O objetivo desta pesquisa é abordar a expansão da divulgação científica na Internet por um prisma dialógico. O perímetro do corpus da pesquisa engloba os enunciados postados no Facebook pelas revistas Scientific American Brasil, Pesquisa FAPESP e Superinteressante durante quatro meses do primeiro semestre de 2016 (01 de março de 2016 a 30 de junho de 2016). Empregam-se, como base teórico-metodológica, os conceitos elaborados pelo Círculo de Bakhtin, em especial: responsividade, gêneros do discurso, esferas de atividade humana, autor e ideologia. Dessa forma, almeja-se averiguar em que medida a hipertextualidade, os recursos verbo-visuais e a interação com os demais usuários da rede podem influenciar o conteúdo do enunciado publicado nas páginas de divulgação científica no Facebook. Em um segundo momento de análise, o objetivo é verificar a especificidade de determinadas características da divulgação científica nas redes sociais em comparação a outros meios tradicionais de difusão da ciência: televisão, revista, jornal etc. Para responder tais questões, elabora-se de forma sintética a pergunta de pesquisa: De que maneira as revistas de divulgação científica publicam na rede social Facebook e quais são as consequências discursivas, responsivas e dialógicas desse fenômeno? Por fim, observam-se questões relativas aos gêneros, entre as quais, a autoria e o interlocutor presumido. Além de tais fatores, o emprego ou ausência de referências científicas, assim como o uso de hipertextos com acesso a outros sites e blogs são elementos constitutivos da divulgação científica no Facebook. / The aim of this research is to address the growth of popular science on the Internet through a dialogical perspective. The scope of research encompasses the statements posted on Facebook by Scientific American Brasil, Pesquisa FAPESP and Superinteressante during four months in the first half of 2016 (March 01, 2016 to June 30, 2016). The concepts elaborated by the Bakhtin Circle are used as a theoretical-methodological basis, in particular: responsiveness, speech genres, spheres of human activity, author and ideology. In this way, we aim to investigate the extent to which hypertextuality, verbal and visual resources and interaction with other users of the web can influence the content of the posts published in the pages of popular science on Facebook. In a second step of analysis, the aim is to verify the specificity of certain characteristics of popular science in social networks sites compared to other traditional mediums of science communication: television, magazine, newspaper, etc. In order to answer such questions, the research question is elaborated in a synthetic way: Which way do popular science magazines publish on Facebook and which are the discursive, responsive and dialogic consequences of this phenomenon? Finally, there are issues related to genres, including the authorship and the presumed interlocutor. In addition to these factors, the use or absence of scientific references, as well as the use of hypertexts with links to other websites and blogs are key elements of popular science on Facebook.

Arguably, the impact of Darwinism on the novel is an indispensable part of the study of English literature. However, with regard to such literary study there is an ongoing aversion towards approaching Darwin outside the confines of his contemporaneous Victorian setting. This thesis explores what remains an extremely under-represented area of current scholarship; namely, the active status of Darwinism as an influence upon contemporary novelists. To address this gap, this study starts by conducting textual and comparative analyses of a representative selection of contemporary British novels, a literary field that, since 1990, has featured significant authors who have found in Darwin a source of intellectual and literary inspiration. The aim is to argue that Darwin's classic texts, and more recent incarnations of his theory such as Sociobiology, are deployed as a materialist discourse, used to subvert various problematic assumptions in the declining Postmodernist philosophy, the previously dominant theoretical paradigm. For novelists including Ian McEwan, A.S. Byatt and Jenny Diski, Darwinism provides the tools to define human nature in an oppositional manner to the Social Constructivism which reduces the human to a blank slate ready for society's dictation. A universal human nature can be seen manifested in biological phenomena including competition, altruism, reproduction and aggression. The treacherous territory of biological determinism is still present, yet the desire to experiment is carried forward by McEwan in Enduring Love and Saturday into the realm of challenging traditional religion. In a more nuanced manner, Jim Crace's Being Dead manages to create a wholly naturalistic narrative of death. Finally, reinstating alterative meta-narratives is a practice that comes fully into its own in contemporary renditions of history. Byatt's Neo-Victorian novels, Possession and Morpho Eugenia, exhibit faith in knowing the past as if it were an evolutionary process of accumulated changes. Moreover, Diski's serio-ironic Monkey's Uncle is focused on how the present is haunted by the past in the form of immortal DNA coils. This study analyses the texts in a manner suggesting a paradigm shift in literary scholarship, where Darwin is no longer seen as simply an ideological threat. As the sciences continue to become more hermeneutically enigmatic, and as literature seems embedded in an elitist Postmodernist trajectory, there is now huge democratic potential in the New Darwinian Novel which invites the everyman of today to participate in the controversies of both disciplines.

O Discurso de Divulgação Científica sobre a saúde pública que circula em revistas como a Scientific American atinge um público amplo, que inclui leitores especialistas (cientistas, profissionais de saúde) e não especialistas (que denominamos como leigos). Em detrimento do Discurso Científico, um novo discurso desliza para produzir sentidos que se incorporam e se regulam através de um olhar de autoridade, que é o dos meios de comunicação. Para esta pesquisa, selecionamos um tema sobre a saúde, que afeta a população mundial, a obesidade, discursivizada pela revista Scientific American. A revista pretende, de forma didática, transmitir uma informação, criando para o leitor a ilusão de democratização dos saberes produzidos no meio científico. A simplificação de termos, a repetição de palavras, o silêncio, a heterogeneidade são marcas linguísti cas que buscamos analisar no discurso de divulgação científica, entendido, aqui, como jornalismo científico. Como resultado, podemos dizer que a responsabilidade educacional nos aspectos que tangem à ciência tem dividido espaço com outra esfera, a mídia, que recorta o que lhe interessa de um contexto maior, a ciência, e enxerta em páginas diagramadas e repletas de figuras coloridas que chamam a atenção de crianças, jovens e adultos. O Discurso de Divulgação Científica é imaginado para um efeito-leitor que encontrará, ilusoriamente, a completude do conhecimento sobre o que procura nas páginas da revista, sem questionar os deslizamentos e os apagamentos de sentido provocados pelo jornalista ao migrar do Discurso Científico para o Discurso de Divulgação Científica. / Popular Science Discourse about public health coursing in magazines as Scientific American, reaches a broad audience that includes experts readers (scientists, health professionals) and non-experts (that we called as laymen). Losing from Scientific Discourse, a new discourse slides to produce meanings that are incorporated and controlled by a look of authority, that is media. For this research, we selected a topic about health that affects global population, obesity, in discourse through Scientific American Magazine. The magazine aims, in a \"didactic\" way, to deliver information, creating for the reader an illusion of knowledges democratization of what is produced in scientific community. Simplification of terms, repetition of words, silence, heterogeneity, are linguistic marks that we tried to analyze in popular science discourse, understood here as scientific journalism. As result, we can say that educational responsibility in aspects that concern science has divided its space with another sphere, media, which cuts out what is interesting from a larger context, science, and puts in diagrammed pages with colorful pictures that call the attention of children, youth and adults. Popular Science Discourse is imagined to a reading-effect that will find, deceptively, the completeness of knowledge about what readers search in the pages of the magazine, without questioning slips and wipe off in the meanings caused by journalist when he migrates from Scientific Discourse to Popular Science Discourse.

Mokslo žinių sklaidos visuomenei procesas, tarpininkaujant žiniasklaidos kanalams, apima tris pagrindinius komunikacijos dalyvius: mokslininkus, žurnalistus ir visuomenę. Kada pastarieji yra suinteresuoti ir aktyviai dalyvauja procese, mokslo žurnalistikos procesas gali būti efektyvus ir realizuoti šiuolaikinio komunikacijos proceso – interaktyvaus dialogo – reikalavimus. Komunikacijos tarp žurnalistų ir mokslininkų, tarp mokslininkų ir visuomenės, tarp žurnalistų ir visuomenės ypatumai yra svarbūs, kalbant apie mokslo populiarinimo sklaidos žiniasklaidos kanalais sistemingumą, vertinant mokslo žurnalistikos profesionalumą. Šiame darbe yra analizuojami komunikacijos tarp mokslininkų ir žurnalistų ypatumai, aptariant ir kitų mokslo populiarinimo komunikacijos proceso dalyvių santykius bei ryšius. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti mokslo ir žurnalistikos sąveikos trūkumus, atskleisti mokslininkų ir žurnalistų komunikacijos ypatumus bei parengti profesionaliosios mokslo žurnalistikos kūrimo gaires Lietuvai, įvertinant Suomijos patirtį. Darbo objektas – žurnalistų, mokslininkų ir kitų Lietuvos bei Suomijos ekspertų šiandieninės mokslo žurnalistikos vertinimai. Pirmasis darbo uždavinys, - remiantis mokslinės literatūros srautu, atskleisti mokslo žurnalistikos sociokomunikacines prielaidas bei identifikuoti vyraujančius mokslo populiarinimo teorinius modelius. Apžvelgus mokslinę literatūrą ir identifikavus mokslo populiarinimo raidos bei transformacijų ypatumus, matoma, kad tikslumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Transmission of scientific news through media channels involves three main communication members: scientists, journalists and society. If all three participants are active and interested in communication, effective process of science journalism or even interactive dialogue between communication members can be realized. Interaction peculiarities in communication between journalists and scientists, between scientists and society or between journalists and society are significant while describing consistency of scientific news in media channels or evaluating science journalism professionalism in the country. In this thesis peculiarities of scientists’ and journalists’ communication are analyzed and intercourses between other communication members are discussed. The aim of this thesis was to identify weaknesses of interaction between systems of science and journalism, to find out communication peculiarities in scientists’ and journalists’ socialization and to frame guidelines for professional science journalism in Lithuania, while evaluating Finish experiences. The title of the thesis - Science journalism: assumptions, experiences and challenges in Lithuania and Finland. The first objective of this thesis was to identify science journalism socio-communicational assumptions and to evaluate dominating popular science communication models according to the flow of scientific literature. It was found, that problems of accuracy and objectivity in science journalism were significant... [to full text]

abstract: This thesis examines the role of the media and popular culture in defining the shape and scope of what we think of today as "science." As a source of cognitive authority the scientific establishment is virtually beyond dispute. The intellectual clout of science seemingly elevates it to a position outside the influence of the general population. Yet in reality the emergence and evolution of the public sphere, including popular culture, has had a profound impact on the definition and application of science. What science is and how it relates to the life of the ordinary person are hardly static concepts; the public perception of science has been molding its boundaries since at least the 18th century. During the Enlightenment "natural philosophy" was broadly accessible and integrated nicely with other forms of knowledge. As the years passed into the 19th century, however, science became increasingly professionalized and distinct, until the "Two Cultures" had fully developed. The established scientific institution distanced itself from the nonscientific community, leaving the task of communicating scientific knowledge to various popularizers, who typically operated through the media and often used the mantle of science to further their own social or political agendas. Such isolation from orthodox science forced the public to create an alternate form of science for popular consumption, a form consisting mainly of decontextualized facts, often used in contrast to other forms of thought (i.e. religion, art, or pseudoscience). However, with the recent advent of "Web 2.0" and the increasing prominence of convergence culture, the role of the public sphere is undergoing a dramatic revolution. Concepts such as "collective intelligence" are changing consumers of information into simultaneous producers, establishing vast peer networks of collaboration and enabling the public to bypass traditional sources of authority. This new hypermobility of information and empowerment of the public sphere are just now beginning to break down science's monolithic status. In many ways, it seems, we are entering a new Enlightenment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. English 2012

Ce travail vise à étudier le statut, c’est-à-dire la place et le traitement des termes scientifiques et techniques dans le dictionnaire général. On oppose généralement le dictionnaire général au dictionnaire spécialisé. Le premier s’intéresse aux mots (ou lexique de la langue générale) et le deuxième aux termes (ou lexique des langues spécialisées). Or, le dictionnaire général inclut, en plus des mots de la langue générale, un nombre important de termes. Ces termes figurant alors simultanément dans les deux types de dictionnaire font l’objet de cette étude. Celle-ci se propose ainsi d’examiner les deux aspects macrostructurel - choix et emplacement - et mircostructuel - étiquetage, définition, exemplification et, pour les dictionnaires bilingues, correspondants arabes - des termes dans ce type de dictionnaire. Les termes retenus dans cette recherche relèvent de domaines divers. Ils sont extraits d’un corpus trilingue anglais-français-arabe constitué de textes de vulgarisation publiés par l’ONU. Le statut de ces termes est analysé dans deux dictionnaires monolingues français, deux monolingues arabes et deux bilingues français-arabe. / This research aims to study the status - place and treatment - of scientific and technical terms in general dictionaries. General dictionaries concentrate on words (or general language lexicon) whereas specialised dictionaries focus on terms (or specialised language lexicon). However, general dictionaries include, in addition to words, a large number of terms. These terms, which are simultaneously included in both dictionaries types, are the subject of this study. Thus, it proposes to examine the following aspects of the term: macrostructural - choice and location - and mircostructual - labelling, definition and exemplification as well as the term’s equivalent in the Arabic bilingual dictionaries. The terms which are used in this research are from various domains. They are extracted from a trilingual English-French-Arabic corpus which consists of texts published by the UN. The status of these terms is analysed according to two monolingual french dictionaries, two monolingual arabic dictionaries and two bilingual french-arabic dictionaries.

Os conhecimentos culturais ao redor do sabão de cinzas foram escolhidos como tema de um instrumento hipermídia visando inseri-los em uma sala de aula de Química de nível médio. A inspiração na etnografia foi a via considerada nessa direção, partindo da hipótese de trabalho para a etnociência proposta por D\'Olne Campos (2000) com ênfase em um guia êmico e de acordo com a \"teia de relações\" presente no discurso das produtoras do sabão de cinzas (FOUCAULT, 1986). O instrumento criado reuniu textos, fotografias, vídeos, vozes e perguntas/atividades para a interpretação dos alunos. A investigação em sala de aula buscou perceber a natureza da instrução baseada na inserção de um modo de conhecer distinto nas aulas e seus diálogos com outros conhecimentos. A base teórica da pesquisa procurou integrar a abordagem sociocultural da ação mediada (WERTSCH, 1997) com algumas perspectivas dos estudos (trans) culturais no ensino de ciências, como a noção de travessias de fronteiras culturais (AIKENHEAD, 1996), o modelo genérico para a compreensão holística do aluno de ciências (COSTA, 1995) e a teoria das visões de mundo aplicada na pesquisa no ensino de ciências (COBERN, 1991, 2000a). Os alunos interagiram com o Hipermídia inicialmente em grupos durante quatro aulas, respondendo ao mesmo com receptividade, curiosidade, interesse, exibindo diferentes trânsitos pela narrativa etnográfica e integrando os seus recursos. Os movimentos interpretativos dos alunos se basearam nos diálogos com os colegas de grupo, em pesquisas usando a internet e livros e mediante entrevistas envolvendo a comunidade, havendo evidências de respostas mais produtivas aos processos de significação por pares simétricos. Os alunos manifestaram duas tendências principais de respostas para as perguntas propostas no Hipermídia: o conhecimento químico e os modos de explicar das produtoras do sabão. Essas tendências foram associadas às visões de mundo de ciência escolar dos alunos, levando-os a se inclinarem na direção da ciência que explica (tendência dos alunos do tipo \"Cientista em Potencial\") ou em direções consideradas como sendo mais fáceis de compreender (caso dos \"Outros Alunos Espertos\"). Alunos com pressuposições emocionais, religiosas e utilitárias mostraram trânsitos mais engajados na direção da ciência popular e menor interesse pelas explicações da ciência escolar. Existiram barreiras na direção dos dois conhecimentos envolvidos destacando-se as de linguagem, mas essas foram sendo vencidas pela maioria dos alunos com o desenvolvimento das aulas, através do trabalho colaborativo e do suporte oferecido. A professora desenvolveu 14 aulas a partir da exploração do Hipermídia pelos alunos e foi necessário oferecer um suporte teórico e material para o trabalho da mesma: um texto sobre o construtivismo contextual e o hipermídia das \'Visões de Mundo\', um segundo instrumento criado para promover a interanimação com as vozes dos alunos. Tal suporte implicou em uma mudança do paradigma normal das aulas de Química, sugerindo uma direção contrária à assimilação dos conteúdos pelos alunos e apontando para a compreensão como práxis vinculada à explicitação dos contextos culturais de significação dos conhecimentos envolvidos. Isso conduziu a uma comparação entre conhecimentos, sugerindo que a tarefa da demarcação é difícil e delicada. A comparação entre linguagens e algumas crenças específicas das produtoras do sabão de cinzas, no entanto, pareceram facilitar essa tarefa. / The cultural knowledge around the ash soap was chosen as the theme of a hypermedia instrument aiming to insert it into a Chemistry classroom in the secondary level of education. The ethnographic inspiration was considered in this way according to the work hypothesis to ethnoscience proposed by D\'Olne Campos (2000) with an emics guide emphasis and by considering the \"web of relations\" of the ash soap makers\' discourse (FOUCAULT, 1986). The instrument designed joined texts, photographs, videos, voices and questions/activities to the students\' interpretation. The enquiry tried to perceive the nature of an instruction based on the insertion of a different way of knowing into the classes and its dialogues with other knowledge. The theoretical support attempted to integrate the sociocultural approach to mediated action (WERTSCH, 1997) with some perspectives from the (cross) cultural studies in science education, as the cultural border crossings approach (AIKENHEAD, 1996), the generic model for holistically understanding the science student (COSTA, 1995) and the world view theory applied to the science education research (COBERN, 1991, 2000a). In the beginning, the students interacted with the hypermedia into groups using four classes, answering to it with receptivity, curiosity, showing interest and different border crossings into the ethnographic narrative. Their interpretative movements were based on the dialogues with pairs, in the research using internet and books and by doing interviews with the community. There was evidence that more symmetric pairs respond in a more productive way on their meaning making processes. The students showed two main trends to answer the questions proposed in the hypermedia: the chemistry knowledge and the knowledge of the ash soap makers. These trends were associated to their school science world view, inclining them into the direction of the science that explains (trend of the \"Potencial Scientist\" students) or towards another direction seen as easier to understand (as was the case of the \"Other Smart Kids\" students). Students with emotional, religious and utilitarian presuppositions showed more engaged border crossings to popular science direction and lesser interest for the school chemistry explanations. There were barriers in the direction of both knowledge, highlighting the language ones, but these were figured out by the majority of the students as the teacher developed the classes, through the collaborative work and by the support offered. The teacher developed 14 classes since the students\' finished the hypermedia exploratory work, using different strategies to teach. It was necessary to offer theoretical and material support for her work: a text about the contextual constructivism and the \'World View\' hypermedia, a second instrument designed to promote the interanimation with the students\' voices. This support led to a change in the usual paradigm of the Chemistry classes, pointing to a contrary movement concerned to the students\' assimilation of the contents and towards the comprehension as praxis bridged to the knowledge contexts of meaning explanation. This guided to a comparative work between the knowledge involved, stating that the demarcation task is difficult and delicate. However, this task seemed to be easier to accomplish by comparing languages and through some specific beliefs of the ash soap makers.

The first four decades of the twentieth century was a period of rapid development in physics. The late nineteenth century discoveries of X-rays, Becquerel rays and subatomic particles had revealed new properties of matter, and the early twentieth century quantum and relativity theories added to the notion that the discipline was undergoing a fundamental change in thought and practice. Historians and scientists alike have retrospectively conceived of a sharp divide between nineteenth century and twentieth century physics, applying the terms ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ to distinguish between these two practices. However, recent scholarship has suggested that early twentieth century physicists did not see this divide as self-evident, and in fact were responsible for consciously constructing these categories and definitions. This thesis explores the creation of the terms ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ physics in Britain, and the physicists responsible. I consider how these terms were employed in ‘public’ arenas (lectures, books, newspapers, museums) influencing the wider reception of ‘modern’ physics. I consider not only the rhetorics employed by ‘modern’ physicists, but also those we would now consider to be ‘classical’, revealing a diverse range of potential definitions of ‘modern’ physics. Furthermore, even within the ‘modernists’ themselves, there was considerable disagreement over how their work was to be presented, as industrially applicable, or of value simply as intellectual knowledge in and of itself. There were also different notions of how scientific ‘progress’ should be portrayed, whether knowledge advanced through experimental refinement or theoretical work. Early twentieth century ‘modern’ physics appeared to discard long held theories, rejecting much of the discipline’s past. As such, physicists’ connection to the legacy of Newton was under threat. Furthermore, the instability of science more generally was revealed: if physicists had shown the old theories to be wrong, then why should the new ones be any different? This had severe implications as to how the public placed ‘trust’ in science. I explore how physicists carefully managed the ‘public’ transition from ‘classical’ to ‘modern’ physics, regaining public trust during a period of scientific ‘revolution’ and controversy.

Denna studie undersöker hur populärvetenskapliga framställningar gestaltas för e-bok och video. Resultatet visar de mediespecifika skillnader som medierna e-bok och video för med sig. Detta görs i en studie med två exempel genom jämförande visuell analys av två olika typer av medium som båda förklarar samma fenomen med olika multimodala förutsättningar. Analysen gör det möjligt att se och dra slutsatser kring vad mediumet för med sig för skillnader. Ämnet är intressant för producenter av populärvetenskap. Syftet med studien är att undersöka, genom visuell analys, hur samma ämne gestaltas i e-bok och video. Beroende på medium har producenter av populärvetenskap, och designers med intresse för pedagogiskt material, helt olika förutsättningar och begränsningar i produktionen. Efter att studien är gjord har det framgått vad populärvetenskapliga framställningar i e-bok och video har för designlikheter. I det första exemplet behandlas multimodaliteter i e-boken Introducing Mind and Brain, A Graphic Guide, (Gellatly och Zarate 2018) och videon THE MIND explained: Memory (Netlfix 2019). För att avgränsa materialet används den sekvens från vardera medium som förklarar hur känslor kan bidra till att förstärka minnen. I det andra exemplet behandlas multimodaliteter i e-boken Introducing Aesthetics, A Graphic Guide (Kul-Want 2010) och videon Explained: Beauty (Netlfix 2019). För att avgränsa används den sekvens från vardera medium som förklarar att skönhet är subjektivt. Resultaten av den jämförande analysen diskuteras avslutningsvis för att besvara forskningsfrågan: Hur skiljer sig populärvetenskapliga framställningar i två olika medier, e-bok och video? Sammanfattningsvis gestaltas ämnet på olika vis beroende på medium men med designlikheter. Resultatet visar på att populärvetenskapliga framställningar i olika medium delas in i kortare pedagogiska sekvenser. De innehåller ofta verkliga exempel på situationer som mottagaren kan koppla informationen till, och tydliga visuella ledtrådar som guidar mottagaren genom materialet. Medierna har också gemensamt att de innehåller element som förstärker materialets legitimitet.

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