A literatura aponta que traumas emocionais precoces (TEP) podem ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB). Estudos também indicam associações entre TAB, prejuízos no reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções (REFE) e no funcionamento psicossocial, envolvendo traços de personalidade e habilidades sociais, os quais podem estar presentes inclusive em indivíduos em risco para o transtorno, como os parentes de primeiro grau. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as associações entre TEP, características psicossociais e REFE em sujeitos portadores (eutímicos) e em condição de risco para o TAB em comparação com um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis da comunidade. Foi avaliada uma amostra total de 109 sujeitos adultos de ambos os sexos, sendo 40 do grupo com TAB (GB), 30 do grupo em risco (GR) e 39 do grupo controle (GC). A avaliação do diagnóstico foi feita por meio da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV e do estado de humor atual pelo Questionário Sobre a Saúde do Paciente-9 e pela Escala de Avaliação de Mania (EAM). Para a avaliação dos desfechos foram utilizados instrumentos de auto relato (Inventário de Auto-avaliação de Traumas Precoces - Versão Reduzida, Inventário de Cinco Fatores NEO Revisad-versão reduzida, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais), e uma tarefa dinâmica de REFE. Os dados foram analisados por testes estatísticos paramétricos (teste do QuiQuadrado, teste para a comparação de duas proporções, ANOVA e ANCOVA) e pela análise de componentes principais (analise multivariada). Os resultados apontaram que o GB apresentou mais vivências de TEP, características psicossociais desadaptativas e maiores prejuízos no REFE em comparação ao GR e GC. Os sujeitos do grupo GR apresentaram um perfil com traços de prejuízo quando comparados ao GC, mas em menor nível que o GB, expressos sobretudo por presença de altos índices de neuroticismo na personalidade e de falhas no processo do REFE. Por outro lado, apresentaram fatores protetores como traços de abertura e bom nível de habilidades sociais. De maneira geral, os achados corroboram a literatura prévia reforçando a presença de possíveis marcadores genéticos para o TAB, subjacentes ao seu desenvolvimento, e apontam indicadores de resiliência que podem favorecer condutas de prevenção e intervenção precoce. / The literature shows that early emotional traumas (EETs) can be a risk factor for development of affective bipolar disorder (ABD). Studies have also reported associations between ABD and impairment in both recognition of emotional facial expressions (REFE) and psychosocial functioning, involving personality traits and social skills, and which may be present in at-risk individuals, such as first-degree relatives. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between EET, psychosocial characteristics and REFE in subjects who are euthymic (i.e. ABD carrier) and those who are at risk of ABD in comparison with healthy individuals in the community. In total, 109 male and female adults were divided into groups as follows: 40 subjects with ABD (GB), 30 subjects at risk (GR) and 39 healthy subjects as controls (GC). Diagnostic evaluation was carried out by means of a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV disorders and the current state of mood by using the patient health questionnaire-9 and mania assessment scale (MAS). For assessment of outcomes, self-report instruments (i.e. early trauma inventory self-report - short version, revised NEO five-factor inventory - short version, and social skills inventory) and a dynamic task of recognition of emotional facial expressions were used. The resulting data were analysed by using parametric statistical tests (i.e. chi-square test, two-proportion comparison test, ANOVA and ANCOVA) and analysis of the main components (i.e. multivariate analysis). The results showed that subjects of GB group had experienced more EETs, maladaptive psychosocial characteristics and more impaired REFE compared to those of GR and GC groups. The subjects of GR group had a worse psychological profile compared to that of GC group, but better than that of GB as subjects with ABD exhibited high levels of neurotic personality traits and poor REFE. On the other hand, they presented protective factors such as openness and good social skills. Overall, the findings corroborate the literature by reinforcing the presence of possible genetic markers for ABD secondary to its development and by suggesting indicators of resilience, which can favour preventive measures and early intervention.

Att kunna tillämpa professionell skepticism i det dagliga arbetet är en viktig egenskap för dagens revisorer. Vad som påverkar den professionella skepticismen är emellertid inte utrett inom tidigare forskning. Frågan om personlighetsdrag har en påverkan på professionell skepticism med hänsyn till kön som en betingande faktor har vi inte funnit någon forskning om. För att uppfylla syftet har en kvantitativ ansats applicerats och data har samlats in genom en enkätundersökning som ekonomistudenter på Högskolan Kristianstad och Jönköping International Business School har deltagit i. Studien har tillämpat befintliga mätinstrument för att mäta de oberoende variablerna personlighetsdrag och den beroende variabeln professionell skepticism. Enkäten undersökte även ett antal kontrollvariabler hos respondenterna. Resultatet från studien indikerar att två av de i studien undersökta personlighetsdragen (samvetsgrannhet och öppenhet för erfarenhet) har ett positivt samband med professionell skepticism. Vidare konstaterades att en del av personlighetsdraget neuroticism, aspekten stress, har ett negativt samband med professionell skepticism. Studien kunde emellertid inte påvisa om kön har en modererande effekt på sambandet mellan personlighetsdrag och professionell skepticism. Kontrollvariabeln modersmål visade sig ha ett mycket signifikant samband med professionell skepticism. Detta är något som framtida forskning inom området bör undersöka ytterligare. / To be able to apply professional skepticism in day-to-day work is an important attribute for today’s auditors. However, factors that affect the professional skepticism is not investigated in previous research. The question if personality traits affect the professional skepticism in consideration of gender as a moderating factor is an area where we have not found any previous research. To be able to fulfil the purpose a quantitative approach has been applied and the data has been collected through a survey distributed to economy students attending Högskolan Kristianstad and Jönköping International Business School. The study has applied existing measuring instruments to measure the independent variable personality traits and the dependent variable professional skepticism. The survey also explored a few control variables among the respondents. The results from the study indicate that two of the personality traits in the study (conscientiousness and openness) have a positive correlation with professional skepticism. Furthermore, the study found that a part of the personality trait neuroticism, the stress aspect, has a negative correlation with professional skepticism. The study has found no proof that support the belief that gender has a moderating effect on the correlation between personality traits and professional skepticism. The study showed that the control variable mother tongue has a significant correlation with professional skepticism. This is something that future research in the field should examine further.

O estudo da associação entre doença arterial coronariana e coronariopatias (DAC), stress e personalidade tem produzido grande volume de pesquisas, cujos resultados indicam correlação significante entre stress e personalidade com DAC. O campo da psicocardiologia emergiu recentemente como uma especialização da medicina comportamental, tendo por objetivo a busca de evidências das associações existentes entre traços de personalidade e outras variáveis psicossociais, com a etiologia, a ocorrência e o prognóstico da DAC. O Padrão Comportamental Tipo A (TABP) e a Personalidade Tipo D (TDP) são construtos que relacionam personalidade a desfechos cardíacos e estados crônicos de stress, constituindo estilos diferenciados de coping. TABP é um construto multidimensional considerado como fator de risco independente para a ocorrência de DAC, caracterizado principalmente por hostilidade, raiva, impaciência, ambição, estilo de fala rápido e urgência do tempo. Mais recentemente, o conceito da TDP foi proposto com base no do Modelo dos Cinco Fatores de Personalidade (FFM). TDP é caracterizada pela interação simultânea de afetividade negativa e inibição social. O indivíduo TDP vive permanentemente um estado emocional permeado por sentimentos negativos, ao mesmo tempo em que inibe a expressão desta afetividade negativa em situações de interações sociais. Esta overview teve por objetivo investigar as evidências obtidas em revisões sistemáticas (RSs), com ou sem metanálise, sobre a associação do TABP e da TDP com eventos coronarianos. Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados: Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Dissertation Abstracts, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed e PsychINFO. Dois revisores avaliaram independentemente os títulos e os resumos de todas as RSs identificadas na busca eletrônica. Foram identificadas onze RSs que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sete sobre TABP e quatro sobre TDP; além de uma overview sobre TABP. As evidências sumarizadas das RSs convergiram para uma associação quase nula entre TABP e DAC, mesmo quando hostilidade e raiva foram usados como sinônimos de TABP. Por outro lado, as RSs que investigaram a associação entre TDP e DAC acharam evidências robustas, especialmente em prognosticar evolução negativa de pacientes TDP com DAC preexistente. A avaliação dos efeitos de fatores psicossociais na etiologia, desenvolvimento e prognóstico de doenças cardíacas tem importantes implicações clínicas e é essencial para diagnosticar indivíduos com propensão à DAC para ações preventivas e para o sucesso de programas de reabilitação cardíaca. A possibilidade de o cardiologista avaliar seus pacientes quanto à probabilidade de desenvolver DAC tem grande implicação para a prática médica por seu valor profilático e prevencionista. Estudos prospectivos recentes evidenciaram que a afetividade positiva é associada à saúde cardíaca com efeitos benéficos na reabilitação cardíaca / Studies on the association of cardiac heart disease (CHD), stress and personality have being producing an enormous volume of research, with results indicating a significant correlation among stress, personality and coronary disease. The field of psychocardiology arose as a specific area of behavioral medicine. It aims searching for evidence on existing associations between personality traits and the ethiology, incidence and prognosis of (CHD). The Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) and the Type D Personality (TDP) are constructs associated with cardiac endpoints and are components of a chronic stress condition, wich produces differentiated coping styles. TABP is a multidimensional construct considered as an independent risk factor for the incidence of CHD, characterized mainly by hostility, anger and time urgency. More recently, the TDP concept was proposed on the basis of the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM). TDP is characterized by the simultaneous interaction of negative affectivity and social inhibition. The TDP individual experiences a permanent emotional state permeated by negative feelings, at the same time he or she inhibits the expression of this negative affectivity in social interactions. The objective of this overview is to investigate evidence obtained by systematic reviews (SRs), with or without meta-analyses, on the association of TABP and TDP with coronary events. Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Dissertation Abstracts, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed and PsychINFO data bases have been consulted. The titles and abstracts of all SRs identified through electronic search were analysed by two indepent reviewers. Eleven identified SRs met the inclusion criteria, seven on TABP and four on TDP, besides an overview on TABP. In this overview, summarized evidence of the SRs on TABP converged to an almost null association between TABP and CHD. Otherwise, the SRs which investigated the association between TDP and CHD found robust evidence, specially in the prognosis of negative evolution of TDP patients with previous CHD. The assesment of the psychosocial factors effects in the ethiology, development and prognosis of cardiac disease has important clinical implication and is essential to assess individuals with propensity to CHD in order to adopt preventive actions and to the success of cardiac rehabilitation programs. The possibility that cardiologists have to diagnose their patients on the likelihood to develop CHD has relevant implications to the medical practice for its prophylatic and preventive value. Recent prospective studies found evidence that positive affectivity is associated to cardiac health with beneficial effects in cardiac rehabilitation

O objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer a relação entre o nível de tolerância ao risco financeiro de investidores (e investidores potenciais), suas características demográficas, seus traços de personalidade, vieses comportamentais e nível de educação financeira. A literatura consultada subsidiou os conceitos dos traços de personalidade bem como os conceitos de finanças comportamentais, educação financeira e tolerância ao risco. A metodologia utilizada foi descritiva, com método quantitativo, tendo sido utilizadas as técnicas estatísticas de análise fatorial exploratória e regressão múltipla hierárquica para tratamento dos dados. Foi aplicada uma survey em amostra não probabilística, selecionada por conveniência, constituída por indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, oriundos de vários estados brasileiros. Os resultados mostraram que, na amostra estudada, os homens são mais tolerantes ao risco do que as mulheres, a faixa etária tem uma relação inversa com a variável independente, indicando que os mais jovens seriam mais propensos ao risco. Além disso, os achados indicam que os traços de personalidade não foram importantes para explicar a tolerância ao risco uma vez que, no modelo final da análise de regressão hierárquica, nenhuma das variáveis que compõem os traços de personalidade foram significantes. Quanto aos vieses comportamentais abordados neste trabalho, o viés do autocontrole, foi considerado significante para explicar a tolerância ao risco, indicando que as pessoas com mais autocontrole têm maior tolerância ao risco. A educação financeira também foi uma variável significante para explicar a tolerância ao risco, sendo positivamente relacionada com a mesma. Dessa forma, os resultados aqui obtidos indicaram que a tolerância ao risco é influenciada por características comportamentais e cognitivas. / The aim of the present study is to establish the relationship between the level of financial risk tolerance of investors (and potential investors), demographic characteristics, personality traits, behavioral biases and level of financial education. The literature consulted supported the concepts of personality traits as well as the concepts of behavioral finance, financial education and risk tolerance. The methodology adopted was descriptive and quantitative. The statistical techniques used was the factorial analysis and hierarchical multiple regression. The sample was non probabilistic, selected by convenience and consisted of individuals over 18 years of age, from several Brazilian states. The results showed that, in the sample studied, men are more risk tolerant than women, the age has an inverse relationship with the independent variable, indicating that the younger ones would be more risk-prone. Furthermore, the findings indicate that personality traits were not important in explaining risk tolerance since, in the final model of hierarchical regression analysis, none of the traits were significant. Regarding the behavioral biases addressed in this study, the self-control bias was considered significant in explaining risk tolerance, indicating that people with more self-control have greater risk tolerance. Financial education was also a significant variable to explain risk tolerance and was positively related to it. Thus, the results achieved indicate that risk tolerance is influenced by behavioral and cognitive characteristics.

Survey research plays a significant role in the way psychologists investigate key relationships which impact human behaviours—and which inform us about undercurrents of a population. Samples are generally taken with the primary function of being able to make inferences which can be generalised to the target population—however, historically the field has consistently relied on small and niche datasets which are not truly representative of the general population. As a consequence, there is an abundance of published research which lacks ecological validity. The alternative approach is to collect larger amounts of data—this approach is extremely costly and in most instances impractical for the researcher. I have termed this conundrum, the cost-insight trade-off, which has traditionally exasperated psychologists. To address this dilemma, I conducted three studies using two alternative methods. Study 1 investigated the relationship between social status and international friendships at a micro and macro level. The building social status hypothesis states that higher social status individuals would reach out more to people and have more international friendships than their poorer counterparts. In contrast, the restrictive social status hypothesis states the higher social status individuals would be reclusive and have fewer international friendships than their poorer counterparts. Findings at both the micro (N = 857; U.S. participants) and macro levels (approximately 50 billion friendships across 187 countries) were in alignment with the restrictive social status hypothesis. Investigating this relationship at this large a scope would not have been possible without utilising Facebook Data—furthermore, for most research projects collecting data at this scale is both too costly and impractical. Study 2 aims to address the limitation of study 1. In this light, a new alternative method, the Survey Forecasting Method, is introduced and used to demonstrate creative capability of combining the latest technology, machine learning techniques and big data (i.e. Twitter). The findings were proof positive that a data collection of only 1,000 participants (at minimum) can be transformed into the power of having a dataset of several hundred thousand participants. In other words, the findings suggest that it is possible to efficiently and effectively forecast scores for potentially millions of people, without them having to complete a single survey. This is a significant step towards developing an alternative survey method; however, the method has only been applied to the Big Five & NEO-IPIP personality traits. Study 3 provides further evidence for the Survey Forecasting Method as a viable alternative to traditional sampling methods. The study examined the relationship between entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy, fear of failure, and well-being at two levels: (a) self-report and forecasted individual level, and (b) forecasted state level (across all 50 U.S. states). Findings show there are differences between each level which provides insights into effects and potential mechanisms which would not potentially be found using traditional “silo’d” methods. The primary aim of this thesis is to provide a viable alternative method to conducting survey research—which allows the researcher to gain deeper insights into the population at less cost and time. Furthermore, this alternative method addresses poor data representativeness. Limitations are addressed and future directions to improve its capability and robustness as a viable survey research methodology are provided.

No description available.

La dispersion est un trait d'histoire de vie clé pour les processus écologiques et évolutifs dans les populations naturelles. Les dernières recherches se sont notamment focalisées sur les corrélations entre traits comportementaux et la dispersion, ceci afin de mettre en évidence des syndromes comportementaux de dispersion, tout en démontrant la base génétique de la dispersion. Les dispersants ne seraient donc pas une part aléatoire d'une population, mais des individus montrant des stratégies particulières qui augmenteraient leur chances de succès. Cette thèse s'est orientée vers trois objectifs de recherche majeurs. Le premier est la mise en évidence d'une base génétique de la probabilité de disperser dans une population fragmentée de gobe-mouches à collier Ficedula albicollis. Les résultats nous ont montré, au-delà de l'estimation de la base génétique de la dispersion, une distribution spatiale non aléatoire de l'apparentement dans cette population, qui pourrait être dû à des effets génétiques sur les règles de décision de choix de l'habitat. Le deuxième s'intéresse à la corrélation phénotypique et génétique entre le comportement de dispersion natale et le comportement de défense du nid, chez le martinet alpin Tachymarpis melba. Nous avons montré que la dispersion natale et le comportement de défense du nid sont négativement corrélés au niveau phénotypique mais aussi génétique dans ces populations. Enfin, le troisième nous à conduit à tester l'existence de syndromes comportementaux de dispersion, c'est-à-dire si les dispersants présentent un profil comportemental particulier, leur permettant en particulier de coloniser de nouveaux sites, chez le gobe-mouche à collier / Dispersal is a key like history trait for ecological and evolutionary processes in wild population. The last researching particularly focused on the correlation between behavioural trait and dispersal, in order to emphasize the existence of behavioural syndromes of dispersal, and on the estimation of the genetic basis of the dispersal behaviour. Dispersant individuals could not be a random part of the population, but individuals showing particular strategies, that help them to succeed in their dispersal attempt. This thesis has three main aims of research. The first is to show a genetic basis of the dispersal propensity in a fragmented population of collared flycatchers (Ficedulla albicollis). We shown not only the genetic bases of the dispersal, but also a non-random spatial distribution of relationship between individuals in this population, that might be due to genetic effects on the decision rules of habitat choice in this population. The second aim concerns phenotypic and genetic correlation between the natal dispersal and a behavioural trait, the nest-defense behaviour, in the alpin swift (Tachymarpis melba). We shown that natal dispersal and nest-defense behaviour are negatively correlated at a phenotypic level, but also at a genetic level in theses populations. Finally, the third aim attempt to test the existence of behavioural syndrome of dispersal, that is if dispersant individuals have a particular behavioural profile, which enable them to colonize new sites, in the collared flycatcher

Effective leadership, ethical leadership, and leadership emergence have been extensively researched, but there remains a lack of research on the relationship between the big 5 personality traits and authentic leadership. This quantitative study was based on the empirical principles of the big 5 model and guided by the big 5 theory. In addition, this research asked if there was a relationship between the big 5 model and authentic leadership, and which combination of the 5 personality traits best predict authentic leadership. Fifty-five adult participants, employed in various corporations, were recruited from a convenience sample. They rated their leaders by completing an Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3, and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analyses and the results showed that the big 5 personality model explained 46.9% of the variance (F (5, 49) = 8.65, p < .001. Conscientiousness positively (β = 0.40, p = .003) correlated with authentic leadership while neuroticism was inversely (β = -0.04, p = .046) correlated. These 2 traits best predicted authentic leadership and provided the strongest correlation. Extraversion (β = -.04, p = .739) and openness-to-experience (β = .25, p = .080) were non-significant traits. In the Pearson Correlation analysis, agreeableness had a weak inverse correlation with authentic leadership, (r (53) = -0.30, p = .027), and contributed 8.9% of the variance in predicting authentic leadership. Conscientious leaders with low level of neuroticism, who practice authentic leadership, will bring about positive social change by reducing unethical practices, improving communication with employers, employees, and consumers, and improving employee morale.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between English instructors&rsquo / negotiation strategies to handle conflicts in the FLE classroom and personality traits. Two scales which consist of a demographic inventory, two questionnaires and a semi structured interview were developed by the researcher. The first scale consists of &ldquo / Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II (ROCI II)&rdquo / and &ldquo / Eyesenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The results of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS 15.0. This data gathering instrument was implemented on 120 English instructors working at METU, TOBB ETU, &Ccedil / ankaya University, Atilim University, and Trakya University. Data gathered from 30 English instructors from the same universities were used for the piloting of the study. The data gathered from 120 English instructors in English Preparatory Schools represented the results of the main study. In analyzing the data, descriptive statistics as frequency, percent, average, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics as ANOVA was used. As the second scale of the current study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 English instructors employed at these universities. The results of the interviews were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the study revealed that there is a relationship between English instructors&rsquo / use of negotiation strategies and their gender, age, educational background, work experience and the personality traits of introversion-extroversion.

Att medarbetare är av existentiell betydelse för en organisations överlevnad är sedan länge känt. Därmed är rekrytering en av de viktigaste funktionerna inom HR för att attrahera rätt kompetens till organisationen då en misslyckad rekrytering vanligen leder till bortkastad tid och dyra rekryteringsprocesser. Något som kommit att få allt större betydelse vid urvalet och bedömningen av nya medarbetare är kandidaters personlighet. Forskning visar att personlighetsdrag spelar en stor roll när det kommer till framtida arbetsprestationer och förmågan att göra rätt bedömningar av människor är därför central. Teorier om synen på personlighet, kompetens, kompetensbaserad rekrytering och urval samt bedömningsmetoder och personlighetsbedömning används för att analysera studiens resultat. Denna kvalitativa studies övergripande syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur rekryterare bedömer en kandidats personlighet vid en rekryteringsprocess inom bemanningsföretag. Bemanningsföretag är företag som ständigt arbetar med rekrytering och uthyrning av personal, varför ett proaktivt bemanningsarbete krävs för att skapa en konkurrensfördel på marknaden. Inför denna fallstudie kontaktades tre av den svenska bemanningsbranschens största aktörer varav två rekryterare på vardera företag deltog i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Personlighet ansågs generellt som något viktigt som samtliga rekryterare lade stor vikt vid under hela processens gång, från utformandet av kravprofilen till avslutande bedömning. Bedömningen skedde genom såväl test som intervju och referenstagning. Samtliga poängterade vikten av att alltid göra en helhetsbedömning av kandidaten och att det därmed var svårt att vikta exempelvis formella kompetenser mot personliga egenskaper. Resultatet visar att bemanningsbranschens arbete med personlighetsbedömning vid rekrytering utgår ifrån strukturerade bedömningsmetoder. Deras gedigna och proaktiva arbete med rekrytering lever upp till påståendet om att personalen är en organisations viktigaste resurs och vikten av att förstå innebörden av personlighetens betydelse i uttrycket ”rätt person på rätt plats”. / It's been long known that employees are of existential importance to an organization's survival. Thus, recruitment is one of the most important functions within HR to attract the right competence to the organization, as a failed recruitment usually leads to wasted time and expensive recruitment processes. Something that has come to play a growing role in the selection and evaluation of new employees is a candidate's personality. Research shows that personality traits play a big role when it comes to future job performance, and ability to make the right judgements of people are therefore essential. Theories about the perception of personality, competence, competency-based recruitment and selection, assessment methods and personality assessment are reviewed and used to analyze the results of this study. The aim of this qualitative study was to increase understanding of how recruiters assess a candidate's personality in a recruitment process within temporary work agencies. Temporary work agencies are companies which constantly works with recruitment and hiring of personnel, which is why a proactive work with staffing is needed to create a competitive advantage in the market. Prior to this case study three of the largest swedish temporary work agencies were contacted of whom two recruiters on each company participated in semi-structured interviews. Personality was generally considered as something important which all recruiters added great significance during the whole process, from the design of the requirements specification to the final assessment. Both tests, interview and references were a part of the personality assessment. The importance of always making an overall assessment of the candidate was emphasized and therefore difficult to weigh for example formal competences versus personal characteristics. The result shows that the temporary work agencies work with personality assessment when recruiting are based on structured methods of assessment. Their solid and proactive work with recruitment live up to the claim that the staff is an organization's most important resource and the importance of understanding the meaning of the personality significance of the expression ”right person in the right place”.