physical interactive performance art developed in National Chengchi University. In this thesis, we pro-pose some mechanisms to support such performance art programmatically in a more effective manner. Specially, we provide a high-level scripting tool for directors to de-scribe the performance rules abstractly in the form of “when ... otherwise ...”, so that directors can compose arbitrary actions and effects easily. Underlying such abstract rules are a domain specific language – Digital Interactive Performance Sketch (DIPS), and a middleware. Wearable Item Service runtime (WISE), developed by our research team. Given a script with those abstract rules, our system will receive signals sent from a sensor on wearable devices of actors, and then it will command cyber environment perform effects, the performance effects or actions according to rules written by the director. Through our integration efforts, the performance effects in the cyber environment will change automatically in a programmatic way. Besides, for users without prior scripting experience, we developed a WYSIWYG GUI editor, DIPS Creator, that allows users to write a script intuitively by dragging and dropping pre-built rule blocks. We conduct a few experiments with real sensor device to demonstrate the programming support of our tool. The preliminary results are satisfactory in terms of prototype support. To further extend our tool for practical performance, we describe in detail a few directions such as support for multiple actor performance stage model-ing, and integrity check of related rules that will make our system more powerful.