La figure du législateur demeure matière à controverse dans la pensée politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Son rôle, consistant à « transformer » la nature humaine en vue de réaliser la vertu civique, a porté certains interprètes à voir dans sa pensée une forme d’autoritarisme. L'erreur de cette interprétation nous apparaît être dans le sens et la portée attribués à l'idée de transformation morale. Cette dernière n'implique pas une transformation radicale des mœurs, mais bien leur parachèvement. Circonscrire cette portée nécessite de concevoir les mœurs comme une matière donnée et qui ne saurait être façonnée indéfiniment, car ses potentialités sont déterminées par son développement historique. Ce caractère décisif attribué par Rousseau au développement historique peut se comprendre à la lumière de sa conception pessimiste de l’évolution des mœurs. D’après cette conception, les mœurs, essentiellement corruptibles, atteignent un stade historique de corruption où elles ne sauraient être parachevées en vertu. Il s’ensuit que seul un peuple dont les mœurs sont non corrompues par le progrès historique a la potentialité d'atteindre la vertu. Ainsi, la tâche du législateur d'effectuer une transformation morale de l'homme doit être entendue non comme celle de créer ex nihilo une nouvelle nature humaine, mais comme celle de parachever les virtualités propres aux mœurs saines. / The status of the legislator remains a matter of controversy in the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His role, which consist in transforming human nature in order to realize civic virtue, has lead some interpreters to see in Rousseau’s thought a form of autocratic process. This error of interpretation seems related to the meaning and the range attributed to the idea of moral transformation. For Rousseau, the latter does not imply a radical transformation of morals (moeurs), but rather a process for perfecting or improving them. To circumscribe this task requires interpreting morals as a given matter that is not indefinitely malleable since its potential is determined by its historical development. This decisive character attributed to historical development by Rousseau can be understood in the light of his pessimistic conception of the evolution of morals. According to this conception, morals are essentially corruptible, and reach an historical stage of decadence such that they cannot be reformed into virtue. It follows that only a people whose morals are not corrupted by historical progress have the potential to reach virtue. Accordingly, the legislator, whose task is to carry out a moral transformation of man, must not be understood as one that creates ex nihilo a new human nature but rather as one that completes the potentiality inherent to healthy morals.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Inacio Ribeiro de Sa Menezes.pdf: 3732162 bytes, checksum: fc87dc189899e8b6019c55d04394ad74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cioran (1911-1995) is a Romanian-French thinker who would not have the right to complain about being misunderstood or even ignored, inasmuch as he begged to turn marginality into a philosophical imperative and a lifestyle. Eleven years since his death, in Paris, and one hundred since his birth, in Transylvania, this one author, the perfect stranger in more than one sense, remains largely unknown by the Brazilian audience, scholarly or not, in such a way that his shady aura, so to speak, as well as countless legends and rumors prevail about his life, personality and thought. Having said that, and apart from his own will to marginality, Cioran is a thinker who just can t and will not remain as such for much longer ignored or spurned, be it by Academia as such or by particular intellectual milieus with varied ideological outlooks. All the more when it comes to reflect upon problems which happen to be just as prevailing as worrying, such as the rise of integralism and of fanaticism, be it religious or of any other kind, atheism, skepticism and nihilism in the XXth century, anguish, despair, the metaphysical need of mankind and the sense of ultimate transcendence, suffering, death, suicide, evil, finally, a wide range of questions which are all highly relevant from a philosophical standpoint and also that of human sciences. In the first part of this inquiry, we aim at showing that philosophical pessimism and apophatic dwell mix up in the existential metaphysics of Cioran, a religious philosophy of existence which, not being guided up by the faith in revealed truths and by the adhesion to external authorities, aims to think human existence and condition according to that which is most imperious and essential, in Cioran s view, when it comes to the metaphysical animal: wisdom rather than science, deliverance by disillusion rather than salvation by faith and knowledge, the need for the absolute to the detriment of the delusions of becoming, coping with the contingency inherent to existence, namely human existence, tragically gifted with reflexive consciousness, freedom, a destiny. Cioran s organically existential thought is inseparable from, as he puts it, from his own life experience, namely the insomnia to which he accredits the merit or the fault for his blessed, for his cursed lucidity: a state of mind incompatible with life, turning life into a state of non-suicide . If there is pessimism, skepticism, nihilism, mysticism within the sum of attitudes that composes the works of Cioran, such attitudes which might as well be modalized as reactions to the problem of evil, all these tendencies emanate from insomnia-bred lucidity. Secondly, we shall turn our attention to the topic of Cioran s écriture, with everything it implies, differently than his Romanian writing, as far as style, concern for expression and the aestheticizing of discourse are concerned. We aim at showing that the Farewell to philosophy enounced by the author in A short history of decay (Précis de decomposition), parallel to his literary turn and the radicalization of the fragmentary principle that precedes his French writing, is the paradoxical expression of a negation-driven thought which, by betraying Philosophy with Poetry, Music and Mysticism, cannot help but pay an unheard-of tribute to Human thought and to Philosophy itself. Finally, we argue that Cioran s French works represent, by its form and content, the necessary consequence and exact expression of a lucid, organic thought, which discovers in the écriture de soi the very destiny of Western Philosophy, and in Style as adventure the highest form of modern-thought heroism / Cioran (1911-1995) é um pensador romeno-francês que não teria o direito de reclamar por ser incompreendido e ignorado, pois ele mesmo fez da marginalidade um imperativo filosófico e um estilo de vida. Onze anos após o seu falecimento, em Paris, e cem anos após o seu nascimento, na Transilvânia, este autor, estrangeiro em mais de um sentido, permanece em grande medida desconhecido pelo público brasileiro, acadêmico ou não, fazendo prevalecer sua aura de obscuro e um sem-número de lendas e rumores sobre a sua vida, a sua personalidade, o seu pensamento. Dito isso, e vontade de marginalidade à parte, Cioran é um pensador que não pode ser e não permanecerá sendo por muito tempo ignorado ou desprezado, seja pela Academia como pelos círculos intelectuais com as mais diversas orientações ideológicas. Ainda mais quando se trata de pensar problemáticas, tão atuais quanto preocupantes, como a ascensão do fundamentalismo e do fanatismo, religioso ou de outra natureza, o ateísmo, o ceticismo e o niilismo no século XX, a angústia, o desespero, a necessidade metafísica do homem e o sentido da transcendência, o sofrimento, a morte, o suicídio, o mal, enfim, uma gama de questões altamente relevantes do ponto de vista da filosofia e também de outras disciplinas, como a psicologia e a história. Na primeira parte desta investigação, pessimismo filosófico e misticismo apofático convivem na metafísica existencial de Cioran, uma filosofia religiosa da existência que, sem se pautar pela fé em verdades relevadas e pela adesão a autoridades externas, busca pensar a condição e a existência humanas de acordo com aquilo que é mais urgente e essencial no animal metafísico, segundo o autor: a sabedoria antes que a ciência, a libertação pela desilusão e pelo não-saber antes que a salvação pela crença e pelo conhecimento, a necessidade de absoluto em detrimento da ilusão do devir, o enfrentamento da contingência inerente à existência, e particularmente à existência humana, tragicamente dotada de uma consciência, de uma liberdade, de um destino. O pensamento orgânico de Cioran é inseparável, como ele o reitera, de sua experiência de vida, notadamente a insônia à qual ele atribuiria, posteriormente, o mérito ou a culpa da sua bendita, maldita lucidez: um estado de espírito incompatível com a vida, tornando-a um estado de não-suicídio . Se há pessimismo, ceticismo, niilismo e misticismo na soma de atitudes que é a obra de Cioran, atitudes que podem ser justamente modalizadas como atitudes frente ao problema do mal, todas essas tendências emanam da lucidez gestada a partir de suas noites em branco. Em um segundo momento, nos voltaremos à questão da écriture cioraniana, com tudo o que ela implica, diferentemente da escrita romena, em termos de estilo, preocupação com a forma e estetização do discurso. Pretendemos mostrar como o Adeus à filosofia declarado por Cioran no Breviário de decomposição, concomitantemente à guinada literária e à acentuação do princípio fragmentário que precede sua obra francesa, é a expressão paradoxal de um pensamento da negação que, traindo a filosofia com a poesia, a música e a mística, não deixa de prestar uma homenagem inaudita ao pensamento e à própria Filosofia, doravante irreconhecível. Por fim, argumentamos que a obra francesa de Cioran representa, em forma e conteúdo, a consequência necessária e a expressão exata de um pensamento lúcido e orgânico que descobre na escritura de si o destino da filosofia e no estilo como aventura o grande heroísmo do escritor moderno. Em Cioran, Filosofia e Literatura se juntam numa fuga para dentro do niilismo, como forma de resistir às tentações do nada

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jassanan Amoroso Dias Pastore.pdf: 2609602 bytes, checksum: 2afc24e3327956c37ed498b6e3ad2801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / The study of Freud s writings, from the perspective laid down by the convergences and divergences promoted by Freud between psychoanalysis and Schopenhauer s philosophy, enables to investigate on the possible points that put nearer or farther the ways in which Freud and Schopenhauer face the tragic. Halfway in the transition from the XIXth century, which was marked by the theoretical optimism of rationalism and the primacy of conscience, to the XXth century, which main characteristic was the crisis of the reason, psychoanalysis has emerged as a new science about the human soul, having as foundations the unconscious and the drives. Similarly, Schopenhauer had, one hundred years before, in the transition from the XVIIIth to the XIXth century, put in doubt not only the attempts at metaphysically interpreting the world optimistically, but also the notions of the German romantic idealists who, as a rule, in following the tradition, postulated an absolute rational principle of the world. Schopenhauer, in his philosophy, elaborates his thinking by situating the essence of man not in conscience and reason, but in the Will, which he considered to be an irrational impulse. We will depart from the notion of the tragic among the Ancient Greeks, crossing the path of modern philosophy, and finally arriving at psychoanalysis / O estudo dos textos freudianos, a partir da perspectiva estabelecida pelos encontros e desencontros que Freud promove entre a psicanálise e a filosofia schopenhaueriana, permite investigar as possíveis aproximações e distanciamentos entre a concepção e o modo de enfrentamento do trágico em Freud e em Schopenhauer. Em meio à transição do século XIX, marcado pelo otimismo teórico do racionalismo e do primado da consciência, para o século XX, caracterizado pela crise da razão, Freud funda a psicanálise, uma nova ciência sobre a alma humana que postula como fundamentos o inconsciente e as pulsões. Da mesma maneira, cem anos antes, na transição do século XVIII para o XIX, Schopenhauer já havia problematizado as tentativas de interpretar metafisicamente o mundo de maneira otimista e também as concepções dos idealistas românticos alemães, que, de modo geral, ao seguirem a tradição, postulavam um princípio racional absoluto do mundo. Em sua filosofia, Schopenhauer elabora um pensamento que situa a essência do homem não na consciência e na razão, mas na Vontade, considerada por ele um impulso irracional. Partiremos do estudo da concepção de trágico desde a Antiguidade grega, passando pela filosofia moderna, até chegarmos à psicanálise

Dissertation declaring that The United States of America is a Fourth World Nation. It has earned this distinction as direct a result of the manner in which it was established, how it developed, and the fact that it has demonstratively failed to confront its ever-increasing disparity and unevenness. Fourth World Theory provides a foundation and framework for a critical investigation of society and culture though an analytical lens, and an examination of the inequities that are increasingly prevalent throughout a post-industrial, post-agrarian, post-developing space of inevitable decline.

La figure du législateur demeure matière à controverse dans la pensée politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Son rôle, consistant à « transformer » la nature humaine en vue de réaliser la vertu civique, a porté certains interprètes à voir dans sa pensée une forme d’autoritarisme. L'erreur de cette interprétation nous apparaît être dans le sens et la portée attribués à l'idée de transformation morale. Cette dernière n'implique pas une transformation radicale des mœurs, mais bien leur parachèvement. Circonscrire cette portée nécessite de concevoir les mœurs comme une matière donnée et qui ne saurait être façonnée indéfiniment, car ses potentialités sont déterminées par son développement historique. Ce caractère décisif attribué par Rousseau au développement historique peut se comprendre à la lumière de sa conception pessimiste de l’évolution des mœurs. D’après cette conception, les mœurs, essentiellement corruptibles, atteignent un stade historique de corruption où elles ne sauraient être parachevées en vertu. Il s’ensuit que seul un peuple dont les mœurs sont non corrompues par le progrès historique a la potentialité d'atteindre la vertu. Ainsi, la tâche du législateur d'effectuer une transformation morale de l'homme doit être entendue non comme celle de créer ex nihilo une nouvelle nature humaine, mais comme celle de parachever les virtualités propres aux mœurs saines. / The status of the legislator remains a matter of controversy in the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His role, which consist in transforming human nature in order to realize civic virtue, has lead some interpreters to see in Rousseau’s thought a form of autocratic process. This error of interpretation seems related to the meaning and the range attributed to the idea of moral transformation. For Rousseau, the latter does not imply a radical transformation of morals (moeurs), but rather a process for perfecting or improving them. To circumscribe this task requires interpreting morals as a given matter that is not indefinitely malleable since its potential is determined by its historical development. This decisive character attributed to historical development by Rousseau can be understood in the light of his pessimistic conception of the evolution of morals. According to this conception, morals are essentially corruptible, and reach an historical stage of decadence such that they cannot be reformed into virtue. It follows that only a people whose morals are not corrupted by historical progress have the potential to reach virtue. Accordingly, the legislator, whose task is to carry out a moral transformation of man, must not be understood as one that creates ex nihilo a new human nature but rather as one that completes the potentiality inherent to healthy morals.

(in English): This diploma thesis deals with the literary image of Sicily by analysing characteristic works by four Sicilian authors in the historical period from the process of the Italian unification to the end of World War II. The authors are Giovanni Verga, Luigi Pirandello, Vitaliano Brancati and Leonardo Sciascia. This thesis is based primarily on the assumption that these writers are subjective and empiric authors and their works clearly reflect the fact that they hail from Sicily having been influenced by its societal norms and traditions. The author supports her arguments by the theoretical essays written by Leonardo Sciascia, who devoted his lifetime to the study of Sicily from the historical, social, political and anthropological perspective. The basic prerequisite for this work therefore consists of three theoretical publications: Pirandello e il pirandelismo (1953, Pirandello and the pirandellism), Pirandello e la Sicilia (1961, Pirandello and Sicily), La Sicilia come metafora (1979, Sicily as a metaphor). In this thesis the author attempts to trace the common attributes and linking motifs throughout selected characteristic works and their analysis. As a conclusion, the author summarizes her observations and intends to find more general parallels between the historical development of...

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Cette thèse de doctorat consiste en trois chapitres qui traitent des sujets de choix de portefeuilles de grande taille, et de mesure de risque. Le premier chapitre traite du problème d’erreur d’estimation dans les portefeuilles de grande taille, et utilise le cadre d'analyse moyenne-variance. Le second chapitre explore l'importance du risque de devise pour les portefeuilles d'actifs domestiques, et étudie les liens entre la stabilité des poids de portefeuille de grande taille et le risque de devise. Pour finir, sous l'hypothèse que le preneur de décision est pessimiste, le troisième chapitre dérive la prime de risque, une mesure du pessimisme, et propose une méthodologie pour estimer les mesures dérivées. Le premier chapitre améliore le choix optimal de portefeuille dans le cadre du principe moyenne-variance de Markowitz (1952). Ceci est motivé par les résultats très décevants obtenus, lorsque la moyenne et la variance sont remplacées par leurs estimations empiriques. Ce problème est amplifié lorsque le nombre d’actifs est grand et que la matrice de covariance empirique est singulière ou presque singulière. Dans ce chapitre, nous examinons quatre techniques de régularisation pour stabiliser l’inverse de la matrice de covariance: le ridge, spectral cut-off, Landweber-Fridman et LARS Lasso. Ces méthodes font chacune intervenir un paramètre d’ajustement, qui doit être sélectionné. La contribution principale de cette partie, est de dériver une méthode basée uniquement sur les données pour sélectionner le paramètre de régularisation de manière optimale, i.e. pour minimiser la perte espérée d’utilité. Précisément, un critère de validation croisée qui prend une même forme pour les quatre méthodes de régularisation est dérivé. Les règles régularisées obtenues sont alors comparées à la règle utilisant directement les données et à la stratégie naïve 1/N, selon leur perte espérée d’utilité et leur ratio de Sharpe. Ces performances sont mesurée dans l’échantillon (in-sample) et hors-échantillon (out-of-sample) en considérant différentes tailles d’échantillon et nombre d’actifs. Des simulations et de l’illustration empirique menées, il ressort principalement que la régularisation de la matrice de covariance améliore de manière significative la règle de Markowitz basée sur les données, et donne de meilleurs résultats que le portefeuille naïf, surtout dans les cas le problème d’erreur d’estimation est très sévère. Dans le second chapitre, nous investiguons dans quelle mesure, les portefeuilles optimaux et stables d'actifs domestiques, peuvent réduire ou éliminer le risque de devise. Pour cela nous utilisons des rendements mensuelles de 48 industries américaines, au cours de la période 1976-2008. Pour résoudre les problèmes d'instabilité inhérents aux portefeuilles de grandes tailles, nous adoptons la méthode de régularisation spectral cut-off. Ceci aboutit à une famille de portefeuilles optimaux et stables, en permettant aux investisseurs de choisir différents pourcentages des composantes principales (ou dégrées de stabilité). Nos tests empiriques sont basés sur un modèle International d'évaluation d'actifs financiers (IAPM). Dans ce modèle, le risque de devise est décomposé en deux facteurs représentant les devises des pays industrialisés d'une part, et celles des pays émergents d'autres part. Nos résultats indiquent que le risque de devise est primé et varie à travers le temps pour les portefeuilles stables de risque minimum. De plus ces stratégies conduisent à une réduction significative de l'exposition au risque de change, tandis que la contribution de la prime risque de change reste en moyenne inchangée. Les poids de portefeuille optimaux sont une alternative aux poids de capitalisation boursière. Par conséquent ce chapitre complète la littérature selon laquelle la prime de risque est importante au niveau de l'industrie et au niveau national dans la plupart des pays. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous dérivons une mesure de la prime de risque pour des préférences dépendent du rang et proposons une mesure du degré de pessimisme, étant donné une fonction de distorsion. Les mesures introduites généralisent la mesure de prime de risque dérivée dans le cadre de la théorie de l'utilité espérée, qui est fréquemment violée aussi bien dans des situations expérimentales que dans des situations réelles. Dans la grande famille des préférences considérées, une attention particulière est accordée à la CVaR (valeur à risque conditionnelle). Cette dernière mesure de risque est de plus en plus utilisée pour la construction de portefeuilles et est préconisée pour compléter la VaR (valeur à risque) utilisée depuis 1996 par le comité de Bâle. De plus, nous fournissons le cadre statistique nécessaire pour faire de l’inférence sur les mesures proposées. Pour finir, les propriétés des estimateurs proposés sont évaluées à travers une étude Monte-Carlo, et une illustration empirique en utilisant les rendements journaliers du marché boursier américain sur de la période 2000-2011. / This thesis consists of three chapters on the topics of portfolio choice in a high-dimensional context, and risk measurement. The first chapter addresses the estimation error issue that arises when constructing large portfolios in the mean-variance framework. The second chapter investigates the relevance of currency risk for optimal domestic portfolios, evaluates their ability of to diversify away currency risk, and study the links between portfolio weights stability and currency risk. Finally, under the assumption that decision makers are pessimistic, the third chapter derives the risk premium, propose a measure of the degree of pessimism, and provide a statistical framework for their estimation. The first chapter improves the performance of the optimal portfolio weig-hts obtained under the mean-variance framework of Markowitz (1952). Indeed, these weights give unsatisfactory results, when the mean and variance are replaced by their sample counterparts (plug-in rules). This problem is amplified when the number of assets is large and the sample covariance is singular or nearly singular. The chapter investigates four regularization techniques to stabilizing the inverse of the covariance matrix: the ridge, spectral cut-off, Landweber-Fridman, and LARS Lasso. These four methods involve a tuning parameter that needs to be selected. The main contribution is to derive a data-based method for selecting the tuning parameter in an optimal way, i.e. in order to minimize the expected loss in utility of a mean-variance investor. The cross-validation type criterion derived is found to take a similar form for the four regularization methods. The resulting regularized rules are compared to the sample-based mean-variance portfolio and the naive 1/N strategy in terms of in-sample and out-of-sample Sharpe ratio and expected loss in utility. The main finding is that regularization to covariance matrix significantly improves the performance of the mean-variance problem and outperforms the naive portfolio, especially in ill-posed cases, as suggested by our simulations and empirical studies. In the second chapter, we investigate the extent to which optimal and stable portfolios of domestic assets can reduce or eliminate currency risk. This is done using monthly returns on 48 U.S. industries, from 1976 to 2008. To tackle the instabilities inherent to large portfolios, we use the spectral cut-off regularization described in Chapter 1. This gives rise to a family of stable global minimum portfolios that allows investors to select different percentages of principal components for portfolio construction. Our empirical tests are based on a conditional International Asset Pricing Model (IAPM), augmented with the size and book-to-market factors of Fama and French (1993). Using two trade-weighted currency indices of industrialized countries currencies and emerging markets currencies, we find that currency risk is priced and time-varying for global minimum portfolios. These strategies also lead to a significant reduction in the exposure to currency risk, while keeping the average premium contribution to total premium approximately the same. The global minimum weights considered are an alternative to market capitalization weights used in the U.S. market index. Therefore, our findings complement the well established results that currency risk is significantly priced and economically meaningful at the industry and country level in most countries. Finally, the third chapter derives a measure of the risk premium for rank-dependent preferences and proposes a measure of the degree of pessimism, given a distortion function. The introduced measures generalize the common risk measures derived in the expected utility theory framework, which is frequently violated in both experimental and real-life situations. These measures are derived in the neighborhood of a given random loss variable, using the notion of local utility function. A particular interest is devoted to the CVaR, which is now widely used for asset allocation and has been advocated to complement the Value-at-risk (VaR) proposed since 1996 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. We provide the statistical framework needed to conduct inference on the derived measures. Finally, the proposed estimators

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Inacio Ribeiro Sa Menezes.pdf: 1734759 bytes, checksum: c1bc6f6f7284e9e3da24350e1be4f158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-08 / Focusing on the works of the Rumanian philosopher Emil Cioran (1911-1995), this study proposes an anthropological approach in order to elucidate the author s conception regarding human being. Cioran s writings portrait man as an essentially infirm being, idea from which this study takes off so as to explain what lies behind his anthropological pessimism. For such, it takes gathering, analyzing and interpreting the reflections offered by him on human being his origins, condition, history and destiny and that are spread out throughout his books. Besides, some of his critics will contribute to sustain the hypothesis: more than just a philosopher, Cioran is a religious thinker, whose pessimistic conception regarding human condition is rooted in gnostic soil. As it is intended to be demonstrated, his connections with gnosticism go way beyond a mere intellectual affinity, involving as well a kinship with the bogomils, a gnostic sect which settled in the Balkans during the Middle Ages and which is supposed to have had a significant role in shaping Rumania s cultural identity. Furthermore, it intends to argue that the crisis of insomnia endured by Cioran in his youth period has a cognitive and spiritual character allowing her to be interpreted as a gnosis. At last, this study commits itself with sustaining the following thesis: much more than his readings, it is rather his insomniac experience that turns out to be the decisive event responsible to shape his thought from then on, including his world and man view / Tendo a obra do filósofo romeno Emil Cioran (1911-1995) como objeto, este estudo parte de um recorte antropológico cuja intenção é lançar luzes sobre sua concepção de ser humano. Está presente em sua obra a idéia do homem como um animal enfermo por natureza, sendo este o ponto de partida que nos levará à compreensão do que está por trás do seu pessimismo antropológico. Para tanto, busca reunir, analisar e interpretar as diversas reflexões que o autor desenvolve sobre o ser humano sua origem, condição, história e destino e que se encontram espalhadas através de seus livros. Além de contar com alguns comentadores que contribuem para sustentar a hipótese: mais do que um filósofo, Cioran é um pensador de cunho religioso, cuja concepção pessimista acerca da condição humana encontra raízes no pensamento gnóstico. Conforme pretende demonstrar, sua relação com o gnosticismo vai muito além de uma mera afinidade intelectual, envolvendo também um parentesco com os bogomilos, seita gnóstica que habitou os Bálcãs durante a Idade Média e que teria influenciado profundamente a alma romena. Além disso, tentará mostrar que a crise de insônia sofrida por Cioran na juventude possui um sentido cognitivo e espiritual profundo que permite interpretá-la como uma gnose. Por fim, este estudo se compromete a sustentar a seguinte tese central: mais do que suas leituras, é a experiência de insônia o acontecimento decisivo que determinará todo seu pensamento posterior, sua visão de mundo assim como de ser humano

Cette thèse est une partie d’un projet français qui s’appelle AEROSTRIP, un partenariat entre l’Institut Pascal, Sigma, SAPPI et Air-France industries, il est financé par le gouvernement français par le programme FUI (20 eme appel). Le projet AEROSTRIP consiste à développer le premier système automatique qui nettoie écologiquement les surfaces des avions et les pièces de rechange en utilisant un abrasif écologique projeté à grande vitesse sur la surface des avions (maïs). Ma thèse consiste à optimiser les trajectoires du système robotique total de telle façon que le décapage de l’avion soit optimal. Le déplacement des robots est nécessaire pour assurer une couverture totale de la surface à décaper parce que ces surfaces sont trop grandes et elles ne peuvent pas être décapées d’une seule position. Le but de mon travail est de trouver le nombre optimal de robots avec leur positions optimales pour décaper totalement l’avion. Une fois ce nombre est déterminé, on cherche les trajectoires des robots entre ces différentes positions. Alors, pour atteindre ce but, j’ai défini un cadre général composant de quatre étapes essentiels: l’étape pre-processing, l’étape optimization algorithm, l’étape generation of the end-effector trajectories et l’étape robot scheduling, assignment and control.Dans ma thèse, j’ai deux contributions dans deux différentes étapes du cadre général: l’étape pre-processing et l’étape optimization algorithm. Le calcul de l’espace de travail du robot est nécessairedans l’étape pre-processing: on a proposé l’Analyse par Intervalles pour trouver cet espace de travail parce qu’il garantie le fait de trouver des solutions dans un temps de calcul raisonnable. Alors, ma première contribution est une nouvelle fonction d’inclusion qui réduit le pessimisme, la surestimation des solutions qui est le principal inconvénient de l’Analyse par Intervalles. La nouvelle fonction d’inclusion est évaluée sur des problèmes de satisfaction de contraintes et des problèmes d’optimisation des contraintes. En plus, on a proposé un algorithme d’optimisation hybride pour trouver le nombre optimal de robots avec leur positions optimales: c’est notre deuxième contribution qui est dans l’étape optimization algorithm. Pour évaluer l’algorithme d’optimisation, on a testé cet algorithme sur des surfaces régulières, comme un cylindre et un hémisphère, et sur un surface complexe: une voiture. / This PHD is a part of a French project named AEROSTRIP, (a partnership between Pascal Institute,Sigma, SAPPI, and Air-France industries), it is funded by the French Government through the FUIProgram (20th call). The AEROSTRIP project aims at developing the first automated system thatecologically cleans the airplanes surfaces using a process of soft projection of ecological media onthe surface (corn). My PHD aims at optimizing the trajectory of the whole robotic systems in orderto optimally strip the airplane. Since a large surface can not be totally covered by a single robot base placement, repositioning of the robots is necessary to ensure a complete stripping of the surface. The goal in this work is to find the optimal number of robots with their optimal positions required to totally strip the air-plane. Once found, we search for the trajectories of the robots of the multi-robot system between those poses. Hence, we define a general framework to solve this problem having four main steps: the pre-processing step, the optimization algorithm step, the generation of the end-effector trajectories step and the robot scheduling, assignment and control step.In my thesis, I present two contributions in two different steps of the general framework: the pre-processing step, the optimization algorithm step. The computation of the robot workspace is required in the pre-processing step: we proposed Interval Analysis to find this workspace since it guarantees finding solutions in a reasonable computation time. Though, our first contribution is a new inclusion function that reduces the pessimism, the overestimation of the solution, which is the main disadvantage of Interval Analysis. The proposed inclusion function is assessed on some Constraints Satisfaction Problems and Constraints Optimization problems. Furthermore, we propose an hybrid optimization algorithm in order to find the optimal number of robots with their optimal poses: it is our second contribution in the optimization algorithm step. To assess our hybrid optimization algorithm, we test the algorithm on regular surfaces, such as a cylinder and a hemisphere, and on a complex surface: a car.