Este trabalho teve como escopo detectar mecanismos presentes no processo de produção escrita de alunos que chegam ao sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental sem o domínio ortográfico esperado nesse nível de escolaridade, considerando o sexto ano como momento nodal para um apoio fundamentado àqueles que apresentem defasagem. Para tanto, analisa produções de quatro alunos de uma escola pública estadual da capital paulista, com base em postulados da Fonética e da Fonologia, em que são observadas as possíveis relações entre a consciência fonológica do português brasileiro e os processos de escrita. Reflexões da Psicolinguística concorrem para o entendimento de que os erros dos alunos são índices a serem considerados para intervenção didático-pedagógica. Para sintonizar intervenções na escola, postulados da Teoria da Atribuição Causal, voltados para a educação, são propostos com o intuito de compreender a disposição dos alunos diante das dinâmicas de ensino e aprendizagem. Uma sistematização das normas ortográficas do português embasa sugestões de abordagens em sala de aula para superação dos problemas apontados. / This dissertation aims to describe the mechanisms involved when sixth-grade students do not achieve expected levels in orthography. The sixth-grade is considered a critical time to provide appropriate support for those students who are under-achieving. Psycholinguistics have postulated that student errors are indicators of the need for pedagogical didactic intervention. The study analyses the written work of four students from a public school in the State of Sao Paulo, from a Phonetic and Phonologic perspective. A relationship between phonological awareness of Brazilian Portuguese and writing processes was observed. To understand the engagement of students with teaching and learning, the Attribution Theory is suggested in order to adjust school interventions. A system of Portuguese orthographic norms was part of the research, along with suggestions for practical intervention.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-12T17:18:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviaguimaraeshenriques.pdf: 667239 bytes, checksum: 5b93224cd56ee8b6710aabff2fcc94a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:31:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviaguimaraeshenriques.pdf: 667239 bytes, checksum: 5b93224cd56ee8b6710aabff2fcc94a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviaguimaraeshenriques.pdf: 667239 bytes, checksum: 5b93224cd56ee8b6710aabff2fcc94a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) realizar uma revisão da literatura dos estudos que investigaram a precisão com que medidas de consciência fonológica (CF) classificam indivíduos como estando em risco ou não estando em risco de apresentar dificuldade de leitura/escrita; 2) avaliar a dimensionalidade da CF em falantes do português brasileiro; e 3) verificar a precisão de classificação do risco/não risco de dificuldade de leitura/escrita de diferentes medidas de CF. Os resultados da revisão da literatura evidenciaram, de uma forma geral, que as diferentes medidas de CF, quando analisadas isoladamente foram ruins ou razoáveis em classificar as crianças como em risco/sem risco de dificuldade de leitura/escrita. Duzentas e treze crianças foram avaliadas através de diferentes tarefas de CF quando estavam no último ano da Educação Infantil e, aproximadamente, um ano depois, foram avaliadas através de uma medida de leitura e uma medida de escrita. Resultados de Análises Fatoriais evidenciaram que as diferentes medidas de CF avaliam um construto predominantemente unidimensional e análises da curva ROC indicaram que duas medidas compostas de CF mostraram-se razoáveis para classificar as crianças como tendo ou não tendo risco de dificuldade de leitura ou de escrita, apresentando áreas sob a curva em torno de 0,75. / The aims of this study were: 1) to present a literature review of studies about the precision of phonological awareness measures to classify individuals as being or not at risk of presenting difficulties in reading or writing; 2) to evaluate the dimensionality of phonological awareness in Brazilian Portuguese speakers; and 3) to verify the classification accuracy of the risk/no risk of difficulty in reading and writing from different measures of phonological awareness. In general, among the reviewed studies, phonological awareness measures varied from poor to reasonable in reading/writing risk classification accuracy. Two hundred and thirteen Brazilian Portuguese speaking children took part on the present study. They were evaluated through different phonological awareness tasks in the last year of early childhood education. Nine months later, they were evaluated through a reading measure and a writing measure. Factorial Analysis results showed that the different phonological awareness measures index a single construct. Concerning the ROC curve analysis, two composite measures of phonological awareness proved reasonable to discriminate children in the groups with and without difficulty in reading/writing, presenting AUCs around 0,75.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T19:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-30T13:52:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T13:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-03 / A leitura é uma atividade bastante complexa, na qual estão envolvidos diferentes mecanismos como a identificação das letras, o de reconhecimento das palavras e de seus significados, bem como, a interação sintática e semântica. Nesse sentido, estudos veem investigando os papéis das habilidades metalinguísticas como a consciência fonológica e a consciência morfossintática no desenvolvimento da leitura. Serão examinadas duas hipóteses: a primeira, enfatiza que a leitura contextual envolve tanto o processamento fonológico como o morfossintático, porque as pistas contextuais podem ajudar a criança a adquirir as regras de correspondência entre letra e som. A segunda hipótese sugere que apenas as pistas sintático semânticas são utilizadas na leitura contextual no português. Nesse sentido, espera-se correlações significativas e positivas entre consciência morfossintática e reconhecimento de palavras no contexto, mas não com a consciência fonológica. Participaram 134 crianças, de ambos os sexo, entre 6 e 11 anos pertencentes ao projeto “Avaliação Psicométrica de medidas de consciência metalingüística” do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Desses estudantes, 73 (54,5 %) eram do sexo feminino e 61 (45,5%) do masculino, sendo que 30 (22,4%) crianças freqüentavam o segundo ano, 52 (38,82%) o terceiro ano e 52 (38,82%) o quarto ano. Os dados foram coletados em quatro escolas públicas de Juiz e Fora no 2º semestre de 2009. Foram aplicadas tarefas de consciência fonológica (roteiro de consciência fonológica) e de consciência morfossintática (analogia flexional, analogia derivacional e replicação identificação do erro e replicação oral), além do TDE: subteste de leitura, para medida de leitura de palavras isoladas e do teste de Cloze como avaliação de leitura contextual. Também foi utilizado o WISC III: subteste de vocabulário como medida de controle. As aplicações das tarefas e testes selecionados ocorreram em locais reservados nas próprias escolas e foram organizados em quatro momentos: três individuais e um coletivo. As aplicações aconteceram em aproximadamente 50 minutos para cada encontro. Na análise dos dados foram utilizados teste de correlação e regressão. Os resultados obtidos ofereceram evidências empíricas de que tanto os processamentos fonológicos quanto os morfossintáticos estão associados e contribuem de forma independente para a leitura de textos. Essas análises permitem constatar que no Português do Brasil, tanto a consciência fonológica como a morfossintática são recursos importantes para a leitura de textos. / Reading is a very complex activity in which different mechanisms are involved like identification of letters, recognition of words and their meanings, as well as the syntax and semantics interaction. In this sense, studies are investigating the roles of metalinguistic skills such as phonological awareness and morphosyntactic awareness in reading development. Two hypotheses will be examined: first, it emphasizes that contextual reading involves both phonological processing as morphosyntactic, because the contextual cues can help children acquire the rules of correspondence between letter and sound. The second hypothesis suggests that only the syntactic-semantic cues are used in contextual reading in Portuguese. In this sense, it is expected positive and significant correlation between morphosyntactic awareness and words recognition in context, but not with phonological awareness. The participants were 134 children of both sexes, between 6 and 11 years belonging to the project "Evaluation of psychometric measures of metalinguistic awareness" of the Psychology Department at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). There were 73 (54.5%) of these students female and 61 (45.5%) were male, and 30 (22.4%) children were attending the second year, 52 (38.82%) the third year 52 (38.82%) the fourth year. Data were collected from four public schools of Juiz de Fora in the 2nd half of 2009. There were applied the phonological awareness tasks (script by phonological awareness) and awareness morphosyntactic (inflectional analogy, derivational analogy and replication error detection and replication oral, and the TDE: reading subtest to measure reading isolated word and cloze test as an assessment of contextual reading. There were used the WISC III: vocabulary sub-test as a control measure. Applications of tests and tasks selected occurred in special spaces in the schools and were organizes into four periods: three individual and one collective. applications happened in about 50 minutes for each meeting. In the data analyze were used correlation and regression tests. The results provided empirical evidences that both phonological processing as the morphosyntactic are associated with and contribute independently for the reading of texts. This analysis leads us to conclude that in the Portuguese of Brazil phonological awareness as morphosyntactic are important features for reading text.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T11:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucienecorreamiranda.pdf: 351453 bytes, checksum: bc0fc95af5d26e4bfc368d34ae245354 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T12:25:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucienecorreamiranda.pdf: 351453 bytes, checksum: bc0fc95af5d26e4bfc368d34ae245354 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T12:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucienecorreamiranda.pdf: 351453 bytes, checksum: bc0fc95af5d26e4bfc368d34ae245354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos recentes têm investigado a contribuição das habilidades metalingüísticas na aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita. Dentre elas a consciência fonológica, definida como a capacidade de refletir sobre os sons que compõem a fala, e a consciência morfológica que é a capacidade de refletir sobre os morfemas que compõem as palavras. A consciência fonológica ajuda na escrita por auxiliar a criança a adquirir o princípio alfabético. Menos se sabe sobre o papel do processamento morfológico na aquisição da leitura e da escrita. Este estudo foi direcionado a crianças do segundo e terceiro ano, as quais foram submetidas a testes padronizados e tarefas de consciência morfológica e fonológica. Teve dois objetivos: investigar a relação entre a consciência morfológica e fonológica e a aquisição da leitura e escrita; investigar o processamento morfológico e sua relação com a estrutura fonológica das palavras no português do Brasil. Foi possível perceber uma correlação significativa da consciência fonológica para a leitura e a escrita. A contribuição da consciência morfológica para a leitura foi até certo ponto independente da consciência fonológica; para a escrita não houve contribuição significativa. Para esta faixa etária não encontramos evidências de efeitos do processamento morfológico na escrita. / Recent studies have investigated the contribution of metalinguistic awareness in reading and spelling. Among those, phonological awareness, defined as the ability to reflect upon the sounds of the words and, morphological awareness that can be defined as the ability to reflect upon the word’s morphemes. Phonological awareness helps writing because it helps the child to acquire the alphabetic principle. Less is known about the role of morphological processing in reading and spelling acquisition. Second and third year children of elementary school participate in this study. The children were tested on standardized tests and tasks of morphological awareness and phonological awareness. The study had two goals: to investigate the relationship between morphological awareness and phonological awareness and acquisition of reading and writing, and to investigate morphological processing and its relationship to the phonological structure of words in Brazilian Portuguese. It was possible to detect a significant correlation between phonological awareness for reading and spelling. The contribution of morphological awareness for reading was somewhat independent to phonological awareness. For spelling there was no significant contribution of metalinguistic awareness. For children of this age group there was no evidence found for significant correlations between morphological processing and writing.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T16:50:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Liza Gutierrez_Tese.pdf: 1216689 bytes, checksum: c6df0ac59719cbf67fdcd526bea8bac0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T16:51:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Liza Gutierrez_Tese.pdf: 1216689 bytes, checksum: c6df0ac59719cbf67fdcd526bea8bac0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T21:50:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Liza Gutierrez_Tese.pdf: 1216689 bytes, checksum: c6df0ac59719cbf67fdcd526bea8bac0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T21:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Liza Gutierrez_Tese.pdf: 1216689 bytes, checksum: c6df0ac59719cbf67fdcd526bea8bac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-14 / Sem bolsa / Esta tese se insere no campo dos estudos de aquisição da escrita e desenvolveu-se a partir da implementação do programa de estimulação da consciência fonológica (PECF), conforme proposto por Adams, Foorman et al (2006). O objetivo da pesquisa foi implementar e avaliar os efeitos do programa de estimulação sobre a evolução dos níveis de escrita, o desempenho em consciência fonológica (CF) e as escritas produzidas pelas crianças um ano após o programa, especialmente no que diz respeito à produção de erros considerados como decorrentes de complexidades fonológicas concernentes à sílaba e ao segmento. A amostra estudada está composta por dezoito crianças, as quais cursavam o primeiro ano em duas escolas municipais da cidade de Pelotas – RS, divididas em dois grupos, um experimental, com nove alunos, outro controle, composto pelo mesmo número de alunos. A turma experimental recebeu ao longo de nove meses a estimulação em CF por meio da implementação do programa, realizada pela professora da turma. Os dois grupos foram avaliados no início de 2013, a fim de que se pudesse verificar o desempenho em CF (avaliação realizada por meio do CONFIAS de Moojen et al, 2003) e o nível de conceituação da escrita, avaliação realizada a partir do ditado de palavras e uma frase (Ferreiro e Teberosky ,1999). Ao final do ano, novamente foram realizadas avaliações para verificar o desempenho em CF e o nível de escrita em que se encontravam as crianças. Um ano após a implementação do programa, ao final de 2014, os alunos foram novamente avaliados, mas apenas no âmbito da escrita, para que se pudesse analisar a presença de erros motivados pela fonologia, categoria empregada nos estudos desenvolvidos pelo GEALE (Grupo de Estudos sobre Aquisição da Linguagem Escrita). Os resultados obtidos, ainda que com base em uma amostra reduzida, mostram diferenças significativas entre os grupos e apontam para os efeitos positivos da estimulação por meio do PECF, uma vez que 66,67% dos alunos do grupo experimental evoluíram nos níveis de conceituação de escrita, alcançando a base alfabética ao final do ano, enquanto apenas 11,12% do grupo controle chegou a este nível. No CONFIAS, os experimentais apresentaram diferença de escores estatisticamente significativos nas habilidades com sílabas e fonemas e tendência favorável para ambos os sexos em todas as tarefas de CF. A avaliação dos erros motivados pela fonologia mostrou que os experimentais tiveram proteção pela exposição que sofreram com PECF, em comparação aos controles, que escreveram menos e produziram mais erros relacionados à grafia das sílabas e dos segmentos complexos. Conclui-se ao final do trabalho que o programa contribui para o desenvolvimento da escrita e pode diminuir a incidência de erros motivados pela fonologia no grupo estudado. / This thesis is in the field of Writing Acquisition Studies and was developed starting from the implementation of the Phonological Awareness Stimulation Program (PASP), according to what was proposed by Adam, Foorman et al (2006). The main goal of this research was to implement and evaluate the effects of the stimulation program over the evolution of writing levels, the performance in phonological awareness (PA) and the texts produced by the children one year after the implementation of the program, particularly regarding the production of errors considered originated from the phonological complexities concerning the syllable and the segment. The studied sample is composed of 18 children, all of them in the first scholar year in two public schools in the city of Pelotas – RS. The children were divided into two groups, experimental and control, both composed of nine children each. The experimental group received, throughout nine months, the stimulation performed by the class teacher. We evaluated both groups in the beginning of 2013, in order to make it possible to evaluate their performance in PA (evaluation made with the test CONFIAS, by Moojen et al, 2003) and their level of writing concept (evaluation made from a word and sentence spelling from Ferreiro and Teberosky, 1999). By the end of the year, we had new evaluations made to verify the performance in PA and the writing level the children were in. One year after implementing the program, by the end of 2014, the students were once again evaluated, this time only regarding writing, so we could analyze the presence of errors motivated by phonology, category employed in the studies developed by GEALE (Group of Studies on Written Language Acquisition). The results obtained, although with a reduced base sample, show relevant differences between groups and point towards positive effects of stimulation by PASP, since 66.67% of students from the experimental group have evolved in their levels of writing concept, reaching the alphabetical basis by the end of the year, while in the control group this percentage drops to 11.12%. In CONFIAS, the students from the experimental group showed scores statistically significant in their ability with syllables and phonemes, and a positive tendency for both genders in all PA tasks. The evaluation of errors motivated by phonology showed that students from the experimental group were protected by the stimulation they suffered from PASP, when compared to the students from control group, which wrote less and produced more errors related to spelling of syllables and complex segments. We conclude, by the end of this work, that the program contributes to the development of writing skills and can reduce the incidence of phonological motivated errors.

This study analyses the effects of an intervention using Wendickmodellens Intensivläsning to practice word decoding. The focus was to study if this intervention could help adult L2 learners in their decoding progress. The study also investigated whether the students´ phonological knowledge increased during the intervention. Two adult students with word decoding difficulties in Swedish were identified and selected to participate in this study. One student took part in the intervention as the intervention group, and the other one participated in ordinary classroom activities, as a control group. The intervention group received decoding practice, five days a week, 20-30 minutes each time, for a total of 20 sessions during a five week period. Both students were tested before and after the intervention. The results showed that the student participating in the intervention made progress in decoding ability in each test compared to the control student. Both students increased their phonological awareness. The conclusion of this study is that decoding practice with Wendickmodellens Intensivläsning increases decoding ability.

This mixed methods study was designed to examine the effectiveness of the HearBuilder Phonological Awareness software program on the acquisition of phonological awareness in African-American preschool children. Additionally, the researcher investigated the relationship between the independent variables of student engagement, student motivation, student behavior, and student attendance on the dependent variable of acquisition of phonological awareness as measured by the gain score. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to describe, summarize, and interpret the data collected. After examining the aforesaid variables, the researcher found there were no significant relationships between the gain scores and any of the independent variables. But there were useful significant relationships between the independent variables of student motivation, student engagement, and student attendance. The researcher also examined the differences between the pretest and posttest for the experimental and control groups combined. A significant difference was found between these two tests suggesting that the HearBuilder Phonological Awareness software program was effective in improving student’s performance in the experimental group. There was no significant difference, however, between pre and posttest based on gender. So while one can see the effectiveness in the HearBuilder Phonological Awareness program based on the difference between the pre and posttest, the reason does not lie in the variables selected as independent variables, but in other variables not included in the study such as instructional strategies. Finally, the researcher investigated the difference in the performance of the experimental group and the control group as measured by the mean gain scores. Key results revealed that the experimental group scored higher than the control group on the HearBuilder Phonological Awareness posttest as measured by the gain score. Early Childhood administrators can utilize this investigation as a vehicle to advance their instructional leadership skills and teachers can improve their pedagogical practices.

This research has the objective of checking the phonological and metaphonological changes in children with phonological deviation (PD), from the treatment with two different therapy models (Metaphon and Minimal Pairs Therapy), highlighting the phonological changes post-treatment, the different types of structural generalization achieved and the abilities in the phonological awareness (PA). . The sample was constituted by four subjects (S1, S2, S3 and S4) aged between 4:6 and 7:0. S1 and S2, females, were treated with the Metaphon Theory, while S3 and S4, males, were treated with the Minimal Pair Approach. In the pre-treatment period, phonological and extra evaluations were done to diagnose the PD. In the data collection the phonological system (PS) and the phonological awareness (PA) were evaluated and these results were also collected during the post-treatment period. During the analysis of the PS and the PA evaluation in the pre and post-treatment, it was noticed that all the subjects improved. Regarding the PS, the four subjects of the sample improved and all of them presented some kind of structural generalization: S1 and S3 overcame the PS and S2 and S4 acquired some phonemes. Regarding the PA, it was expected a bigger improvement on the subjects treated with the Metaphon compared to the ones treated with the Minimal Pair Therapy. Even though all the subjects in the study improved the abilities in the PA, it was expected, at his age, that S3 accomplished the tasks in the phonemic awareness level, but he did not succeed. It is possible to conclude that all the subjects were benefited from the treatment with both therapy models. Meaningful phonological changes were noticed after the treatment, considering that all the subjects presented different types of structural generalization. Regarding the PA, all of them improved in the tasks of syllabic awareness. In the tasks of phonological awareness just S3 (the only one who could accomplish them, according to the age) treated with the Minimal Pair Therapy, was not successful. This suggests that this model may not benefit the phonemic awareness as efficiently as the Metaphon Therapy. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar as mudanças fonológicas e metafonológicas obtidas em crianças com desvio fonológico (DF), a partir do tratamento com dois diferentes modelos de terapia (Metaphon e Modelo de Pares Mínimos), ressaltando as mudanças fonológicas pós-tratamento, os diferentes tipos de generalização estrutural obtidos e as habilidades em Consciência Fonológica (CF). A amostra constituiu-se por quatro sujeitos (S1, S2, S3 e S4) com idades entre 4:6 e 7:0, sendo S1 e S2 do sexo feminino, tratados pelo Metaphon, e S3 e S4 do sexo masculino, tratados pelo Modelo de Pares Mínimos. No período pré-tratamento, foram realizadas avaliações fonoaudiológicas e complementares a fim de diagnosticar o DF. Na coleta dos dados avaliou-se o sistema fonológico (SF) e a CF, sendo que estes resultados foram coletados, também, no pós-tratamento. Ao analisar os resultados das avaliações do SF e da CF pré e pós-tratamento, observou-se que os quatro sujeitos obtiveram evoluções. Quanto ao SF, todos os sujeitos desta amostra obtiveram melhoras, sendo que todos apresentaram algum tipo de generalização estrutural; mais especificamente, S1 e S3 superaram o DF e S2 e S4 adquiriram alguns fonemas. No que se refere à CF, esperava-se que a evolução fosse maior para os sujeitos tratados pelo Metaphon em relação aos tratados com o Modelo de Pares Mínimos. E embora todos os sujeitos deste estudo tenham melhorado nas habilidades em CF, S3 não conseguiu realizar as tarefas em nível de consciência fonêmica, sendo esperado, com base na sua faixa etária, que obtivesse sucesso nas mesmas. Concluiu-se que todos os sujeitos foram beneficiados com ambos os modelos de terapia. Observaram-se mudanças fonológicas significativas pós-tratamento, considerando que todos apresentaram diferentes tipos de generalização estrutural. E em relação à CF, todos apresentaram progresso nas tarefas de consciência silábica e nas tarefas de consciência fonêmica somente o S3 (único da amostra apto a realiza-las, conforme a faixa etária), tratado pelo Modelo de Pares Mínimos, não alcançou êxito. Isso sugere que este modelo pode não beneficiar as habilidades de consciência fonêmica tão efetivamente quanto o Metaphon.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of THRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) on the word level accuracy skills of a group of grade 2 learners. Word level accuracy is one sub skill in learning to read and is an indicator of the word recognition abilities of the child. THRASS is a program that has been designed to systematically teach phonics and, thus, teaches the basic building blocks of word sounds and structure so as to improve the child’s decoding ability and word recognition ability. The research took place within the positivist paradigm and the methodology is quantitative in nature. The data collection method took the form of a one group pretest-posttest design, where a standardised reading test was administered prior to exposing the participants to the THRASS Program and then readministered one year later on the same group of learners. Data analysis took the form of statistical analysis to investigate any statistical significant difference in the word level accuracy skills of those Grade 2 learners. The result showed that over the period of a year the average reading accuracy age for the target population increased by four months. However, after statistical analysis the difference was not statistically significant. The Null Hypothesis that; exposing a group of Grade 2 learners to the THRASS Program for a period of one year will have no statistically significant influence on their word level accuracy skills cannot be rejected . However, the changes both in average reading accuracy as well as error patterns have inspired recommendations for further research. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

The study examined the typical development of early literacy in a group of typically developing preschool Sepedi first language children residing in Atteridgeville, by determining their performance on a protocol of early literacy tasks. The following aspects were included: written language awareness, narrative abilities, phonological awareness, letter name knowledge, grapheme-phoneme correspondence and literacy motivation. The performance of the participants on the various tasks was used to describe the early literacy development of the target population and to identify relevant risk criteria that may indicate delayed early literacy development in the target population. The performance of participants on these tasks differed from those of other participants in local and international studies, which underscores the necessity of culturally sensitive procedures for identifying delays in the early literacy development of children. The influence of factors such as the mother’s level of education, gender, participants’ level of engagement in literacy activities and participants' current academic performance on the development of early literacy skills were also investigated. Based on the results as well as other indications from the literature, possible risk factors for delayed early literacy development for this group are listed. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted