Studien belyser läsinlärningens betydande roll för varje elevs läsförmåga, med syfte att undersöka vilka metoder lärare använder i den tidiga läsinlärningen för att elever ska utveckla fonologisk medvetenhet i årskurserna F-3, samt vilka strategier som skapar motivation i läsinlärningen. Det resulterade i frågeställningarna: Vilka metoder och undervisningsmoment i den tidiga läsinlärningen använder lärare inom årskurserna F-3 för att utveckla elevernas fonologiska medvetenhet?  Hur skapar lärare strategier för att underlätta för och motivera elevers läsinlärning? Bakgrund och tidigare forskning presenterar olika läsinlärningsmetoder i syfte att ge läsaren goda kunskaper om forskningsområdet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med 14 verksamma lågstadielärare ligger till grund för vår empiri. Empirin vägs samman med tidigare forskning i diskussionsdelen och utifrån ett pragmatiskt perspektiv och “lära genom görandet” som teoretiskt perspektiv. Via empirin framkom tre teman; arbete med elevaktiva övningar, lärares struktur på läsundervisningen och lärarnas arbetssätt och mätning gällande progression av avkodningsförmågan. Resultatet visade att samtliga lärare använder olika läsinlärningsmetoder och undervisningsmoment för att skapa kreativa och elevaktiva lektioner, där strategier som rim och ramsor, stavelseträning, kooperativa övningar, Bornholmsmodellen, Fonomix och andra språklekar innefattas. Genom att utveckla den fonologiska medvetenheten förbättrades elevernas läsflyt. Studien visade att lärarna inte använder endast en läsinlärningsmetod, utan valde ut delar av metoderna som de ansåg vara mest framgångsrika och givande för eleverna. Genom att lärarna arbetade varierat och använde mycket repetition i undervisningen skapades glädje och motivation, vilket ledde till att eleverna utvecklade ett intresse genom att de fick vara delaktiga i sin egen utveckling av den fonologiska medvetenheten. / The purpose of this study was to highlight the significant role that learning how to read has in each pupil's life. This study aims to examine which methods teachers use in grades F-3, when the pupils are learning how to read, to get them to be skillful readers and form phonological awareness. The study also examines which strategies teachers use to motivate early reading. This resulted in the questions: What methods and tools do teachers use in grades F-3, when pupils are learning to read and develop their phonological awareness? How teachers use strategies to aid and motivate pupils' early reading ability? The study is based on semi-structured interviews with fourteen working primary school teachers. The study holds a pragmatic perspective, with “learning by doing” as a theoretical perspective. Through the analysis of the empirical data three themes emerged: teaching with pupil active exercises, teacher's structure of reading instruction and how teachers work and measure the progression of pupils' decoding skills. The study concluded that all teachers use different reading strategies and teaching tools to create creative and pupil engaged lessons, where work with rhymes, syllable training, cooperative exercises, the Bornholm model, Fonomix and other language games are included. When phonological awareness has developed, pupils showed better reading fluency and higher results in reading exercises. The study shows that the teachers do not only use one method when the pupils are learning to read. Instead, teachers selected parts of different methods that they consider to be the most successful, effective, and most rewarding exercises for the pupils. Because the teachers worked variedly and used a lot of repetition, joy and motivation were created, which led to the students developing an interest by being able to participate in their own development of phonological awareness.

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De riskfaktorer som kan mätas eller avgöras i förskolan kan bara delvis förutsäga omfattningen av kommande lässvårigheter. Dessutom finns en påtaglig ärftlig komponent som sannolikt påverkar omfattningen av behovet av undervisningsinsats. De faktorer som kan ge en antydan om kommande lässvårigheter och som en förskolepedagog enkelt kan skapa lekar kring och bedöma är: RAN, förmågan att kunna skriva det egna namnet, hittepåord och bokstäver, koncentrationssvårigheter, finmotorisk koordination och kanske förmågan att uttala nonsensord. Pojkar har en högre risk. För att öka möjligheten att tidigt identifiera förskolebarn i riskzonen för kommande lässvårigheter skulle lästräning kunna påbörjas i förskoleklass (6-års-klass). Detta gäller oavsett om barnet har läs-svårigheter eller ej. De valda metoderna för läsinlärning bör vara olika i början av lästräningen jämfört med längre upp i åldrarna. Befintlig forskning tyder på att barn som börjar lära sig läsa i första hand behöver träna fonologisk medvetenhet och att phonics är en viktig metod i denna träning, men att ’hjärnans fonologiska mognad’ gör nyttan tveksam för barn yngre än 6 år – särskilt om dessa barn är pojkar. Spännvidden av orsaker, och att läsförmågan både kan förbättras och försämras över tid, tyder dock på att riskidentifiering i förskolan inte räcker till och att det sannolikt enda sättet att säkerställa adekvat utbildning till barn med lässvårigheter är kontinuerliga och tätt återkommande mätningar av hur väl barn tar till sig grundskoleundervisningen i läsning. Genom mätningarna kan utbildningen löpande justeras och anpassas till barnets behov här och nu. Över huvud taget uppvisar resultaten från tvillingstudier och från longitudinella studier att lästillägnandet har stora likheter med träning i sporter och musikinstrument: först måste grunden nötas in, varefter förmågan senare förfinas genom tålmodig och allt svårare upprepning. Detta är än viktigare för barn med lässvårigheter. Den fortlöpande försämringen av PISA-resultaten kommer inte att kunna brytas av åtgärder i förskolan eller genom systematisk satsning på phonics, utan det handlar om den politiska viljan finns inom det svenska skolväsendet för att ge alla barn samma chans i livet.

The rationale for this study was to investigate the implementation of the THRASS literacy programme on a deaf learner who uses the spoken language approach. Particular emphasis was given to the role played by the Phoneme Machine together with Cued Speech. THRASS focuses on phoneme-grapheme correspondence by explicit phonics instruction to develop word analysis and recognition skills. Cued Speech is used as an instructional tool to facilitate visual access to auditory-based phonology. The research was framed within the Interpretivist paradigm and a qualitative case study design predominated, although the launch and landing of the study was quantitative in nature. The findings indicated that the auditory-based phonology of the English language may be accessed by a deaf learner, when supported by a visual instructional tool such as Cued Speech in synchronicity with speech-reading, to develop print literacy skills. This study opens the gateway to further enquiry on enhancing deaf literacy levels. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

本研究之目的在於比較蒙特梭利語文教育與全語言教育對不同年齡幼兒閱讀能力影響之差異。研究對象為接受蒙特梭利教育與全語言教育的中班與大班學前幼兒。研究者選取兩所位於台北市且實施蒙特梭利與全語言教育之幼稚園，依照這些受試者的年齡、家庭社經地位、在園時間、入園時間及畢保德圖畫詞彙測驗分數等條件後，進行配對選取，最後選取的總受試幼兒共58名。本研究中之幼兒閱讀能力指幼兒聲韻覺識能力、認字量與閱讀理解能力。研究工具在聲韻覺識測驗上採用侯淑柔、林佩蓉（2007）所編製之聲韻覺識測驗中之得分，認字與閱讀理解力採用楊怡婷（1995）改編之故事及自編之理解能力測驗，幼兒閱讀能力之資料皆至幼稚園對幼兒施測而得。 研究結果顯示，幼兒閱讀能力，有「年齡」的差異，大班生優於中班生；幼兒閱讀能力有「教學法」的差異，接受蒙特梭利教學的幼兒在閱讀能力的表現上優於全語言教育的幼兒；在「年齡」與「教學法」的交互作用上並無顯著之差異。而單獨進行大班幼兒閱讀能力的差異檢定發現，大班幼兒在聲韻覺識上的表現呈現顯著差異，接受蒙特梭利教學的幼兒在閱讀能力的表現上優於全語言教育的幼兒，而在認字和閱讀理解上則無顯著差異；在中班幼兒閱讀能力的差異檢定結果，中班幼兒閱讀能力表現無論在聲韻覺識、認字量和閱讀理解上皆無顯著差異。此外，針對所有閱讀能力測驗結果進行相關分析後，發現聲韻覺識、認字量和閱讀理解兩兩之間皆具有顯著之相關，而在控制聲韻覺識變項之後，認字和閱讀理解呈現顯著的高度相關，而控制認字變項之後，聲韻覺識和閱讀理解之間的關係便消失了，足見認字在幼兒閱讀能力中所佔之重要角色。 / The purpose of this study was to compare the literacy of young children who attended Montessori or Whole Language education program. Their literacy which includes word recognition, reading comprehension, and phonological awareness. The sample (n=58) consisted of the pre-kindergarten (age 4-5, n=26) and kindergarten (age 5-6, n=32). Schools were selected base on grossly similar school profiles on Taipei city. To control and match age, socioeconomic status (SES), the score of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised of the children whose attended different programs. Results of the study showed significant difference on “age” and “education program” : The children in the kindergarten whose literacy was better than the children in the pre- kindergarten；the children attended Montessori education program whose literacy was better than the children attended Whole Language education program. Significant different on “phonological awareness” : The children in the kindergarten of the Montessori education program whose phonological awareness was higher than the children in the pre- kindergarten of the Whole Language education program, but no significant difference on “word recognition” and “reading comprehension”. The children in the pre-kindergarten between Montessori education program and Whole Language education program showed no significant difference on “word recognition” and “reading comprehension” and “phonological awareness”.

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No description available.

South Africa’s current performance on national and international studies is an indication that all is not well with our literacy teaching. In spite of the implementation of the National Curriculum Statement Grade R-9, illiteracy is currently a serious problem in South Africa. Current international and national documents call for direct, explicit, systematic teaching of reading and language concepts to beginning readers. The five principal components of reading instruction, namely phoneme awareness; phonics; word study and spelling; reading fluency; and text comprehension encompass language instruction at the phoneme, grapheme, syllable, word, sentence, and discourse levels. Teachers need specific and explicit linguistic knowledge to recognise and address the needs of all learners on the continuum of reading and language proficiency. Phonological awareness skills are considered as the most important indicators of early reading skills. Literature suggests a strong positive correlation between phonological awareness skills and reading skills development. Longitudinal studies show that children who don’t have phonological awareness skills have difficulties in reading. Experimental studies on phonological awareness suggest that the implementation of phonological awareness training has positive effects on the development of reading and spelling abilities. Phonological awareness is a key component in the prevention of reading failure. The information collected through the assessment of phonological awareness, enables teachers to make informed decisions about modifications of the literacy learning programme and implement reading interventions to prevent failure of reading acquisition. This early, preventative intervention reduces the possibility that learners fall behind in reading. The teaching of phonological awareness is par excellence for emergent literacy in the grade R class. Phonological awareness can be improved through the systematic, explicit instruction thereof. Therefore, teachers need to be able to implement a variety of phonological awareness activities in their classroom instruction. Teachers need content knowledge about phonological awareness, and how to implement it successfully. The purpose of this study was to determine: What a SWOT analysis reveals about grade R-teachers’: * Current in-depth knowledge of phonological awareness. * Preparedness to teach phonological awareness. * Implementation of instructional practices relevant to phonological awareness. * Perceptions of the support received from DoBE, in terms of relevant documentation, teaching and learning support material and professional development. The limitations, if any, in the teacher support documents of the DoBE, regarding the teaching of phonological awareness in grade R and to make suggestion with regard to the improvement thereof. What the perceptions of grade R teachers are about their in-depth knowledge, instructional practices and preparedness, concerning phonological awareness, after the implementation of a teacher training programme, focussing specifically on phonological awareness. The study was conducted utilizing a case study with thirteen grade R teachers from Lichtenburg, and the surrounding towns, Koster, Coligny and Itsoseng in the North West Province, Department of Basic Education, in South Africa. Data was collected in three phases, using questionnaires, interviews, observations and document analyses. In the first phase, the researcher gathered information on the knowledge and implementation of phonological awareness before the intervention (i.e., a teacher training programme). In the second phase, the teachers received training about the concept of phonological awareness and its relevance in reading acquisition. The training programme included relevant teaching activities as well as learning and teaching support material. In the third phase, the researcher trained the participants in the implementation of phonological awareness and gathered data about the implementation process. The results indicated that if teachers received explicit training about phonological awareness and are provided with relevant learning and teaching support material, they are able to implement phonological awareness activities in grade R classrooms. The results of this study have implications for teacher training. The concept of phonological awareness, its relevance in reading acquisition as well as relevant teaching activities need to be included in the training of grade R teachers. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Learning and Teaching))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

South Africa’s current performance on national and international studies is an indication that all is not well with our literacy teaching. In spite of the implementation of the National Curriculum Statement Grade R-9, illiteracy is currently a serious problem in South Africa. Current international and national documents call for direct, explicit, systematic teaching of reading and language concepts to beginning readers. The five principal components of reading instruction, namely phoneme awareness; phonics; word study and spelling; reading fluency; and text comprehension encompass language instruction at the phoneme, grapheme, syllable, word, sentence, and discourse levels. Teachers need specific and explicit linguistic knowledge to recognise and address the needs of all learners on the continuum of reading and language proficiency. Phonological awareness skills are considered as the most important indicators of early reading skills. Literature suggests a strong positive correlation between phonological awareness skills and reading skills development. Longitudinal studies show that children who don’t have phonological awareness skills have difficulties in reading. Experimental studies on phonological awareness suggest that the implementation of phonological awareness training has positive effects on the development of reading and spelling abilities. Phonological awareness is a key component in the prevention of reading failure. The information collected through the assessment of phonological awareness, enables teachers to make informed decisions about modifications of the literacy learning programme and implement reading interventions to prevent failure of reading acquisition. This early, preventative intervention reduces the possibility that learners fall behind in reading. The teaching of phonological awareness is par excellence for emergent literacy in the grade R class. Phonological awareness can be improved through the systematic, explicit instruction thereof. Therefore, teachers need to be able to implement a variety of phonological awareness activities in their classroom instruction. Teachers need content knowledge about phonological awareness, and how to implement it successfully. The purpose of this study was to determine: What a SWOT analysis reveals about grade R-teachers’: * Current in-depth knowledge of phonological awareness. * Preparedness to teach phonological awareness. * Implementation of instructional practices relevant to phonological awareness. * Perceptions of the support received from DoBE, in terms of relevant documentation, teaching and learning support material and professional development. The limitations, if any, in the teacher support documents of the DoBE, regarding the teaching of phonological awareness in grade R and to make suggestion with regard to the improvement thereof. What the perceptions of grade R teachers are about their in-depth knowledge, instructional practices and preparedness, concerning phonological awareness, after the implementation of a teacher training programme, focussing specifically on phonological awareness. The study was conducted utilizing a case study with thirteen grade R teachers from Lichtenburg, and the surrounding towns, Koster, Coligny and Itsoseng in the North West Province, Department of Basic Education, in South Africa. Data was collected in three phases, using questionnaires, interviews, observations and document analyses. In the first phase, the researcher gathered information on the knowledge and implementation of phonological awareness before the intervention (i.e., a teacher training programme). In the second phase, the teachers received training about the concept of phonological awareness and its relevance in reading acquisition. The training programme included relevant teaching activities as well as learning and teaching support material. In the third phase, the researcher trained the participants in the implementation of phonological awareness and gathered data about the implementation process. The results indicated that if teachers received explicit training about phonological awareness and are provided with relevant learning and teaching support material, they are able to implement phonological awareness activities in grade R classrooms. The results of this study have implications for teacher training. The concept of phonological awareness, its relevance in reading acquisition as well as relevant teaching activities need to be included in the training of grade R teachers. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Learning and Teaching))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Bakgrund och syfte. Ordflödestest undersöker en persons förmåga att generera så många ord som möjligt under en minut. Orden kan börja på en viss bokstav eller tillhöra en särskild kategori. FAS är ett vanligt ordflödestest där orden som ska genereras börjar på bokstäverna F, A och S. Exempel på kategoriska ordflödestest är djurflöde, som går ut på att säga så många djur som möjligt, samt verbflöde där instruktionen är att säga så många saker man kan göra (handlingar). Forskare har undersökt vilka mentala färdigheter som ligger till grund för ordflödesförmågan, framför allt planerande och reglerande (exekutiva) funktioner samt språklig förmåga. I forskning används ofta FAS och djurflöde för att undersöka olika delar av den språkliga förmågan. Även verbflöde har undersökts i dessa sammanhang, men inte i lika stor utsträckning. Däremot har verbflöde en större roll i forskning på planerande och reglerande funktioner hos äldre personer som har exempelvis Alzheimers eller Parkinson. Forskningen har lett till att ordflödestest används i kliniska sammanhang som en del i utredningen av dessa sjukdomar. I praktiken används även FAS och djurflöde vid utredningar av dyslexi, språkstörning och koncentrations-/hyperaktivitetssvårigheter (ADHD). Forskning har visat motstridiga resultat om vilka typer av ordflödestest som är nedsatta vid dyslexi och språkstörning, eller vilka mentala förmågor som är viktiga vid genomförande av ordflödestest. I denna studie undersöks FAS, djurflöde och verbflöde hos studenter inom högre utbildning med och utan dyslexi. Syftet är att utreda om ordflödesförmågan är nedsatt hos studenter med dyslexi. Studien undersöker om ordflöde kan bidra till att förklara spridningen i läsförmåga. Metod. I undersökningen deltog 42 studenter, varav 16 hade dyslexidiagnos och 26 kontroller utan dyslexidiagnos. Deltagarna genomförde test som undersöker läsförmåga, fonologisk förmåga, snabb benämning samt ordflöde av FAS, djur och verb. Resultat. Prestationen på ordflödesförmåga var signifikant nedsatt hos studenter med dyslexi jämfört med kontrollgruppen. En multipel regression med bakåteliminering genomfördes för att undersöka om FAS, djurflöde och verbflöde kunde förutsäga spridningen i läsförmåga när fonologisk medvetenhet och snabb benämning kontrollerades för. Regressionsanalysen visade att verbflöde, tillsammans med fonologisk medvetenhet, kunde förutsäga läsförmåga hos studenter med och utan dyslexi. Diskussion. Den nedsatta ordflödesförmågan hos studenter med dyslexi diskuteras utifrån faktorer som utbildning och andra mentala förmågor. Resultatet pekar på ett unikt samband mellan verbflöde och läsförmåga hos studenter med och utan dyslexi. De strukturer i hjärnan som aktiveras vid verbflöde är även strukturer som ligger till grund för andra mentala förmågor. Dessa mentala förmågor har även visats vara nedsatta hos personer med dyslexi. Generellt indikerar dessa nya fynd att verbflöde har en betydelse i förhållande till läsförmåga och dyslexi som behöver undersökas vidare. Resultatet diskuteras även utifrån ett kliniskt perspektiv. / Verbal fluency is commonly measured in cognitive assessments and has been shown to measure aspects of verbal ability and executive function, as well as to involve specific cortical areas during performance. Verbal fluency tasks, in which participants generate words during a given time limit, have been used in research and assessments of neurobiological disorders and impairments. Dyslexia is a neurobiologically based reading disorder that is characterized by difficulties in word decoding and spelling. Research on verbal fluency in individuals with dyslexia shows that semantic and letter fluency is impaired. However, studies show inconsistent results. This study examines performance on semantic fluency (animals), action fluency (verbs), and letter fluency (FAS) in 42 students with developmental dyslexia (DD, n = 16) and a control group with typical reading development (TD, n = 26). Participants also perform a test battery that measures reading and phonological abilities, amongst others. Additionally, it is examined if verbal fluency performance can contribute to predicting reading ability, when phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming (RAN) are taken into account. Results show that verbal fluency performance was impaired in the DD group, and that action and letter fluency were relatively more impaired than semantic fluency. A backward elimination regression showed that action fluency and phonological awareness were significant predictors of reading ability, together explaining 48 % of the variance. The impaired verbal fluency ability is discussed in relation to factors such as education and cognitive abilities. Further, the findings point to a possible unique connection between action fluency and reading ability in students, in addition to phonological awareness. The possibility that the relationship between action fluency and reading may be partly explained by common neurocognitive underpinnings is discussed. These novel findings indicate that action fluency has a pertinent role in reading ability and dyslexia, which should be further examined.