Calâleddin Mohammad Balxi, ou Roumi, est un poète mystique persan du XIIIe siècle, parmi les plus connus en Occident et surtout l’un des plus traduits de la littérature persane, notamment en anglais. Ce fait est dû aussi bien à l’immensité de son œuvre poétique consistant en un ouvrage mystico-didactique, Masnavi e ma’navi et un recueil mystico-lyrique de qazals et de quatrains, intitulé Divân e Şams e Tabrizi, qu’à un significatif engouement relativement récent en Amérique anglophone pour ses poèmes, de caractère spirituel. Les textes de Roumi apparaissent, de manière sporadique, en allemand, anglais et français, dès le début du XIXe siècle jusqu’à ce que Masnavi soit intégralement traduit en anglais au début du XXe siècle. Des vagues de réception ont désormais vu le jour dans le monde anglophone grâce aux nombreuses retraductions et adaptations. La réception du poète a été plus mince dans le monde francophone, où la grande partie des traductions ne datent que de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle sans susciter le même enthousiasme. Si les traductions ne font pas défaut dans ces deux langues, les spécifiés de la poésie persane ainsi que de la pensée mystique rendent particulièrement difficile l’opération du transfert du discours poétique de Roumi en anglais et en français. On étudie ici, d’abord, les obstacles principaux auxquels doivent faire face les traducteurs sur les plans linguistique, sémiotique, stylistique, poétique, et herméneutique. Cet exposé cherche, ensuite, à montrer les modalités du transfert de l’œuvre chez les traducteurs anglophones et francophones de diverses époques en évaluant les traductions dans le cadre de la théorie éthique (bermanienne) de la traduction. S’inspirant des théories sociolinguistiques de la traduction et s’appuyant sur un corpus bilingue diversifié, cette thèse tente enfin d’expliquer les différences de degré et de nature de la réception par les deux sphères culturelles cibles. / Calâleddin Mohammad Balxi or Rumi, a Persian mystical poet of the 13th century, is amongst the best known in the West and one of the most translated authors of Persian literature, especially in English. This is due to the abundance of his poetic works which consist of mystical and didactic Masnavi e ma’navi and a collection of lyrical qazals and quatrains, Divân e Şams e Tabrizi. He is also known and translated because of the relatively recent strong appeal of his poems, with their spiritual undertone, to the North American audience. Rumi’s poems appeared sporadically in German, English and French since the beginning of the 19th century until the full English translation of Masnavi in the early 20th century. Ever since, the English-speaking world has had waves of reception thanks to numerous retranslations and adaptations. In the French-speaking world, however, the reception of Rumi has been far less important: the majority of the translations were introduced in the second half of the 20th century and failed to find an equally enthusiastic audience. Despite numerous translations in both languages, transferring the poetic discourse of Rumi to French and English is a particularly complicated task, considering the specificities of Persian poetry and the mystical quality of his thought. In this study, we will first look into the principal obstacles that translators must surmount and we will work from linguistic, semiotic, stylistic, poetic, and hermeneutic perspectives. We will subsequently show how this transferring process has been carried out by French and English-speaking translators of various periods by applying the principles of Berman’s theory of translation ethics to their works. Working from a diverse bilingual corpus and using the sociolinguistic theories of translation, the present thesis intends to explain the differences in the level and nature of this reception in the two target cultural spheres.

This is a prospective study of a cohort sample of injured Kuwaiti First Gulf War survivors designed to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity due to combat and exposures to traumatic events. The study included two main phases. The first phase conducted in 1998, and in 2003 the second phase was executed. This study was designed to investigate the contribution of combat physical injury to the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prevalence rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety and other psychological morbidity, and predictors of chronic PTSD. The first assessment was in 1998 and the second assessment in 2003 that involved biological investigations. Beside the clinical interview and the physical examination of the site of injury, multiple psychological scales and questionnaires were used. Based on DSM-IV criteria of PTSD, after the second assessment the population of this study were classified to: Chronic PTSD(have PTSD at both assessments), Delayed PTSD (have PTSD only on the second assessment), Recovered (have PTSD only in the first assessment), and Never PTSD (have no PTSD in both assessments). The biological assessment include: blood investigations, BMI, and visual analogue. The data of the study were analyzed based on the four PTSD subgroups. In the first chapter an introduction to the First Gulf War was presented followed by the second chapter that discussed literature review. The third chapter tackled the methods used in this study. The fourth to the sixth chapters discussed the results of this study regarding prevalence of Chronic PTSD, Cortisol and PTSD and Thyroid hormones and PTSD respectively. The last chapter presented the limitations and strengths of the study. There were three main hypotheses. First: combat injured survivors with chronic PTSD have cluster of symptoms severity similar to delayed PTSD after 13 years of the trauma and the prevalence of chronic PTSD is constant over time. Second: low cortisol levels observed in chronic PTSD are constant with chronicity, normalize with recovery, unrelated to degree of disability, and are influenced by comorbid disorders. Third: there is minor role for thyroid hormones in chronic PTSD. All of registered Kuwaiti combat injured survivors at the Social Development Office in Kuwait, were approached to voluntary participate in this study. Of 234 individuals 212 participate in the first stage, and out of these 123 participate in the second stage with the addition of 33 new cases that were not examined in 1998 but were registered in SDO after 1998. An informed consent was taken from the participants at both phases. The participants were assessed using General Health Questionnaire, Trauma Questionnaire, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, and Life Event Scale. Questionnaires and scales applied in the first stage were applied in the second stage with the addition of Impact of Event Scale, Composite International Diagnostic Interview and Scale of Gulf War Syndrome. Biochemical assessment comprised cortisol level, thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The blood samples were taken before starting the interview. Physical assessment involved measurements of: pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist-hip circumference, body mass index and visual analogue before and after the interview. Data entry program using Statistical Package for Social Scientists was used to enter data and analysis. The prevalence rate of delayed onset PTSD (14.6%), chronic PTSD (15.4) recovered from PTSD (22.8%) and never had PTSD (47.2%). With chronic PTSD there are higher cluster of PTSD symptoms severity, not related to severity of physical injury, has more prevalence of PTSD associated symptoms, higher comorbid psychiatric disorders. Intrusions, avoidance and arousal are PTSD cluster of symptoms more predictive of future development of PTSD after the injury. There was a low baseline cortisol level with chronic PTSD, and it was significantly lower in participants with delayed PTSD. Furthermore trauma itself rather than PTSD diagnosis may have an impact on cortisol level. Other psychiatric comorbidity has an enhancing effect on cortisol level. The levels of thyroid hormones were within the normal range. The trend of thyroid function in delayed and chronic PTSD is lower fT3, and TSH and higher fT4 levels, with higher fT3 levels in delayed PTSD compared to chronic PTSD. It was found that the higher severity of trauma score with PTSD the higher fT3 mean values. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2008

Ce mémoire présente une étude de la morphologie de ce qui est généralement appelé le pluriel nominal du persan (parler de Téhéran) dans le cadre d’une théorie de la morphologie basée sur le mot : Whole Word Morphology, développée par Ford et Singh (1991). Ce modèle lexicaliste adopte une position plus forte que les modèles proposés par Aronoff (1976) et Anderson (1992) en n’admettant aucune opération morphologique sur des unités plus petites que le mot. Selon cette théorie, une description morphologique consiste en l’énumération des Stratégies de Formation de Mots (SFM), licencées chacunes par au moins deux paires de mots ayant la même covariation formelle et sémantique. Tous les SFM suit le même schéma. Nous avons répertorié 49 SFM regroupant les pluriels et les collectifs. Nous constatons qu’il est difficile de saisir le pluriel nominal du persan en tant que catégorie syntaxique et que les différentes « marques du pluriel » présentées dans la littérature ne constituent pas un ensemble homogène : elles partagent toutes un sens de pluralité qui cependant varie d’une interprétation référentielle à une interprétation collective non-référentielle. Cette étude vise la déscription de la compétence morphologique, ce qui ne dépend d’aucune considération extralinguistique. Nous argumentons notamment contre la dichotomie arabe/persan généralement admise dans la littérature. Nous avons également fourni des explications quant à la production des pluriels doubles et avons discuté de la variation supposée du fait d’un choix multiple de « marques du pluriel ». / This thesis presents a word-based study of what is generally called the nominal plural morphology of Persian (Tehrani dialect) within the framework of the Whole Word Morphology developed by Ford & Singh (1991). This lexicaliste model takes up a stronger position than that proposed by Aronoff (1976) and Anderson (1992), by not allowing any morphological operation on units smaller than the word. According to this theory a morphological description consist of the listing of the Word Formation Strategies (WFS), each licensed by at least two pairs of words having the same formal and semantic covariation. All WFS’s follow the same schema. We have listed 49 WFS’s of plurals and collectives. We note that it is difficult to understand the import of the plural nominal as a syntactic category in Persian and that different “marks of plural” presented in the literature do not make a homogeneous unity: they all share a plurality meaning but it varies from referential interpretation to collective and non-referential interpretation. This study’s aim is to describe the morphological competence, which does not depend on any extra-linguistic criteria. In particular, we argue against the generally admitted Arabic/Persian dichotomy. We also provide explanation with regards to the utterance of double plurals and to the variation assumed since more than one choice of “plural marks” are available.

First appearing on potsherds around 3300 BC, the Indus script was primarily in use during the Mature Harappan period (ca. 2600-1900 BC) in the Indus Valley region, centred in the north-western region of the Indian Subcontinent. It is one of the last remaining undeciphered scripts of the ancient world. A great number of Indus inscriptions, however, have been uncovered at many archaeological sites in the Persian Gulf, discoveries that corroborate the inclusion of the Indus civilization as an active participant in the Mesopotamian-dominated Gulf trade of the 3rd millennium. In addition to exploring the current state of research surrounding the Indus decipherment attempts, the thesis will examine new perspectives on ancient history, arguing in favour of various possibilities of Mesopotamian, Elamite, and/or pre-dynastic Egyptian (North East African) cultural presences or influences in the ancient Indus River basin.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Feb 11, 2010).

Cette thèse s’attache à déconstruire, à localiser et à inscrire dans des dynamiques politiques locales d’abord, régionales et internationales ensuite, la perception qui s’est faite jour à compter du milieu des années 2000, que « le Golfe », espace aux contours rarement définis, serait devenu le lieu d’un développement culturel de très grande ampleur. Cette nouvelle image internationale des principautés arabes du golfe Persique, éloignée de leur association traditionnelle aux hydrocarbures et à la guerre, repose sur deux phénomènes distincts, voire opposés : la formation d’un marché de l’art arabe et iranien basé à Dubai qui se fait le reflet de la formation de nouvelles bourgeoisies dans les grands pays voisins, et la multiplication des annonces de musées à forte visibilité internationale au Qatar et à Abou Dabi qui ont pour cible prioritaire un public européen. Les musées sont l’objet principal de cette étude, le marché son objet secondaire. En croisant l’histoire et la science politique, une typologie binaire des musées golfiens et l’évolution du rapport de force entre les trois grandes composantes sociales des populations nationales des principautés depuis les années 1960, il apparaît que le musée, cette institution d’origine européenne qui sous sa forme moderne est apparue au XVIIIe siècle et qui compte au nombre des premières formes d’espaces publics, est dans les principautés arabes du golfe Persique un outil de renforcement de l’autoritarisme. Ce rôle qui est le sien depuis le temps de sa genèse dans les années 1960, s’est accentué au Qatar et à Abou Dabi depuis la Guerre du Golfe de 1990-1991. / This doctoral thesis aims at deconstructing, spatializing and inscribing in local and then international political dynamics the new perception emerging in the West that presents « the Gulf », a region whose boundaries are rarely defined, as the place for a large scale cultural development. This new international image of the Arab principalities of the Persian Gulf, that no longer reduces them to oil and war, but associates their names to culture, relies on two different phenomenons : the birth of an Arab and Iranian art market based in Dubai that reflects the formation of new elites in the neighbouring regional powers on the one hand, and the rise of a new type of museums targeting a European audience first, characterized by their international visibility, in Qatar and in Abu Dhabi on the other. The museums are the main object of this research, the art market its secondary one. By mixing political science and history, a binary typology of the museums and the evolution of the balance of power between the three main social components of the national communities in the Arab principalities since the 1960, the museum, this institution of European origin born in its modern form in the 18th century as one of the earliest forms of public spaces, appears as a tool for the consolidation of authoritarianism. This role that the museums has been playing since the 1960s, when the regional importation of this cultural model started, has even increased in Qatar and in Abu Dhabi since the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War. Since that period, the new museums are actively taking part to the political marginalization of the national bureaucracy.

Cette thèse examine la manière dont les poètes iraniens du XXe siècle ont reçu la littérature française et le rôle que celle-ci a joué, d'une part dans le processus de modernisation de la poésie persane et d'autre part dans l'émergence d'une nouvelle poétique. À cet égard, elle cherche à analyser et à comprendre les rapports que les auteurs iraniens ont entretenus avec les œuvres littéraires françaises et comment ils ont tenté d'imprégner leurs propres productions de cette influence issue de l'Occident. Ce travail de recherche relate l'histoire d'une littérature, en quête de renouvellement, qui conduit finalement, par le biais du poète Nima, à l'avènement d'une Poésie Nouvelle (Še’r-e now). La thèse propose une lecture de cette poésie, à la lumière des œuvres françaises qui l'ont influencée, et donne des clés de compréhension de la poétique nimaïenne et de ses concepts. / This thesis examines the way Iranian poets of XXth century welcomed French literature and the role it played, first in the modernisation process of Persian poetry and secondly, in the emergence of a new poetics. In this regard, this thesis seeks to analyse and to understand the relationships that Iranian authors developed with French literary works and how its western influence pervaded their own productions. This research relates the story of a literature in search of renewal, which finally leads, through the poet Nima, to the rise of a New Poetry (Še’r-e now). This thesis offers a lecture of this poetry, in the light of the French works that influenced it, and gives keys to comprehend Nimaian poetics and its concepts.

La révolution constitutionnaliste de 1906 marque l’entrée de l’Iran dans l’âge moderne. Sensible, au début du XXe siècle, dans tous les domaines de la vie publique, l’influence occidentale est notamment indissociable du processus de modernisation (tajaddod) des formes poétiques, qui prit l’allure d’une véritable « révolution littéraire » (enqelâb-e adabi). Les poètes, nombreux, qui y prirent part, s’inspiraient essentiellement de la poésie française. Les réformateurs « conservateurs » et « progressistes » qui s’opposèrent dans des débats passionnés touchant la nature de la modernité poétique se réclamèrent tous, à un moment de leur parcours, du romantisme de Victor Hugo. Poussant à son terme l’exigence d’individuation des formes poétiques, Nimâ Yušij se reconnut par la suite dans la poésie « objective » de Mallarmé et dans le vers libre de Verhaeren. En l’espace d’une vingtaine d’années, la poésie persane se libéra progressivement des règles strictes de la composition traditionnelle pour aboutir à un ensemble de pratiques diversifiées qui constituent la poésie moderne, še‘r-e now. En examinant le rôle de la traduction poétique et la contribution de poètes aussi divers que Bahâr, Yâsami, Raf‘at, Lâhuti et Nimâ à la « révolution littéraire », le présent travail se conçoit comme une étude de l’influence française sur la rénovation de la poésie persane. Il s’inscrit, ce faisant, dans la perspective d’une archéologie des formes poétiques modernes en Iran. / The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 dates the entry of Iran into the modern era. At the beginning of the 20th century, Western influence was patent in all the aspects of public life. Among other things, it was to play a crucial part in the modernization (tajaddod) of poetic forms. In Iran, this process took the appearance of a genuine “literary revolution” [enqelâb-e adabi]. Numerous poets joined in the movement, most of them inspired by French poetry. It was clear from their animated disputes that the “conservative” and “progressist” reformists disagreed on the very nature of poetic modernity. But they all related to Victor Hugo’s romanticism at some point in their career. Nimâ Yušij, who achieved the full individualization of poetic forms, would further acknowledge the influence of Mallarmé’s “objective” poetry and that of the free verse of Verhaeren. Within a couple of decades, Persian poetry freed itself from th! e strict rules of traditional verse composition and developed into a diversity of practices characteristic of modern poetry, še‘r-e now. The present study seeks to determine the influence of French literature on the renovation of Persian poetry by examining the function of poetic translations and the role of such poets as Bahâr, Yâsami, Raf‘at, Lâhuti and Nimâ in the “literary revolution”. In so doing, it aims.

Russia and Iran have been subject to mutual influence since the reign of Shah Abbas I (1588-1629). For most of the time this relationship was not one of equals: since the early nineteenth century and lasting at least until 1946, Russia and then the USSR, in strong competition with Britain, had been gradually, and for the most part steadily, increasing its political, cultural and economic influence within Iran up to very high levels. Nevertheless, the history of Russian/Soviet-Iranian relations still remains understudied, particularly in English-language scholarship. One of the main reasons for this gap must be sought in the hampered access of Western researchers to Russian archives during the Soviet time, which made them draw on Russian-language literature, traditionally pre-occupied with the history of social movements, and with the mechanical retelling of political and economic processes. Thus the cultural and political ties of the two countries on institutional and individual levels (especially during the period surrounding 1917), the influence of Russia, and then of the USSR, on Iran and vice versa, in political, economic and cultural spheres through the activities of individuals, as well as the methods and tools used by the “Big Northern neighbour” during the execution of its foreign policy towards Iran did not receive proper attention, and thus lack detailed analysis. This research addresses the lack of detailed analysis of the power/knowledge nexus in relation to Russia’s Persian/Iranian Studies – the largest and most influential sub-domain within Russia’s Oriental Studies during the late Imperial and the early Soviet periods. The specific focus of this study is the involvement of Russian ‘civilian’ (academic) and ‘practical’ (military officers, diplomats, and missionaries) Persian Studies scholarship in Russian foreign policy towards Persia/Iran from the end of the nineteenth century up to 1941 – a period witnessing some of the most crucial events in the history of both countries. It is during this period that Persia/Iran was the pivot of Russia’s Eastern foreign policy but at the same time almost every significant development inside Russia as well as in her Western policies also had an immediate impact on this country – the state of affairs that ultimately culminated in the second Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941. My thesis is based on extensive research in eleven important political, military and academic archives of Russia and Georgia, which allowed me to consult a significant amount of hitherto unpublished, often still unprocessed and only recently declassified, primary sources. While engaging with notions such as Orientalism, my analysis aims at transcending Edward Said’s concept of a mere complicity of knowledge with imperial power. My theoretical approach builds on Michel Foucault’s conceptualisation of the interplay of power/knowledge relations, his notion of discourse, and his writings on the role of the intellectual. While demonstrating the full applicability of the Foucauldian model to the Russian case through the study of the power/knowledge nexus in late Imperial and early Soviet Russia’s Persian Studies, or Iranology, I focus on the activities of scholars and experts within their own professional domains and analyse what motivated them and how their own views, beliefs and intentions correlated with their work, how their activities were influenced by the hegemonic discourses within Russian society. I analyse the interaction of these intellectuals with state structures and their participation in the process of shaping and conducting foreign policy towards Iran, both as part of the Russian scholarly community as a whole and as individuals on the personal level. For the first time my work explores at such level of detail the specific institutional practices of Russia’s Oriental Studies, including the organisation of scholarly intelligence networks, the taking advantage of state power for the promotion of institutional interests, the profound engagement with Russia’s domestic and foreign policy discourses of the time, etc. In addition, the thesis presents a detailed assessment of the organisation of Iranology as a leading sub-domain within the broader scholarly field of Oriental Studies in the period from the end of the nineteenth century to 1941 and analyses the principles and mechanisms of its involvement in Russia’s foreign policy towards Persia/Iran.

Cette recherche académique s’intéresse à l’émergence des pratiques contemporaines du traitement de l'actualité en ligne, récemment mises à la portée de non professionnels grâce au développement des technologies de l'information et de la communications, et regroupées sous la notion de journalisme citoyen. Deux axes différents mais complémentaires constituent la base essentielle du programme de recherche : Le premier axe consiste à s’interroger sur la nature et l’identité de la profession de journaliste, ses poids et ses limites, ses évolutions après l’émergence du web, l’arrivée de nouveaux supports médiatiques et sa confrontation avec les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication. Il s’attache également à comprendre et analyser l'essence, les particularités, les dimensions et les défis de la pratique journalistique amateur mise à la portée de tous via la technologie numérique. Le second axe est constitué d’une étude de cas sur les médias citoyens en persan. Il comprend plusieurs pistes de recherche et d’analyse : la sphère journalistique et l'environnement médiatique en Iran. Les circonstances de l’usage d’Internet et le taux de confiance des internautes face aux sources d’information citoyennes. La réception par les journalistes professionnels iraniens du phénomène de journalisme citoyen et celui de l’intervention en ligne de citoyens ordinaires sur l’actualité. Les priorités des créateurs de médias citoyens, leurs propres méthodes dans la collecte, le traitement et la publication de l‘information en ligne. La thèse prend en compte également les limites, restrictions et enjeux identitaires de cette nouvelle pratique journalistique au regard de ses pratiquants. / This academic research focuses on the emergence of contemporary practices in the treatment of online news recently brought within the reach of non-professionals through the development of information and communication technologies, and grouped under the concept of citizen journalism. Two different but complementary approaches constitute the essential basis of this research study: The first approach is to examine the nature and identity of the profession of journalism, its weight and its limits, and its evolution after the emergence of the Web, as well as the arrival of new media technology and its confrontation with information and communication technologies. It also attempts to understand and analyze the essence, characteristics, dimensions and challenges of the uses of amateur journalism brought to the attention of everyone via digital technology. The second approach consists of a case study of citizen media in Persian. It includes several researches and analyses, such as: The sphere of journalism and the media environment in Iran; the way in which Internet is used and the rate of trust of internet-users vis-à-vis the source of online information from citizens; the manner in which Iranian professional journalism receives citizen journalism and ordinary people’s involvement in the current affairs; the priorities of the creators of citizen media, and their own methods of collecting, processing and publishing online information. This thesis also takes into account the limitations, restrictions and identified issues of this new journalism practice in relation to its practitioners.