Išanalizvus Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių literatūrą apie vaikų smurtą prieš vaikus, buvo nustatyta, kad smurto paplitimas prieš vaikus yra didelis, tačiau stokojama duomenų apie vaikų patiriamą smurtą prieš vaikus. Remiantis oficialiai publikuotais Lietuvos institucijų statistiniais duomenimis, vaikų smurto prieš vaikus mastas yra nežinomas, nes stokojama duomenų apie smurtautoją. Atlikus oficialių, tačiau nepublikuojamų statistinių duomenų analizę, retrospektyvinę 1422 ligos istorijų analizę, apklausus 1525 ugdymo ir 320 gydymo įstaigų darbuotojus, buvo nustatyta, kad vaikų smurtas prieš vaikus svyravo nuo 45,1 proc. iki 93,7 proc. Paaiškėjo, kad statistinė informacija, kurią pateikia oficialūs informacijos šaltiniai Lietuvoje, skiriasi: nusikalstamų veikų prieš vaikus yra užfiksuota gerokai daugiau nei pateikta registruotų smurto prieš vaikus atvejų,o tai liudija apie nepakankamą institucijų bendradarbiavimą bei galimai nepakankamą reikiamos pagalbos nukentėjusiems nuo smurto organizavimą. Atlikta duomenų analizė atskleidė vaikų smurto prieš vaikus ypatumus ir skirtumus nuo suaugusiųjų vykdomo ar bendrojo smurto prieš vaikus. Kita vertus, apklausų metu nustatyta, kad daugiau nei penktadalis susidūrusiųjų su smurtu prieš vaikus apie jį praneša tik kartais ar iš viso apie jį nepraneša atsakingoms institucijoms, o kaip pagrindinė priežastis buvo neįsitikinimas, jog tai buvęs smurtas. Šio tyrimo metu pavyko nustatyti esamą ryšį tarp žinių apie smurtą ir pranešimo apie jį lygio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Analysis of the literature showed that violence against children remains a widely spread problem, however there is a lack of research on violence against children by children. According to the official statistics of violence in Lithuania, the magnitude of violence against children by children is unknown due to the absence of data on perpetrators. Analysis of the official but not public data, retrospective analysis of 1422 cases of history in hospital, data from surveys of 1525 employees from educational and 320 employees from healthcare institutions revealed big disparities in such violence from 45.1 to 93.7 per cent. It was found a high discrepancy in the statistics between offenses and violence against children in the official statistics: there were higher offensive acts against children than the number of registered violent cases. This reveals the lack of cooperation between institutions and possible gap in organising the adequate help for victims. This work discovered the peculiarities of violence against children by children and differences from violence when perpetrators were adults or from general violence. It was found from surveys that more than one fifth of respondents either seldom or never report cases of violence against children to the authorities while the major cause for under-reporting is not being sure of whether an act of violence against children. The results of this research revealed the evident link between the level of knowledge on violence and the... [to full text]

<p>Kenya&rsquo / s December 2007 Presidential elections sparked a wave of violent clashes over allegations of election rigging. The protests broke out along ethnic lines, causing greater civil unrest. There have been allegations that during these outbreaks of violence crimes against humanity were committed. This violence attracted world-wide concern and was universally condemned. Kenya is loathe to prosecute the perpetrators or those who bear the highest responsibility for the alleged commission of crimes against humanity. It has instead established a national investigatory mechanism, the Kenyan Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter TJRC). This approach adopted by Kenya has been criticized for the fact that it fosters a culture of impunity. However, the Prosecutor of International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC) has used his proprio motu powers to initiate an investigation of alleged commission of crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the Court. This research paper has analysed the reasons for the proprio motu intervention of the ICC in Kenyan situation. It also examined whether Kenya was unwilling or genuinely unable to prosecute the perpetrators of the post-election violence of 2007. Furthermore, the paper&nbsp / evaluated the provisions of the Kenyan TJRC, the major shortcomings of the Commission and the challenges it is facing in fulfilling its mandate. In conclusion the paper analysed the relationship between TJRC and ICC and re-evaluate any role that the two bodies could play in dispensing justice in Kenya. But before that, the paper laid down the factual&nbsp / background that led to the proprio motu interevention of the ICC in Kenya where a truth commission had alreday been established.<br /> <br /> &nbsp / </p>

Treatment for perpetrators of Intimate partner violence (IPV) is most often provided by community based IPV perpetrator programmes. These programmes have become an integral part of the response to IPV despite the fact that they are plagued by high rates of attrition and researchers suggest their effectiveness may be limited. It has been suggested that the retention rates and effectiveness of the programmes may be improved by tailoring treatment to specific subgroups of IPV perpetrators. This study was an evaluation of a community based IPV perpetrator programme. Participants were twenty two male IPV perpetrators who were court and not court ordered to treatment for violence towards a female intimate partner. Only seven participants completed the programme. Their self reported incidents of violence, alcohol consumption, change readiness and levels of working alliance were measured up to four times during the 18 week programme. Results indicated that participants who completed the programme or the majority of it significantly reduced their violence towards intimate partners and their levels of alcohol consumption. Higher levels of violence were associated with alcohol abuse and non court ordered status. As expected, court ordered participants reported lower levels of readiness to change and working alliance, and higher levels of alcohol abuse. However they were more likely to complete the programme compared with non court ordered participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.

A violência doméstica e familiar não é fenômeno novo na realidade brasileira, entretanto a forma como vem sendo enfrentado tem se modificado ao longo dos anos. A Lei Maria da Penha (11.340/2006) reflete um processo de passagem da indiferença do Estado à absorção das demandas feministas no âmbito da formulação de uma política nacional para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica. A Lei estabelece diversas políticas para a prevenção, a orientação e o encaminhamento de mulheres e homens que se encontrem em relações violentas. Esse artigo se inclui no debate sobre enfrentamento da violência de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva feminista crítica de gênero, direcionando o olhar às intervenções com autores de violência. Para tal, é analisada a produção acadêmica nacional sobre o tema a partir das teses e dissertações da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT) no período de 2006 a 2015. Os textos foram analisados e interpretados conforme a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, utilizando o software Nvivo como suporte informacional. O trabalho teve dois objetivos: explorar como os conceitos de violência e gênero são articulados nos fenômenos estudados, e sistematizar as análises e considerações dos textos sobre intervenções com autores de violência. Os resultados dos estudos sugerem a possibilidade de transformações nas relações sociais e flexibilizações nos discursos dos autores de violência. Entretanto, trazem à tona fragilidades na estruturação das políticas de enfrentamento à violência doméstica e familiar como um todo, que podem reduzir as intervenções com autores de violência a novos processos de conciliação forçados ou limitá-los a rearticulações pontuais de comportamento. / Domestic and familiar violence is not a new phenomenon in Brazil’s reality. However, the way it has been confronted has changed over the years. The Maria da Penha Law (11.340/2006) reflects a process of transition between the State’s indifference towards the absorption of feminist demands within the formulation of a national policy to confront domestic violence. The law establishes several policies addressing prevention, orientation and guidance of women and men who find themselves in violent relationships. This article participates in the debate on tackling gender violence from a feminist critical gender perspective, directing its focus towards interventions with perpetrators of violence. To this end, it analyzes the national academic research on the topic from theses and dissertations of the Brazilian Digital Theses and Dissertations of the Brazilian Institute of Information Library for Science and Technology (IBICT) from 2006 to 2015. The texts were analyzed and interpreted according to the Content Analysis technique and using the software NVivo as informational support. The study had two objectives: to explore how the concepts of violence and gender are articulated in the studied phenomenon and systematize the analysis and considerations of the texts on interventions with perpetrators of violence. The study results suggest the possibility of changes in social relations and flexibilities in the speeches of perpetrators of violence, which nevertheless bring out weaknesses in the structure of policies to cope with domestic and family violence as a whole.

A violência doméstica e familiar não é fenômeno novo na realidade brasileira, entretanto a forma como vem sendo enfrentado tem se modificado ao longo dos anos. A Lei Maria da Penha (11.340/2006) reflete um processo de passagem da indiferença do Estado à absorção das demandas feministas no âmbito da formulação de uma política nacional para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica. A Lei estabelece diversas políticas para a prevenção, a orientação e o encaminhamento de mulheres e homens que se encontrem em relações violentas. Esse artigo se inclui no debate sobre enfrentamento da violência de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva feminista crítica de gênero, direcionando o olhar às intervenções com autores de violência. Para tal, é analisada a produção acadêmica nacional sobre o tema a partir das teses e dissertações da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT) no período de 2006 a 2015. Os textos foram analisados e interpretados conforme a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, utilizando o software Nvivo como suporte informacional. O trabalho teve dois objetivos: explorar como os conceitos de violência e gênero são articulados nos fenômenos estudados, e sistematizar as análises e considerações dos textos sobre intervenções com autores de violência. Os resultados dos estudos sugerem a possibilidade de transformações nas relações sociais e flexibilizações nos discursos dos autores de violência. Entretanto, trazem à tona fragilidades na estruturação das políticas de enfrentamento à violência doméstica e familiar como um todo, que podem reduzir as intervenções com autores de violência a novos processos de conciliação forçados ou limitá-los a rearticulações pontuais de comportamento. / Domestic and familiar violence is not a new phenomenon in Brazil’s reality. However, the way it has been confronted has changed over the years. The Maria da Penha Law (11.340/2006) reflects a process of transition between the State’s indifference towards the absorption of feminist demands within the formulation of a national policy to confront domestic violence. The law establishes several policies addressing prevention, orientation and guidance of women and men who find themselves in violent relationships. This article participates in the debate on tackling gender violence from a feminist critical gender perspective, directing its focus towards interventions with perpetrators of violence. To this end, it analyzes the national academic research on the topic from theses and dissertations of the Brazilian Digital Theses and Dissertations of the Brazilian Institute of Information Library for Science and Technology (IBICT) from 2006 to 2015. The texts were analyzed and interpreted according to the Content Analysis technique and using the software NVivo as informational support. The study had two objectives: to explore how the concepts of violence and gender are articulated in the studied phenomenon and systematize the analysis and considerations of the texts on interventions with perpetrators of violence. The study results suggest the possibility of changes in social relations and flexibilities in the speeches of perpetrators of violence, which nevertheless bring out weaknesses in the structure of policies to cope with domestic and family violence as a whole.

Introdução: O estudo das masculinidades e suas relações com a ocorrência da violência contra a mulher são decorrentes dos estudos de gênero. Para enfrentar o problema e incorporando esta tendência, a Lei Maria da Penha recomenda o encaminhamento de homens autores de violência contra mulher a serviços específicos, sendo o grupo reflexivo uma das possibilidades de intervenção. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de homens participantes do grupo reflexivo; descrever como a dinâmica e os conteúdos veiculados no grupo mobilizam a reflexão; identificar que aspectos das falas dos sujeitos são indicadores de novas posturas e ressignificações das relações; analisar alcances e limites de grupos reflexivos como estratégia de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, centrada na análise de um grupo composto por homens autores de violência contra a mulher, encaminhados pela justiça para cumprimento de medida judicial. Os dados sociodemográficos e criminais dos homens foram coletados em formulários e boletins de ocorrência. As falas dos sujeitos foram obtidas através de gravação dos grupos e de entrevistas individuais. As falas foram transcritas e interpretadas por meio da análise temática e discursiva, bem como à luz da literatura sobre gênero, violência e masculinidades. Os grupos foram conduzidos por profissionais vinculados a uma ONG, em parceria com o 1º Juizado de Violência Doméstica e Familiar de SP. Resultados e discussão: Os homens, inicialmente, sentem-se vitimizados e injustiçados diante da medida judicial de participação no grupo, não se identificam como autores de violência, apresentam concepções tradicionais do padrão de masculinidade hegemônica. No decorrer do processo, o acolhimento, as intervenções dos facilitadores e a vinculação dos homens ao grupo possibilitaram a ampliação de suas visões de mundo, de modo que as questões relacionadas ao uso da violência de gênero, masculinidades, direitos das mulheres e relacionamentos fossem flexibilizadas e ressignificadas. A maioria referiu adoção de novas posturas e atitudes frente a situações de conflito, procurando evitar o uso de violência em seus relacionamentos. Ao término da participação o grupo é percebido, pela maioria, como espaço que traz contribuições. Considerações Finais: A análise demonstrou que a estratégia de grupos reflexivos para homens autores de violência contra a mulher representa uma iniciativa promissora, a ser utilizada nos serviços de responsabilização para os agressores. Além disso, é importante que tais serviços sejam implantados como parte de uma política pública, vinculada à justiça e integrada à rede de serviços. A consolidação desta política pode ser entendida como um avanço na implementação da Lei Maria da Penha e no enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher / Introduction: The study of masculinities and their relationship to the occurrence of violence against women are a result of gender studies. To tackle the problem and incorporating this trend, the Maria da Penha Law recommends referral of men who commit violence against women to specific services, being the discussion group as one of the possibilities for intervention. Objectives: To characterize the profile of discussion group participants; describe how the dynamics and transmitted content mobilize the group reflection; identify which aspects of the subjects\' statements are indicative of new attitudes and new meanings of relationships, analyze scope and limits of discussion groups as a strategy to combat violence against women. Method: A qualitative case study research, focusing on the analysis of a group of men who commit violence against women, referred by the court to comply with a judicial order. Socio-demographic data and legal convictions of men were collected on forms e police reports. The subjects\' statements were obtained by recording the groups and individual interviews at the end of the process. The contents of the speech were transcribed and interpreted using thematic and discourse analysis, as well as with the literature on gender, violence and masculinities. The groups were conducted by experts of an NGO, in partnership with the 1st Special Court of Domestic and Family Violence, both in São Paulo. Results and discussion: The men initially feel victimized and wronged before the judicial measure to attend the group, do not identify themselves as perpetrators of violence, have traditional conceptions of hegemonic masculinity pattern. In the process, the welcoming, the facilitators interventions and the pool binding enabled the expansion of their worldviews, so that issues related to the use of gender violence, masculinities, women\'s rights and relationships were resignified e made flexible. The majority reported adopting new postures and attitudes to conflict situations, seeking thereby to avoid using violence in their relationships. At the end of participation, the group is perceived by most as a space that brings contributions. Conclusions: The analysis showed that the strategy of discussion groups for men who commit violence against women represents a promising initiative to be used in the service of accountability for perpetrators. Furthermore, it is important that such services are deployed as a public policy, linked to justice and integrated into a network of care services. The consolidation of this policy can be seen as a breakthrough in the implementation of the Maria da Penha Law and in confrontation violence against women

Magister Legum - LLM / Kenya’s December 2007 Presidential elections sparked a wave of violent clashes over allegations of election rigging. The protests broke out along ethnic lines, causing greater civil unrest. There have been allegations that during these outbreaks of violence crimes against humanity were committed. This violence attracted world-wide concern and was universally condemned. Kenya is loathe to prosecute the perpetrators or those who bear the highest responsibility for the alleged commission of crimes against humanity. It has instead established a national investigatory mechanism, the Kenyan Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter TJRC). This approach adopted by Kenya has been criticized for the fact that it fosters a culture of impunity. However, the Prosecutor of International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC) has used his proprio motu powers to initiate an investigation of alleged commission of crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the Court. This research paper has analysed the reasons for the proprio motu intervention of the ICC in Kenyan situation. It also examined whether Kenya was unwilling or genuinely unable to prosecute the perpetrators of the post-election violence of 2007. Furthermore, the paper evaluated the provisions of the Kenyan TJRC, the major shortcomings of the Commission and the challenges it is facing in fulfilling its mandate. In conclusion the paper analysed the relationship between TJRC and ICC and re-evaluate any role that the two bodies could play in dispensing justice in Kenya. But before that, the paper laid down the factual background that led to the proprio motu interevention of the ICC in Kenya where a truth commission had alreday been established. / South Africa

This qualitative study highlights the fact that sexual abuse is considered a social problem. However, few are disclosing their experiences of sexual abuse during childhood, and although children tell, it is difficult to regard them as credible victims. Our aim with this study is to gain an understanding through adults stories about the sexual abuse they were exposed to during their childhood. In order to achieve this purpose, we have analyzed autobiographies written by adults, who during their childhood have become sexually exposed. The study resulted in the problem of considering children as victims, before the abuse's disclosure but also after. The children were seen, in the cases studied, not as credible due to the perpetrator's identity. This study also found that the children did not report their experiences of sexual abuse due to factors such as shame and normalization. The study thus found that sexual abuse against children is complex and so is the view of the children as victims and their silence.

Våld i nära relationer är ett omdiskuterat och välkänt samhällsproblem. Ofta handlar dialogen om mäns våld mot kvinnor och det talas sällan om att en man utsätts för våld av en kvinnlig partner. Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva mäns erfarenheter av att vara utsatta för våld av en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där fem kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades. Databaserna som användes var CINAHL, PsycInfo och PsycArticles. Dataanalysen utgick från en trestegsmodell och samtliga artiklar granskades genom en kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Resultat: Under analysen framkom huvudkategorierna "Erfarenheter och konsekvenser av våldet", med subkategorier "Fysiskavåldshandlingar", "Psykiska våldshandlingar", "Hälsoeffekter" och "Sociala effekter", "Omgivningens dubbelhet" med subkategorier "Myndigheters bemötande" och "Närståendes förhållningssätt" samt huvudkategorin "Kvinnans makt och kontroll". Resultatet visar att män upplever både fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld från en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Det framkommer även att underliggande genusnormer och stereotypiska antaganden hindrar män frånatt betraktas som egentliga offer. Konklusion: Mäns utsatthet för våld i en nära relation är enkomplex problematik som är starkt förknippad med samhällets normer och antaganden ommaskulinitet. Professionella brister i sitt bemötande av våldsutsatta män vilket kan få stora konsekvenser för mannen. För att få mer kunskap och bättre förståelse för mäns utsatthet av våld i en nära relation behöver problemet synliggöras ytterligare och diskuteras på både individ- och samhällsnivå. Praktiska implikationer: Adekvat utbildning kan bidra till att professionella får rätt verktyg för att bemöta våldsutsatta män vilket kan leda till en minskad utsatthet och ökad hälsa hos utsatta män. Examensarbetet kan bidra till att förbättra det preventiva arbetet inom till exempel hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst för att förhindra att män faller offer för våld, då dessa myndigheter ofta har en betydande roll i att upptäcka våldet. Förslag till fortsatt kunskapsutveckling: Ytterligare forskning krävs kring mäns utsatthet för våld i nära heterosexuella relationer för att bryta stigmatiseringen kring utsattheten och bidra med kunskap till professionella inom människobehandlande yrken som möter dessa män. / Domestic violence is a debated and well-known social problem. Often, the dialogue is about men's violence against women and it is rarely mentioned that a man is subjected to violence by a female partner. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe men's experiences of being subjected to violence by a female partner in an intimate relationship. Method: A literature review was conducted which included five qualitative and three quantitative articles. The databases used were CINAHL, PsycInfo and PsycArticles. The data analysis was based on a three-step model and all articles were reviewed through a quality assessment template. Findings: During the analysis one main category that emerged was "Experiences and consequences caused by violence", with the sub categories "Physical acts of violence", "Psychological acts of violence", "Health effects" and "Social effects", another main category was "The ambiguity of the environment " with sub categories "The response of authorities " and "The approach of relatives" and the last main category was "The woman's power and control". The results show that men experience both physical, mental and sexual violence from a female partner in an intimate relationship. It also appears in the study's findings that underlying gender-based normsand stereotypical assumptions prevent men from being considered as actual victims. Conclusion: Men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship is a complex problem that is strongly associated with society's norms and assumptions about masculinity. Professional shortcomings in the treatment of abused men can have major consequences for the man. In order to gain more knowledge and a better understanding of men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship, the problem needs to be further visualized and discussed at both individual and societal levels. Practical implications: Adequate education can help professionals get the right tools to deal with abused men, which can lead to reduced vulnerability and increased health of abused men. The study can help to improve preventive work in, for example, health care and social services to prevent men from falling victim to violence, as these authorities often have a significant role indetecting violence. Suggestions for continued knowledge development: Further research is required on men's exposure to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships to break the stigma around the exposure of violence and to contribute with knowledge to professionals in the humantreatment professions who encounter these men.

This study analyzed newspaper articles written about five famous Swedish men who in recent years have been accused of different types of sexual crimes. These men were Paolo Roberto, Martin Timell, Göran Lambertz, Jean-Claude Arnault and Soran Ismail. The study’s purpose was to investigate how these famous Swedish men who have been accused of sexual crimes are portrayed in the media, and how this portrayal is related to the media's representation of the victims. The theories used to investigate these questions were Nils Christie's theory of Ideal Victims (1986), Yvonne Jewkes theory about Media and crime (2015), and David Gresham Matza's theory of Neutralization techniques (1957). By using a qualitative content analysis, the selection of material from four newspaper editors could be analyzed and coded, which resulted in a number of themes that contribute to the portrayal. The themes that could be identified were: the high status profile, denial of responsibility or victim, the sex offender, and the man as a victim. The analysis of these themes in relation to the theories and previous research shows that the media often emphasize the high status of these men, and the fact that they tend to reject responsibility by denying the existence of both causing harm and the existence of a victim. Furthermore, the men are also portrayed as sex offenders by giving the victims space to tell their story. Finally, the men themselves can be seen as victims mainly due to the media attention directed at them. / Studien analyserar tidningsartiklar rörande fem kända svenska män som under de senaste åren anklagats för olika typer av sexualbrott. Dessa män är Paolo Roberto, Martin Timell, Göran Lambertz, Jean-Claude Arnault och Soran Ismail. Studien ämnar att undersöka hur dessa kända svenska män som blivit anklagade för sexualbrott porträtteras i media, samt hur denna porträttering står i relation till medias framställning av offren.De teorier som användes för att besvara frågeställningarna var Nils Christies teori om Ideala offer (1986), Yvonne Jewkes teori om Medier och brott (2015), samt David Sykes och Gresham Matzas teori om Neutraliseringstekniker (1957). Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har urvalet av materialet från fyra tidningsredaktioner analyserats och kodats för att därigenom kunna urskilja genomgående teman som bidrar till porträtteringen, vilka presenteras och analyseras tillsammans med teorier och tidigare forskning. De teman som kunde identifieras benämndes: högstatusprofilen, förnekande av ansvar eller offer, sexualbrottslingen, samt mannen som offer. Analysen av dessa teman i förhållande till teorier och tidigare forskning visar på att media ofta betonar männens höga status och det faktum att männen tenderar att skjuta ifrån sig ansvaret genom att förneka både förekomsten av skada och offer. Vidare framställs männen även som sexualbrottslingar genom att offren får utrymme att tala om händelserna, samt att männen själva kan ses som offer främst på grund av den mediala uppmärksamheten som riktats mot dem.