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INTRODUÇÃO: As adversidades na infância são experiências comuns e associadas a uma série de desfechos negativos ao longo da vida. Maus tratos e disfunção familiar também estão implicados em transtornos de personalidade na idade adulta, mas ainda não foram esclarecidos os mecanismos e processos subjacentes. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre adversidades na infância e patologia da personalidade na população adulta residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Será testada a hipótese de que essa relação seja mediada por traços de afetividade positiva e negativa. Também será avaliada a prevalência das adversidades na infância, a sua distribuição e agregação, assim como a epidemiologia dos transtornos da personalidade, ainda amplamente desconhecida no Brasil devido à falta de estudos com amostras representativas da nossa população. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram provenientes do São Paulo Megacity, estudo com uma amostra representativa dos adultos residentes na Grande São Paulo (n=2.942). Foram utilizadas regressão multivariada, análise multinível e modelagem de equações estruturais. RESULTADOS: Mais da metade (53,6%) dos adultos da Grande São Paulo relatou alguma adversidade na infância, sendo as mais comuns a morte parental, o abuso físico e a violência familiar. Em geral, essas experiências não ocorreram de maneira isolada, especialmente as consideradas mais graves, como o abuso sexual. Também foi elevada a prevalência de patologia da personalidade: 6,8% dos adultos apresentaram algum transtorno, sendo mais comum o Cluster C (4,6%), seguido pelos Clusters A (4,3%) e B (2,7%). Esses quadros estavam independentemente associados a prejuízos funcionais, especialmente nos domínios cognitivo e de interação social. Entretanto, com exceção do Cluster C, não houve associação com uso de serviços de saúde após o ajuste para outros diagnósticos psiquiátricos. Todos os transtornos da personalidade estavam associados a adversidades na infância, e a maior ocorrência foi encontrada no Cluster B (71,8%). Os eventos mais relacionados foram abuso físico, psicopatologia parental, criminalidade parental e violência familiar. Essas relações respeitaram um gradiente dose-resposta: quanto maior o número de exposições, maior a probabilidade de transtorno da personalidade. Essas associações foram parcialmente mediadas pelo aumento do afeto negativo, mas não pela diminuição do afeto positivo. CONCLUSÕES: As adversidades na infância são experiências frequentes, que tendem a se agregar em redes complexas, indicando a existência de contextos abusivos. Os expostos têm uma probabilidade aumentada de patologia da personalidade, quadros com significativas repercussões funcionais. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de se investigar uma história de eventos adversos na infância e abordar as suas consequências afetivas em pacientes com transtornos da personalidade. Esse estudo também pode trazer alguma contribuição à Saúde Pública. Possivelmente, o esclarecimento dessas cadeias de eventos pode ajudar no delineamento de potenciais alvos para intervenção. Estratégias preventivas, como o treinamento de habilidades parentais, podem ser direcionadas às famílias sob maior risco, e as crianças e adolescentes que já foram expostos podem ser elegíveis para programas voltados à regulação emocional. Investigações futuras devem avaliar se essas estratégias podem reduzir a ocorrência e o ônus associado aos transtornos da personalidade / INTRODUCTION: Childhood adversities are common experiences associated with a series of negative outcomes throughout the life cycle. Child abuse and family dysfunction are also related to personality disorders in adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms and processes are yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to investigate the relationship between childhood adversities and personality pathology on the adult population residing in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. The study will also test the hypothesis that this association is mediated by positive and negative affectivity traits. Furthermore, it will estimate the prevalence of childhood adversities, its distribution and aggregation, as well as the epidemiology of personality disorders, still largely unknown in Brazil due to the lack of studies with representative samples of our population. METHODS: Data come from Sao Paulo Megacity, a survey with a representative sample of adults residing in Greater Sao Paulo (n=2,942). Analyses used multivariate regression, multilevel analysis and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: More than half (53.6%) of the adults in Greater Sao Paulo reported any childhood adversity, and the most common were parental death, physical abuse and family violence. In general, these experiences did not occur in isolation, especially those considered more serious, such as sexual abuse. The prevalence of personality pathology was also high: 6.8% of the adults had any personality disorder. Cluster C was the most frequent condition (4.6%), followed by Clusters A (4.3%) and B (2.7%). These disorders were independently associated with functional impairment, especially in cognitive and social interaction domains. However, with the exception of Cluster C, there was no association with health services use after control for other psychiatric diagnoses. All personality disorders were related to childhood adversities, and the most frequent occurrence was detected in Cluster B (71.8%). The mostly associated events were physical abuse, parental psychopathology, parental criminality and family violence. Associations followed a dose-response gradient: the greater the number of exposures, the greater the probability of a personality disorder. These relationships were partially mediated by an increase in negative affect, but not by a decrease in positive affect. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are frequent and tend to aggregate in complex networks, indicating the existence of contexts of abuse. The exposed have an increased probability of personality pathology, a group of conditions with significant functional repercussions. These results highlight the need of investigating a history of childhood adverse events and targeting its affective consequences in patients with personality disorders. This study may also have some contribution to public health efforts. Perhaps the clarification of these chains of events allows delineating potential targets for intervention. Prevention strategies, such as parenting skills training, may be directed to at-risk families, and already exposed children and adolescents may be eligible to programs aiming emotional regulation. Future studies should evaluate if these strategies can reduce the occurrence and the burden associated with personality disorders

INTRODUÇÃO: As adversidades na infância são experiências comuns e associadas a uma série de desfechos negativos ao longo da vida. Maus tratos e disfunção familiar também estão implicados em transtornos de personalidade na idade adulta, mas ainda não foram esclarecidos os mecanismos e processos subjacentes. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre adversidades na infância e patologia da personalidade na população adulta residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Será testada a hipótese de que essa relação seja mediada por traços de afetividade positiva e negativa. Também será avaliada a prevalência das adversidades na infância, a sua distribuição e agregação, assim como a epidemiologia dos transtornos da personalidade, ainda amplamente desconhecida no Brasil devido à falta de estudos com amostras representativas da nossa população. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram provenientes do São Paulo Megacity, estudo com uma amostra representativa dos adultos residentes na Grande São Paulo (n=2.942). Foram utilizadas regressão multivariada, análise multinível e modelagem de equações estruturais. RESULTADOS: Mais da metade (53,6%) dos adultos da Grande São Paulo relatou alguma adversidade na infância, sendo as mais comuns a morte parental, o abuso físico e a violência familiar. Em geral, essas experiências não ocorreram de maneira isolada, especialmente as consideradas mais graves, como o abuso sexual. Também foi elevada a prevalência de patologia da personalidade: 6,8% dos adultos apresentaram algum transtorno, sendo mais comum o Cluster C (4,6%), seguido pelos Clusters A (4,3%) e B (2,7%). Esses quadros estavam independentemente associados a prejuízos funcionais, especialmente nos domínios cognitivo e de interação social. Entretanto, com exceção do Cluster C, não houve associação com uso de serviços de saúde após o ajuste para outros diagnósticos psiquiátricos. Todos os transtornos da personalidade estavam associados a adversidades na infância, e a maior ocorrência foi encontrada no Cluster B (71,8%). Os eventos mais relacionados foram abuso físico, psicopatologia parental, criminalidade parental e violência familiar. Essas relações respeitaram um gradiente dose-resposta: quanto maior o número de exposições, maior a probabilidade de transtorno da personalidade. Essas associações foram parcialmente mediadas pelo aumento do afeto negativo, mas não pela diminuição do afeto positivo. CONCLUSÕES: As adversidades na infância são experiências frequentes, que tendem a se agregar em redes complexas, indicando a existência de contextos abusivos. Os expostos têm uma probabilidade aumentada de patologia da personalidade, quadros com significativas repercussões funcionais. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de se investigar uma história de eventos adversos na infância e abordar as suas consequências afetivas em pacientes com transtornos da personalidade. Esse estudo também pode trazer alguma contribuição à Saúde Pública. Possivelmente, o esclarecimento dessas cadeias de eventos pode ajudar no delineamento de potenciais alvos para intervenção. Estratégias preventivas, como o treinamento de habilidades parentais, podem ser direcionadas às famílias sob maior risco, e as crianças e adolescentes que já foram expostos podem ser elegíveis para programas voltados à regulação emocional. Investigações futuras devem avaliar se essas estratégias podem reduzir a ocorrência e o ônus associado aos transtornos da personalidade / INTRODUCTION: Childhood adversities are common experiences associated with a series of negative outcomes throughout the life cycle. Child abuse and family dysfunction are also related to personality disorders in adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms and processes are yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to investigate the relationship between childhood adversities and personality pathology on the adult population residing in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. The study will also test the hypothesis that this association is mediated by positive and negative affectivity traits. Furthermore, it will estimate the prevalence of childhood adversities, its distribution and aggregation, as well as the epidemiology of personality disorders, still largely unknown in Brazil due to the lack of studies with representative samples of our population. METHODS: Data come from Sao Paulo Megacity, a survey with a representative sample of adults residing in Greater Sao Paulo (n=2,942). Analyses used multivariate regression, multilevel analysis and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: More than half (53.6%) of the adults in Greater Sao Paulo reported any childhood adversity, and the most common were parental death, physical abuse and family violence. In general, these experiences did not occur in isolation, especially those considered more serious, such as sexual abuse. The prevalence of personality pathology was also high: 6.8% of the adults had any personality disorder. Cluster C was the most frequent condition (4.6%), followed by Clusters A (4.3%) and B (2.7%). These disorders were independently associated with functional impairment, especially in cognitive and social interaction domains. However, with the exception of Cluster C, there was no association with health services use after control for other psychiatric diagnoses. All personality disorders were related to childhood adversities, and the most frequent occurrence was detected in Cluster B (71.8%). The mostly associated events were physical abuse, parental psychopathology, parental criminality and family violence. Associations followed a dose-response gradient: the greater the number of exposures, the greater the probability of a personality disorder. These relationships were partially mediated by an increase in negative affect, but not by a decrease in positive affect. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are frequent and tend to aggregate in complex networks, indicating the existence of contexts of abuse. The exposed have an increased probability of personality pathology, a group of conditions with significant functional repercussions. These results highlight the need of investigating a history of childhood adverse events and targeting its affective consequences in patients with personality disorders. This study may also have some contribution to public health efforts. Perhaps the clarification of these chains of events allows delineating potential targets for intervention. Prevention strategies, such as parenting skills training, may be directed to at-risk families, and already exposed children and adolescents may be eligible to programs aiming emotional regulation. Future studies should evaluate if these strategies can reduce the occurrence and the burden associated with personality disorders

本研究結合Clark與Watson（1991）的三角模式（Tripartite Model）以及Brown、Chorpita和Barlow（1998）提出的階層性概念，結構正向情感、負向情感、焦慮、憂鬱、無望感、自傷、自殺的關係，建立自傷與自殺的階層預測模式，說明自傷與自殺的同異處。研究對象為487位大學生，325位女性與162位男性，採取自陳式問卷的方式施測，包含自我傷害行為量表、自殺危險程度量表、貝克無望感量表、正負向情感量表、症狀檢核表-90-修正版（摘錄測量焦慮與憂鬱的題目）、相關背景變項的測量，並以描述性統計、相關性考驗、階層迴歸分析、結構方程模式等統計方式對資料進行處理。主要的研究結果為：（1）負向情感能預測與解釋焦慮和憂鬱，且能透過焦慮預測自傷與自殺，唯焦慮對自傷的解釋力較高；負向情感亦能透過憂鬱預測自殺，但無法透過憂鬱預測自傷。（2）正向情感能預測與解釋憂鬱，且能透過憂鬱預測自殺。（3）加入無望感分析後，發現憂鬱能透過無望感預測自殺，憂鬱也能直接預測自殺，顯示無望感為憂鬱與自殺的部分中介變項。最後，結果發現有15.81%的自傷比例、24.64%的自殺意念比例、8.01%的自殺企圖比例。 / This study combined Clark & Watson’s (1991) tripartite model with Brown, Chorpita, and Barlow’s (1998) hierarchical model to structure the relationship of positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), anxiety, depression, hopelessness, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide. This study attempted to establish hierarchical predictor model of NSSI and suicide, and explain the relationship of NSSI and suicide. The participants were 487 university students, 325 females and 162 males, who were participating in a study of test of deliberate self-harm inventory, suicide risk inventory, Beck hopelessness scale, positive and negative affect schedule, symptom checklist-90-R, and background variables. The data were examined by descriptive statistics, correlation, hierarchical analysis, and structural equation modeling. The main results were : (1) NA could predict anxiety and depression ; anxiety could not only mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA, but also mediate the relationship of NA and suicide ; anxiety accounted for more of the variance in NSSI than in suicide ; depression could mediate the relationship of NA and suicide, but could not mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA. (2) PA could predict depression, and depression could mediate the relationship of PA and suicide. (3) the role of hopelessness was partial mediator of depression and suicide. Finally, the result found 15.81% NSSI, 24.64% suicidal ideation, and 8.01% suicidal attempt.

An association between inflammation and mood deterioration has been proposed as a potential explanatory mechanism underlying many pathologies. Previous research attributes this consistently reoccurring connection between inflammation and psychopathology that is often reported within the literature, to a relationship between the HPA axis, the body’s stress response system and the immune system. There is evidence of a bidirectional feedback loop between end-products of the immune system and the HPA-axis such as cytokines and cortisol. This is supported by research reporting that components of subjective well-being such as positive affect, optimism and life satisfaction can produce beneficial health outcomes by potentially targeting this feedback loop. The present longitudinal study tested if higher positive affect independently corresponds to lower levels of inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and HPA axis marker cortisol. The study further tested if higher subjective well-being decreases levels of IL-6 and CRP as well as cortisol. The study employed a subsample of participants from the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) Biomarker project (n=174) that underwent testing at two separate time points across a period of 4 years. The data included subjective well-being, positive affect, IL-6, CRP, cortisol, perceived stress, neuroticism and demographic variables. Positive affect was not associated with any inflammatory marker or cortisol. Subjective well-being had no effect on CRP but reduced IL-6 and cortisol even when controlling for all control and demographic variables. It is concluded that subjective well-being may be linked to lower inflammation and HPA axis activity. / Ett samband mellan inflammation och sjukdomsbeteende har föreslagits som en förklaringsmekanism bakom förekomsten av många patologier. Den konsekventa anknytningen mellan inflammation och psykopatologi som många tidigare studier demonstrerat innebär ett samband mellan immunsystemet och HPA-axeln som är den struktur som utgör kroppens svar på stressorer. Det finns tecken på en återkopplingsslinga mellan slutprodukter av det immunologiska systemet och HPA-axeln såsom cytokiner och kortisol. Detta har stöd i tidigare forskning som rapporterat att komponenter av subjektivt välbefinnande så som positiv affekt, optimism och livstillfredställelse kan medföra positiva hälsoutfall genom att potentiellt influera denna återkopplingsslinga. Förevarande longitudinella studie testar om högre positiv affekt leder till lägre nivåer av de inflammatoriska markörerna interleukin-6 (IL-6) och C-reaktivt protein (CRP) samt HPA-axel markören kortisol. Studien testar vidare även om högre subjektivt välbefinnande leder till lägre nivåer av IL-6, CRP och kortisol. Deltagarna är ett subsampel från Biomarkerprojektet (n = 174) inom Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) som genomgick testning vid två separata tidpunkter över en period av 4 år. Data består av subjektivt välbefinnande, positiv affekt, IL-6, CRP, kortisol, upplevd stress, neuroticism samt demografiska variabler. Positiv affekt hade ingen signifikant effekt på någon av de inflammatoriska markörerna eller kortisol. Subjektivt välbefinnande hade inte någon signifikant effekt på CRP men reducerade signifikant IL-6 och kortisol och dessa effekter förblev signifikanta efter kontroll för samtliga kontroll och demografiska variabler. Följaktligen dras slutsatsen att subjektivt välbefinnande kan leda till lägre inflammation och HPA-axel aktivitet.

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Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are an expensive phenomenon for organizations, costing billions of dollars collectively each year. Recent research has focused on justice perceptions as predictors of CWBs, but little research has been conducted on the specific types of counterproductive work behaviors (i.e., sabotage, withdrawal, production deviance, abuse, and theft) that result from specific organizational justice perceptions (i.e., distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) and the mediating effect of state affect. The current paper meta-analyzed the relationships between justice, CWB, and state affect and found that justice was negatively related to dimensions of CWB and state positive/negative affect were negatively/positively related to CWB dimensions, respectively. However, mediation of the relationship between justice and CWB by state affect was inconsistent across justice types and CWB dimensions. These findings suggests that, while managers should maintain an awareness of justice and state affect as individual predictors of CWBs, the current study does not necessarily support the claim that state affect explains the relationship between justice and counterproductive work behavior dimensions.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the cross-cultural adjustment of the expatriate spouse and their level of subjective well-being. Demographic factors were considered to identify life domains that may affect cross-cultural adjustment and subjective well-being respectively. The Spousal Adjustment Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Satisfaction with life scale, and Flourishing scale were used in the study. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was used, and a purposive sample which consisted of expatriate spouses currently residing in Germany was approached (N=156). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied. The results yielded a statistically significant correlation between cross-cultural adjustment and subjective well-being of expatriate spouses and indicated statistically significant differences between demographic groups including language proficiency, dependents, time spent in host country, nationality, career sacrifice, and support network. It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between the cross-cultural adjustment of the expatriate spouse and their well-being and that various demographic factors can influence both constructs. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)