A avaliação da Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QVRS) de jovens com Diabetes Mellitus do Tipo 1 (DM1) tem sido considerada como parâmetro de avaliação de tratamento, além das medidas de controle fisiológico. A identificação dos fatores que influenciam na QVRS desses adolescentes permite a elaboração de estratégias que minimizem o impacto da doença e favoreçam a adesão ao tratamento e bem-estar. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a QVRS de jovens com DM 1, identificar os fatores associados e preditivos da QVRS de adolescentes com DM1 e comparar os adolescentes em fase de remissão e crônica do DM 1 em relação à QVRS e as variáveis psicossócio-demográficas, clínicas e de tratamento. O estudo foi realizado no Instituto da Criança com Diabetes (ICD) de Porto Alegre (RS). A amostra compôs-se de 245 adolescentes, com idades entre 10 e 19 anos, que responderam ao Instrumento de Qualidade de Vida para Jovens com Diabetes (IQVJD), composto de 50 itens distribuídos nos domínios Satisfação, Impacto e Preocupações em que o menor escore corresponde à melhor QVRS; ao instrumento de Autoestima de Rosenberg (AE) e ao formulário de dados sócio-demográficos e clínicos. As análises foram realizadas por meio de estatística univariada, para identificação dos fatores associados de QVRS, e multivariada para a identificação dos fatores preditivos de QVRS. Os escores médios do IQVJD foram 37,49±9,89 para o domínio Satisfação, 49,04±11,37 para Impacto, 23,73±7,96 para Preocupações e 110,26±24,43 para o Total. Todos estes valores estiveram abaixo do ponto médio dos domínios e do total, caracterizando boa QVRS referida. Os fatores associados à QVRS no domínio Satisfação foram idade, frequência de realização de exercícios físicos, hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano, AE, sexo, duração do DM1, contagem de carboidratos e frequência de hiperglicemias no último mês. Os fatores preditivos de QVRS do domínio Satisfação foram hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano, AE e idade. O domínio Impacto teve como fatores associados à QVRS a frequência diária de verificações da glicemia capilar, a hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano, a AE, a raça, a presença de outras doenças e a contagem de carboidratos. Os fatores preditivos de QVRS no domínio Impacto foram raça, AE, esquema de insulina, hemoglobina glicada atual e frequência diária de verificações da glicemia capilar. Os fatores associados à QVRS no domínio Preocupações foram idade, sexo, frequência diária de verificações da glicemia capilar, frequência de hiperglicemias no último mês, AE, hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano, contagem de carboidratos e IMC. O único fator preditivo de QVRS do domínio Preocupações foi a AE. Os fatores associados ao IQVJD Total foram sexo, frequência diária de verificações da glicemia capilar, frequência de hiperglicemias no último mês, hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano, contagem de carboidratos, AE e tempo de tratamento no ICD. Os fatores preditivos do IQVJD Total foram hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano e AE. Os fatores associados ao Estado de Saúde referido foram AE, duração do DM1, frequência de hiperglicemias no último mês e hemoglobina glicada atual e média do último ano. Os fatores preditivos para o Estado de Saúde foram hemoglobina glicada atual e AE. Os adolescentes em fase de remissão eram mais jovens, mais velhos ao diagnóstico, com menor frequência de hiperglicemias, com maiores alterações de IMC, em uso, principalmente, de insulina de ação intermediária + rápida, com menor frequência diária de aplicações de insulina e com menor tempo de tratamento no ICD em relação aos em fase crônica. Acredita-se que estes resultados tenham impacto na prática clínica e estimulem a realização de outros estudos com o propósito de continuar as investigações a respeito das variáveis que permeiam a QVRS dos adolescentes com DM1 / The evaluation of Health Related Quality of Life (HLQL) of youths with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been considered as a parameter of treatment evaluation, beyond the measures of physiological control. The identification of the factors that influences HRQL allows the elaboration of strategies in order to minimize the impact of disease and facilitate treatment´s compliance and well-being. The aims of this study were to evaluate the HRQL of T1DM youths, to identify associated and predictive factors of HRQL of T1DM adolescents and to compare adolescents in remission and chronic phase of T1DM in relation to HRQL and psycho-socio-demographic, clinical and treatment variables. The study carried out in Instituto da Criança com Diabetes (ICD) in Porto Alegre, RS. The sample was composed by 245 adolescents, aged from 10 to 19 years old, that answered to the Instrumento de Qualidade de Vida para Jovens com Diabetes (IQVJD), with 50 items distributed on Satisfaction, Impact and Worries domains, in which the lower score corresponds to the best HRQL; to the Rosenbeg´s Self-Esteem (SE) instrument and to the socio-demographic and clinical formulary. Analyses were taken by univariated statistics, for identification of associated factors of HRQL, and multivariated statistics, for identification of HRQL´s predictive factors. Mean scores of IQVJD were 37,49±9,89 for Satisfaction domain, 49,04±11,37 for Impact, 23,73±7,96 for Worries and 110,26±24,43 for Total. All values were below the mean point of domains and total characterizing good referred HRQL. Associated factors of HRQL on Satisfaction domain were age, frequency of physical activity, glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year), SE, sex, duration of T1DM, carbohydrate counting and frequency of hyperglycemia. Predictive factors of HRQL on Satisfaction domain were glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year), SE, and age. Associated factors of Impact domain were diary frequency of blood glucose monitoring, glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year), SE, race, other diseases and carbohydrate counting. Predictive factors of Impact domain were race, SE, insulin scheme, glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year) and diary frequency of blood glucose monitoring. Associated factors of Worries domain were age, sex, diary frequency of blood glucose monitoring, frequency of hyperglycemia, SE, glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year), carbohydrate counting and BMI. SE was the only predictive factor of Worries domain. Associated factors of Total IQVJD were sex, diary frequency of blood glucose monitoring, frequency of hyperglycemia, glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year), carbohydrate counting, SE and duration of treatment on ICD. Predictive factors of IQVJD Total were glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year) and SE. Associated factors of Health Status were SE, duration of T1DM, frequency of hyperglycemia and glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year). Predictive factors of Health Status were glycated hemoglobin (actual and mean of last year) and SE. Adolescents on remission phase were younger, older at diagnosis, reporting lower frequency of hyperglycemia, more alterations of BMI, using, principally, intermediate + rapid insulin action, with lower frequency of diary insulin injections and lower duration of treatment on ICD in relation to adolescents in chronic phase. It´s believed that these results have impact on clinical practice and stimulate other studies in order to continue the investigations about variables involved on HRQL of adolescents with T1DM

Impairments in balance, mobility, and lower-limb strength are common in the growing population of older people and can lead to dramatic consequences for the individual, such as dependency in activities of daily living, admission to nursing home, falls, and fractures. The main purposes of this thesis were, among older people in residential care facilities, to validate a fall-risk assessment tool and to evaluate a high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise pro-gramme regarding its applicability as well as its effect on physical functions and falls. The prediction accuracy of the Downton fall risk index within 3, 6 and 12 months was evaluated among 78 residents, aged 65 years or more, at one residential care facility. The participants were assessed as having either a low or high fall risk according to the index and were followed-up for falls using two different fall definitions related to the cause of the fall. With all falls included, a significant prognostic separation was found between the low- and the high-risk group at 3, 6 and 12 months. A definition in which falls precipitated by acute illness, acute disease, or drug side-effects were excluded did not improve the accuracy of the fall prediction. The effect on physical functions of a high-intensity functional exercise programme was evaluated in a randomised controlled trial among 191 older people, dependent in activities of daily living, with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of ten or more, and living in nine residential care facilities. Participants were randomised to an exercise programme or a control activity, including 29 supervised sessions over 3 months, as well as to an intake of a milk-based 200 ml protein-enriched energy supplement (7.4 g protein per 100 g) or a placebo drink immediately after each session. The Berg Balance Scale, usual and maximum gait speed, and one-repetition maximum in lower-limb strength in a leg press machine were followed up at 3 and 6 months by blinded assessors and analysed using the intention-to-treat principle. Significant long-term effects of the high-intensity functional exercise programme were seen in balance, gait ability and lower-limb strength in comparison with the control activity. The intake of the protein-enriched energy supplement did not increase the effect of the training. The evaluation of the applicability of the exercise programme showed that there was a high rate of attendance, a relatively high achieved intensity in the exercises, and only two serious adverse events, neither of which led to manifest injury or disease, despite that most of the participants had severe cognitive or physical impairments. The applicability of the programme was not associated with the participants’ cognitive function. The evaluation of the fall-prevention effect of the exercise programme, during the 6 months following the intervention, showed that neither fall rate nor proportion of participants who sustained a fall differed between the exercise programme and the control activity, when all participants were compared. However, among participants who improved their balance during the intervention period, a significant reduction in fall rate was seen in favour of the exercise group. In conclusion, among older people living in residential care facilities, the Downton fall risk index appears to be a useful tool for predicting residents sustaining a fall, irrespective of the cause of the fall, even with a perspective of only a few months. A high-intensity functional exercise programme is applicable for use, regardless of cognitive function, and has positive long-term effects on balance, gait ability, and lower-limb strength. An intake of a protein-enriched energy supplement immediately after the exercise does not appear to increase the effect of the training. Participants who improve their balance function due to the exercise programme may reduce their risk of falling.

Nickel allergy is the most prevalent contact allergy and has been discussed as a possible riskfactor for hand eczema. However, hand eczema is one of the most frequently occurring skindiseases and has multifactorial origin. The aim of this thesis was to study the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema in the general population. There are only a fewpopulation-based studies previously published, that include patch testing. In addition, this thesis aimed to evaluate methods to follow the prevalence of nickel allergy.The study cohort consisted of 908 women who had been patch tested for the occurrence of nickel allergy as schoolgirls. Twenty years later, they were invited to participate in a follow-up questionnaire study. The response rate was 81%. In total, 17.6% of respondents reported handeczema after the age of 15 years and there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of hand eczema between those who were nickel-positive and those who were nickel negativeas schoolgirls. To further investigate possible links, another study was performed,which included a second questionnaire, a clinical investigation and patch testing. All schoolgirls from the baseline study who were still living in the area as adults were invited to participate and the participation rate was 77%. Patch test showed 30.1% nickel-positive individuals.When all participants were included in the analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between nickel-positive and nickel-negative women regarding occurrence of hand eczema. The most important risk factor for hand eczema was childhood eczema. Adjusted prevalence proportion ratio (PPR) for hand eczema after age 15 in relation to nickel patch testresults was 1.03 (95% CI 0.71--1.50) and in relation to childhood eczema 3.68 (95% CI 2.45--5.54). When women with and without history of childhood eczema were analyzed separately, the hand eczema risk was doubled in nickel-positive women without history of childhood eczema. In conclusion, the risk of hand eczema in nickel-positive women may previously havebeen overestimated. Next, the validity of self-reported nickel allergy was investigated. In the established cohort; two questions regarding nickel allergy were compared with patch test results. The validity of self-reported nickel allergy was low, and the questions regarding nickel allergy overestimated the true prevalence of nickel allergy. The positive predictive values were 59% and 60%. Another method for estimating the prevalence of nickel allergy, namely self-patch testing, was validated in the last study. In total, 191 patients from three different dermatology departments participated. The validity of self-testing for nickel allergy was adequate, with sensitivity 72%and proportion of agreement 86%. / Nickelallergi är vanligt förekommande. Prevalensen i Skandinavien är 15--25% hos kvinnor och cirka 3% hos män. Sambandet mellan nickelallergi och uppkomst av handeksem har tidigare diskuterats och i vissa studier anges att 30--45% av alla individer med nickelallergi får handeksem. Det finns dock endast ett fåtal publicerade studier där personer ur normalbefolkningen har lapptestats för nickel. Handeksem ärvanligt och har ofta flera olika kombinerade orsaker. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att studera nickelallergins betydelse för uppkomst av handeksem. Detfinns ett intresse av att följa förekomsten av nickelallergi över tid, speciellt sedan det i början av 2000-talet infördes ett EU-direktiv som begränsar nickelinnehåll i klockor,smycken, metallknappar etc. Ytterligare ett syfte med avhandlingen var att utvärderaepidemiologiska metoder för att följa förekomsten av nickelallergi.Den första studien var en uppföljningsstudie av 908 flickor ur normalbefolkningen,vilka i skolåldern lapptestats med nickel. Tjugo år senare skickades en enkät till dessa kvinnor, svarsfrekvensen var hög (81%). Förekomsten av självrapporterat handeksemefter 15 års ålder var 17.6%. Det förelåg ingen signifikant skillnad i förekomst avhandeksem mellan de kvinnor som var nickelallergiska som barn jämfört med dem som inte var nickelallergiska. År 2006 utfördes ytterligare en studie, som inkluderade de kvinnor som fortfarande bodde i Örebro län. Studien omfattade en klinisk undersökning av händerna samt ett lapptest. 30% av kvinnorna var positiva för nickel.Det förelåg ingen signifikant skillnad i förekomst av handeksem mellan de som var positiva för nickel och de som var negativa. Vid separat analys av de kvinnor som angav tidigare barneksem jämfört med dem som aldrig hade haft barneksem visade det sig att risken för handeksem var dubbelt så stor hos nickelallergiker i den gruppen som aldrig hade haft barneksem. Båda studierna visade att barneksem var den största riskfaktorn för att få handeksem som vuxen, med en 3-4 gånger ökad risk. Den tredje studien var en validering av självrapporterad nickelallergi. Överensstämmelsen var låg mellan enkätfrågor gällande nickelallergi och lapptestverifierad nickelallergi. Av dem som själva bedömde sig vara nickelallergiska var endast 59% positiva enligt lapptest. För att följa förekomsten av nickelallergi i befolkningen behövs därför andra metoder. I den fjärde studien utvärderades ett självtest för nickelallergi. 191 patienter från tre olika hudkliniker i Sverige deltog i studien. Validiteten för metoden självtest var tillfredsställande, sensitiviteten var 72%och graden av överensstämmelse var 86%.

Among elderly people, falls lead to a considerable amount of immobility, morbidity, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate methods for predicting falls, and to evaluate a fall prevention program among elderly people living in residential care facilities. A fall was defined as any event in which the resident unintentionally came to rest on the floor or the ground regardless of whether or not an injury was sustained. In developing the prediction methods, it was hypothesised that older persons showing difficulties in performing a familiar second task while walking were more likely to fall within six months. For residents who stopped walking when talking, the relative risk of falling was 3.5 (95% CL2.0-6.2) compared to those who continued walking. For residents with a time difference (diffTUG) of at least 4.5 seconds between two performances of the Timed Up&amp;Go test, with and without carrying a glass, the hazard ratio for falls was 4.7 (95% Cl: 1.5-14.2) compared to those with a shorter diffTUG. A screening tool, the Mobility Interaction Fall (MIF) chart, was developed and evaluated, then validated in a new sample. This tool included a mobility rating, ‘Stops walking when talking’, ‘diffTUG’, a test of vision, and a concentration rating. In the first sample, the hazard ratio was 12.1 (95% 0:4.6-31.8) for residents classified as ‘high-risk’ compared to ‘low-risk’. The positive predictive value was 78%, and the negative predictive value, the sensitivity, and the specificity were above 80% for falling in six months. In the second sample the prediction accuracy of the MIF chart was lower (hazard ratio 1.7, 95% Cl: 1.1-2.5) and a 6-month fall history or a global rating of fall risk by staff were at least equally valuable. A combination of any two of the methods - the MIF chart, staff judgement, fall history - was more accurate at identifying high risk residents than any method alone. Half of the residents classified by two methods as ‘high risk’ sustained a fall within 6 months. In a randomised study a prevention program directed to residents, staff, and environment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of residents falling (44% vs. 56%; odds ratio 0.62, 95% CF0.41-0.92), the incidence of falls (incidence rate ratio IRR 0.80, 95% CF0.69-0.94) and of femoral fractures (IRR 0.25, 95% 0:0.08-0.82) in the intervention compared to the control group. In conclusion, a combination of any two of the staff judgement, fall history or MIF chart has the potential to identify a large proportion of residents at particular high fall risk. A multidisciplinary and multifactorial fall prevention program directed to residents, staff, and the environment can reduce the numbnumber of residents falling, of falls and of femoral fractures. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2000,, härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a correlação anatomopatológica das calcificações amorfas agrupadas diagnosticadas na mamografia digital de campo total, ou seja, das calcificações suspeitas mais tênues, uma vez que houve aumento da caracterização de calcificações na mamografia digital. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo baseado nos laudos mamográficos classificados como categoria BI-RADS 4 no primeiro ano de introdução da técnica digital, com análise dos diagnósticos anatomopatológicos das microcalcificações amorfas agrupadas submetidas à biópsia de fragmento assistida à vácuo no serviço. Calculou-se: os achados anatomopatológicos que se associaram ao achado radiológico de microcalcificações amorfas agrupadas e o valor preditivo positivo destas calcificações biopsiadas. RESULTADOS: Dos 219 achados por microcalcificações amorfas agrupadas, 78 foram submetidos à biópsia de fragmento assistida à vácuo com seguimento conhecido ou cirurgia subsequente. O diagnóstico anatomopatológico correspondeu a oito (10%) casos malignos, 36 (46%) casos benignos, e 34 (44%) diagnósticos de lesões de risco, das quais oito (10%) do subgrupo cicatriz radiada/lesões papilíferas (sete cicatrizes radiadas e um papiloma) e 26 (33%) do subgrupo atipias/ neoplasias lobulares, correspondendo a 14 (18%) hiperplasias ductais atípicas, quatro (5%) neoplasias lobulares e oito (10%) lesões de células colunares com atipia (atipia epitelial plana). A ampliação cirúrgica foi recomendada para as lesões com potencial incerto de malignidade à biópsia e realizada em 65% do subgrupo atipias/neoplasias lobulares, com taxa de subestimação nula (0/18). O tempo médio de seguimento das pacientes com diagnóstico benigno ou de lesão de risco foi 22 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Um terço das microcalcificações amorfas agrupadas em mamografia digital de campo total corresponderam a lesões precursoras representadas pelas atipias (ductais e colunares) e neoplasias lobulares. Essas lesões se associaram às calcificações amorfas agrupadas numa proporção de cerca de 3:1 em relação às lesões malignas, cujo VPP 3 foi 10% / PURPOSE: To determine the anatomopathological correlation of grouped amorphous calcifications (the most tenuous of suspicious calcifications) disclosed on full-field digital mammography, given the enhanced characterization of calcifications provided by digital mammography. METHODS: A retrospective study of mammographic reports classified as BI-RADS® category 4 at a private diagnostic service specialized in breast imaging was carried out on exams performed during the first year of introducing the digital technique. The investigation entailed analysis of the anatomopathological diagnoses of BI-RADS® category 4 for grouped amorphous microcalcifications submitted to vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB). Anatomopathological findings correlated to this radiological finding were determined and positive predictive value of these calcifications submitted to biopsy (PPV 3) was calculated. RESULTS: Of the 219 findings of grouped amorphous microcalcifications, 78 were submitted to VABB with known follow-up or subsequent surgery. The anatomopathological results included eight (10%) malignant cases, 36 (46%) benign cases and 34 (44%) diagnoses of high-risk lesions, eight of which belonged to the radial scar/papillary lesion subgroup (seven radial scars and one papilloma) and 26 (33% of all cases) to the atypia/lobular neoplasia subgroup, comprising 14 atypical ductal hyperplasias, four lobular neoplasias and eight flat epithelial atypia. Extended surgery was recommended for lesions with uncertain malignant potential at biopsy and performed in 65% of the atypia/lobular neoplasia subgroup, with an underestimation rate of zero (0/18). Mean follow-up time of patients diagnosed with benign or high-risk lesions was 22 months. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of grouped amorphous calcifications on full-field digital mammography corresponded to precursory lesions in the form of atypia (ductal and columnar) or lobular neoplasias. These lesions were associated to grouped amorphous calcifications at a ratio of 3:1 compared to malignant lesions,whose PPV 3 was 10%

Esperança é definida como uma força dinâmica multidimensional da vida caracterizada por uma expectativa confiável, contudo incerta, de conseguir um bom futuro que, à pessoa que espera, é realmente possível e significativo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar a esperança em pacientes com câncer de mama no início e término do tratamento quimioterápico e identificar os fatores associados e preditores para a variação da esperança. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e prospectivo de corte longitudinal. Foi realizado em um Hospital Público de Grande Porte, Centro de Referência da Saúde da Mulher. Foram incluídos no estudo portadores de câncer de mama com estadiamento clínico I, II e III; com mais de 18 anos de idade; conscientes de seu diagnóstico; no primeiro tratamento quimioterápico e com capacidade de ler e responder aos questionários necessários. A amostra foi composta por 122 mulheres, com média de idade de 50 (±10) anos e que responderam os instrumentos no início e no final do tratamento quimioterápico. Os instrumentos foram: Escala de Esperança de Herth; Questionário de Investigação do conhecimento do diagnóstico; Instrumento de coleta de dados sócio demográficos e clínicos; Karnofsky Performace Status, Escala Numérica de Dor, Inventário sobre Coping-Jalowiec, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, Escala de Auto Estima de Rosenberg, Índice de Religiosidade da Universidade de Duke e o Pictograma de Fadiga. As análises foram realizadas por meio de estatística univariada para identificação dos fatores associados à esperança, e multivariada (regressão logística) para a identificação dos fatores preditores. Os resultados mostraram que a amostra estudada apresentou alto nível de esperança e que houve um aumento significante nos escores de esperança ao final do tratamento (p=0,0012). Os fatores associados à esperança foram tempo decorrido entre o aparecimento dos sintomas e inicio do tratamento (p=0,013), Karnofsky Performace Status (p=0,02), depressão (p=0,004), autoestima (p=0,001) e dor (p=0,034). Dentre as variáveis analisadas a dor apresentou-se com o único fator preditor para a esperança. A presença da dor tem a chance de diminuir a esperança em 2,199 vezes mais do que em pacientes que não apresentam dor. Os achados deste estudo permitem concluir que apesar do câncer e do tratamento quimioterápico as pacientes evoluíram no decorrer do tratamento com muita esperança, melhora da autoestima e do performace status e diminuição da depressão. As pacientes sem dor tiveram escores mais altos de esperança. / Hope is defined as a multidimensional dynamic force of life characterized by a reliable expectation, however uncertain, of getting a good future, to the person who waiting, it really is possible and meaningful. This study aimed to characterize the hope in patients with breast cancer at the beginning and end of chemotherapy treatment and identify associated factors and predictors for variation of hope. This is a quantitative study, exploratory and prospective longitudinal cutting. It was performed in a Large Public Hospital, Reference Center for Womens Health. The study included breast cancer patients with clinical stage I, II e III; over 18 years of age; aware of their diagnosis. In the first chemotherapy treatment and able to read and answer the questionnaires needed. The sample consisted of 122 women with a mean age of 50 (±10) years and who answered the instruments at the beginning and end of chemotherapy treatment. The instruments were: Herth Hope Index, Questionnaire for Research on knowledge of diagnosis; collection instrument socio-demographic and clinical data; Karnofsky Performace Status, Numerical Pain Scale, Inventory about Coping-Jalowiec, Hospital Scale of Anxiety and Depression, Scale of Rosenberg\'s Self Esteem, Religiosity Index of Duke University and the Fatigue Pictogram. The analyses were performed by univariate statistics to identify factors associated with hope, and multivariate (logistic regression) to identify analysis predictors. The results has shown that the sample had a high level of hope and that there was a significant increase in the scores of hope at the end of treatment (p=0,0012). The Factors associated with hope has been time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and treatment initiation (p=0,013), Karnofsky Performace Status (p=0,02), depression (p=0,004), self-esteem (p=0,001) and pain (p=0,034). Among the variables analyzed the pain has appeared with the only significant predictor for hope. The presence of pain has a chance to decrease the hope of 2,199 times higher than in patients without pain. The findings of this study allow concluding that despite the cancer and the chemotherapy treatment, the patients progressed during treatment with high hopes, improves self-esteem and performance status and decreased depression. The patients without pain had higher scores on hope.

Introdução: Náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios são queixas importantes no período pós-operatório e seu controle adequado em pacientes oncológicos ainda é um desafio. Na avaliação de fatores de risco relacionados à NVPO é importante melhorar a estratificação dos pacientes a serem submetidos à anestesia e cirurgia, de maneira a propor intervenções que diminuam a NVPO. Neste estudo avaliou-se as variáveis náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia (NVIQ), o uso crônico de opioides prévio à cirurgia, a história detalhada de tabagismo e o processo de cessação do tabagismo no período anterior à cirurgia em pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo de 1829 pacientes oncológicos submetidos à cirurgia oncológicas de médio e grande porte entre maio de 2014 e novembro de 2015 no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Brasil. NVPO foram avaliados nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas e de consulta aos prontuários. Foi realizada análise bivariada para estudar os potenciais fatores associados à NVPO. A análise de regressão logística múltipla identificou um novo modelo para previsão de NVPO através do estado de tabagismo detalhado. Resultados: A incidência global de NVPO foi de 30,8%. Houve correlação entre NVPO e as variáveis sexo feminino, idade, não tabagismo, NVIQ e história de cinetose. O risco de NVPO em fumantes foi de 14,1%, de 18,1% naqueles que pararam de fumar até um mês, 24,7% naqueles que pararam de fumar entre um mês e seis meses, 29,4% naqueles que pararam de fumar há mais de seis meses e 33,9% naqueles que nunca fumaram. Esta correlação gerou um novo modelo preditor para previsão de NVPO incluindo o histórico de tabagismo detalhado ao invés da variável dicotômica usada pelo modelo de Apfel, curva ROC com modelo de Apfel - AUC: 63,7% e novo modelo: 67,9%. Não foi encontrada relação entre o tipo de cirurgia e uso opioide crônico com NVPO. Conclusão: As variáveis sexo feminino, idade, não tabagismo, NVIQ, história prévia de cinetose foram confirmadas como fatores de risco para NVPO e um novo modelo preditor foi identificado pela associação entre NVPO e a história tabágica na população oncológica / Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are the main sources of discomfort in the postoperative period and their adequate control in oncological patients is still defiant. During the evaluation of PONV risk factor it is important to better stratify the patients to be submitted to anesthesia and surgery, in order to propose interventions that lead to the decrease in PONV. In this study, we evaluated chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), chronic use of opioid prior to surgery and the detailed history of smoking and of smoking quitting in oncological patients. Methods: This was an observational prospective study of 1829 oncological patients submitted to surgery from May 2014 and November 2015 in the Institute of Cancer of the State of São Paulo (ICESP), Brazil. PONV was evaluated in the first 24 hours after surgery. The data was obtained by interviews and medical records consultation. Bivariate analysis was performed to study potential factors associated to PONV. Multiple logistics analysis identified a new prediction model to PONV adding detailed smoking status. Results: Incidence of PONV was of 30.8%. There was correlation among PONV and female sex, age, non-smoking, CINV and previous motion sickness. Risk of PONV was of 14.1% in smokers, 18.1% in individuals that quit smoking in less than a month, 24.7% in individuals that quit smoking between one and six months, 29.4% in those who quit smoking more than six months and 33.9% in individuals that never smoked. This correlation generated a new PONV prediction model, including detailed smoking status rather than the Apfel dichotomous variable of smoking (yes/no), ROC curve using Apfel´s model - AUC - 63.7% and new model - 67.9%. There was no correlation between type of surgery, chronic opioid use and PONV. Conclusion: Female sex, age, non-smoking, CINV, previous motion sickness was confirmed as risk factors for PONV and a new PONV prediction model was identified through the association between PONV and the detailed history of smoking and smoking quitting in the oncological population

Introdução: O sangramento colorretal é considerado um sinal de alarme e não deve ser ignorado. A perda de sangue pode não ser identificada pelo paciente, o que caracteriza a presença de sangue oculto. Este diagnóstico pode ser confirmado por testes de Pesquisa de Sangue Oculto nas Fezes (PSOF), através de métodos químicos ou imunoquímicos de identificação da hemoglobina. O resultado positivo de um teste de PSOF requer investigação complementar com colonoscopia, exame invasivo, de alto custo e que exige preparo intestinal. Justifica-se, portanto, a aplicação de um teste diagnóstico mais sensível e específico. No presente estudo, foram avaliados quatro diferentes testes de PSOF em 176 pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia e seus resultados foram comparados. Objetivos: 1) avaliar o grau de concordância entre os testes de PSOF e a colonoscopia. 2) avaliar a sensibilidade, a especificidade e os valores de predição dos testes químico e imunoquímico de PSOF, em pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia. Métodos: Pacientes com indicação de realizar colonoscopia foram submetidos também à PSOF pelo método químico (o-toluidina) e pelo método imunoquímico, empregando três kits comerciais disponíveis no mercado. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à indicação do exame colonoscópico, resultado da colonoscopia e uso de alimentos e medicamentos que pudessem interferir no resultado dos testes fecais. Fundamentado nos achados endoscópicos, a colonoscopia foi categorizada em positiva ou negativa, de acordo com a possível fonte de sangramento colorretal. O grau de concordância entre os testes de PSOF foi avaliado pelo índice Kappa. Resultados: Dos 176 pacientes, houve predomínio do sexo feminino (64,8%), com média de idade de 55,5 anos. As indicações clínicas mais frequentes para realização de colonoscopia foram alteração do hábito intestinal, doença inflamatória intestinal, dor abdominal e anemia. Os principais achados foram pólipos < 1 cm, doença diverticular não complicada do cólon e exame normal. Quarenta e quatro (25%) colonoscopias foram categorizadas como positivas quanto à fonte de sangramento colorretal. Observou-se concordância (p<0,05) entre todos os testes avaliados e a colonoscopia. O teste da o-toluidina apresentou concordância pobre (Kappa 0,03), enquanto os demais testes apresentaram concordância moderada (Kappa entre 0,43-0,48). O teste da o-toluidina revelou menor sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo em comparação aos testes imunoquímicos. Conclusões: Os testes imunoquímicos apresentaram melhores índices de concordância com a colonoscopia, quando comparados ao teste da o-toluidina. Os testes imunoquímicos revelaram maior sensibilidade, especificidade e valores de predição na detecção de sangramento colorretal / Introduction: Colorectal bleeding is considered an alarm sign and should not be ignored. Blood loss can not be identified by the patient, which characterizes the presence of occult blood. This diagnosis can be confirmed by Faecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT), through chemical or immunochemical methods. The positive outcome of a test requires complementary research FOBT with colonoscopy, an examination of invasive, costly and requires bowel preparation. It is justifiable, therefore, the application of diagnostic tests with better sensitivity and specificity. In the present study, we evaluated four different tests of PSOF in 176 patients undergoing colonoscopy and their results were compared. Objectives: 1) evaluate the degree of concordance between the PSOF tests and colonoscopy 2) assess the sensitivity, the specificity and the prediction values of the chemical and immunochemical FOBTs, in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods: Patients with indication of perform colonoscopy were subjected also to FOBT by the chemical method (toluidine test) and by the immunochemical method employing three commercial kits available in the market. Patients were evaluated regarding the indication of the colonoscopic examination, colonoscopy result, and use of foods and drugs that could interfere in the results of the faecal tests. Based on the endoscopic findings, the colonoscopy was rated as positive or negative, according to the possible colorectal bleeding source. The degree of accordance between FOBTs was evaluated by the Kappa index. Results: Among the 176 patients, there was a predominance of female gender (64.8%) with an average age of 55.5 years old. The most frequent clinical indication for colonoscopy were bowel habit changes, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain and anemia. The main findings of colonoscopy were polyps <1 cm, uncomplicated colonic diverticular disease and normal exam. Forty-four (25%) colonoscopies were categorized as positive as to the possible source of colorectal bleeding. There was agreement (p<0.05) between all tests evaluated and the colonoscopy. The toluidine test presented poor accordance (Kappa 0.03), while the others showed moderate concordance (Kappa 0.43-0.48). The toluidine test showed less sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value compared to immunochemical tests. Conclusions: Immunochemical tests showed the best indexes of agreement with colonoscopy, when compared to the toluidine test. The immunochemical tests have shown greater sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in detecting colorectal bleeding

Estudos prévios avaliando domínios neuropsicológicos, especialmente funções executivas, indicam a presença de déficits em portadores do Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo (TOC). No entanto, achados neste sentido são muitas vezes contraditórios. Estas divergências podem, em parte, ser explicadas a partir de limitações metodológicas como pareamento inadequado de pacientes e controles e o uso de medicamentos no momento da avaliação neuropsicológica. Este estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: 1) verificar o funcionamento neuropsicológico, especialmente das funções executivas, de pacientes portadores de TOC sem tratamento prévio comparados a controles normais; 2) identificar fatores neuropsicológicos preditivos de resposta a tratamento com terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo (TCCG) ou fluoxetina. Pacientes portadores de TOC (n=50) foram pareados com controles saudáveis (n=35) por gênero, idade, escolaridade, nível socioeconômico e lateralidade manual. Estes foram avaliados a partir de uma bateria neuropsicológica investigando: quociente intelectual, funções executivas, memória verbal e não verbal, habilidades sociais e funções motoras. Os pacientes portadores de TOC foram alocados em dois subgrupos: 26 foram submetidos a tratamento medicamentoso com fluoxetina e 24 foram submetidos a um protocolo de TCCG por 12 semanas. Encontramos déficits nos pacientes portadores de TOC quando comparados a controles saudáveis quanto à flexibilidade cognitiva (segundo teste de Hayling), funções motoras (pelo teste de Grooved pegboard) e habilidades sociais (pelo inventário de Del Prette). Algumas medidas neuropsicológicas foram preditivas de melhor resposta a ambos os tratamentos: maior número de respostas corretas no teste do California verbal learning test (CVLT) (Trials 1-5); maior rapidez na parte D 14 (Dots) do Victoria stroop test (VST); maior lentidão na parte W (Word) no VST e menor número de erros na parte C (Colors) do VST (principalmente à TCCG). Maior quociente intelectual (QI) verbal se associou com melhor resposta à TCCG. Menor número de respostas perseverativas no CVLT se associou com melhor resposta à TCCG e pior resposta à medicação. Concluindo, neste estudo portadores de TOC apresentaram déficits na flexibilidade mental, habilidades sociais e funções motoras. Medidas neuropsicológicas como QI verbal, memória verbal e controle inibitório foram preditivas de resposta ao tratamento. Padrões específicos das habilidades verbais e perserveração se associaram de forma diferenciada á resposta a TCCG ou à fluoxetina. Assim, a avaliação neuropsicológica, pode auxiliar não só na indicação do melhor tratamento, mas também alertar o clínico para aqueles pacientes com maiores chances de não resposta ao tratamento de primeira escolha, nos quais medidas adicionais devem ser associadas. / Previous studies assessing neuropsychological domains, especially executive functions, indicate the presence of deficits in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, findings in this sense are often contradictory. These discrepancies may partly be explained by methodological limitations such as inadequate matching of patients and controls and use of medication at the time of neuropsychological assessment. This study had two aims: 1) to assess the neuropsychological functioning, especially in executive functions in OCD patients without prior treatment compared with healthy controls and 2) to identify neuropsychological predictors of response to treatment with fluoxetine or cognitivebehavioral therapy in group (CBTG). Patients with OCD (n=50) were matched with healthy controls (n=35) by gender, age, education, socioeconomic status and handedness. Patients and controls were evaluated with a neuropsychological battery investigating: intellectual quotient (IQ), executive functions, motor functions, verbal memory and non-verbal, social skills and motor function. OCD patients were allocated into two subgroups: 24 were submitted to GCBT for 12 weeks and 26 underwent treatment with fluoxetine. We found deficits in OCD patients compared to healthy controls in cognitive flexibility (Hayling test), motor functions (Grooved pegboard test) and social skills (inventory of Del Prette). Some neuropsychological measures were predictive of a better response to both treatments: greater number of correct answers on the California verbal learning test (CVLT) (Trials 1-5); greater speed on board D (Dots) of the Victoria stroop test (VST); greater slowness on board W (Word) of VST and fewer errors on the board C (Colors) of VST (primarily in TCCG). Greater verbal IQ was associated with better response to CBTG. Fewer perseveration answers in the 17 CVLT was associated with better response to CBTG and worse response to fluoxetine. In conclusion, patients with OCD showed deficits in cognitive flexibility, social skills and motor functions compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychological measures such as verbal IQ, verbal memory and inhibitory control were predictive of treatment response. Specific patterns of verbal abilities and mental flexibility predicted different treatment response to GCBT or fluoxetine. Thus, neuropsychological assessment may provide important information for treatment choice in clinical settings and may alert clinicians to those patients that are most likely non-responders, in whom additional treatment modalities should be implemented.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata é a neoplasia sólida mais comum em homens. Na doença localizada, as alternativas de tratamento cirúrgico são a Prostatectomia Radical Retropúbica (PRR), Prostatectomia Radical Perineal (PRP), Prostatectomia Radical Laparoscópica (PRL) e Prostatectomia Radical Robótica Assistida (PRRA). A cirurgia robótica tem recebido atenção de especialistas pelas perspectivas de melhores resultados funcionais, se comparado às demais técnicas, porém não há evidências suficientes na literatura que defina fatores prognósticos para os resultados funcionais. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em portadores de câncer de próstata localizado submetidos à PRRA. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se vídeos de 143 PRRA realizadas de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2012 no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Brasil) por um único cirurgião. A potência sexual foi avaliada considerando os parâmetros de dissecção bilateral ou unilateral, nota de dissecção, uso de cautério, uso de tração, uso de pontos hemostáticos no Feixe Vásculo Nervoso (FVN) e dados pré e pós-operatórios. Em relação à continência urinária, considerou-se o comprimento e qualidade do coto uretral, o tamanho do colo vesical e dados pré e pós-operatórios. No pós-operatório, potência sexual foi definida como a capacidade de penetração em mais de 50% das tentativas de intercurso sexual (escore >= 3 na Questão 2 do IIEF-5) com ou sem o uso de inibidores de Fosfodiesterase tipo 5. Continência urinária foi considerada quando não houve necessidade do uso de forros ou, se usados, que fosse no máximo um e apenas como segurança, ou que apresentaram escore zero no ICIQ-SF. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correlação para recuperação da potência com dissecção bilateral do FVN (p=0,001), maior nota de dissecção do FVN no 6º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p < 0,01), mediana de nota 9 para dissecção do FVN (p < 0,01), menor idade no 6º (p < 0,01) e 24º mês (p=0,01), idade média de 59 (p=0,007), 58,35 (p=0,02) e 57,7 anos (p=0,005) no 6º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, peso corporal médio de 76,18 Kg (p=0,01), peso prostático com mediana de 31 g (p=0,03), menor valor de Gleason total (p=0,03), Gleason total com mediana de 6 (p=0,009), mediana de 12 fragmentos retirados (p=0,001), menor volume tumoral no 1º (p=0,01) e 18º mês (p=0,02), volume tumoral com mediana de 5,25 (p=0,03), 5,40 (p=0,02) e 5,25 cm³ (p=0,04) no 1º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, tumor unilateral (p=0,02), e ausência de invasão capsular (p=0,02). As variáveis, uso de cautério, tração e pontos hemostáticos no FVN não apresentaram correlação com recuperação de potência sexual. A continência urinária apresentou correlação com maior tempo de cirurgia no 3º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p=0,02), mediana de tempo de cirurgia de 3,45 (p=0,001), 3,35 (p=0,04) e 3,30 horas (p=0,04) no 3º, 6º e 12º mês, respectivamente. As variáveis, comprimento do coto uretral, qualidade do coto uretral e tamanho do colo vesical não se correlacionaram com continência urinária, apesar de tamanho do colo vesical mostrar tendência com mediana de 15,92 mm (p=0,054). CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis, dissecção bilateral, nota de dissecção do FVN, idade, peso corporal, peso da próstata, Gleason total, número de fragmentos retirados, volume tumoral, estadiamento tumoral e tempo de cirurgia apresentaram-se como ferramentas úteis para definir fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em homens portadores de câncer de próstata localizado, submetidos à PRRA / INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the most common solid malignancy in men. For localized disease, surgical alternatives include Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy (RRP), Radical Perineal Prostatectomy (RPP), Radical Laparoscopic Prostatectomy (RLP) and Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP). The robotic approach has received great attention, due to the perspective of better functional outcomes when compared to the other surgical alternatives; however, there is not enough evidence in the literature to define prognostic factors for functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic factors for functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP. METHODS: We analyzed the video files of 143 RARP performed by a single surgeon between January 2009 and 2012 at Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Sexual potency was evaluated considering unilateral or bilateral dissection, grade of dissection, use of electrocautery, use of traction, and use of hemostatic stitches on the neurovascular bundles (NVB), and pre and postoperative data. Urinary continence was evaluated considering the length and quality of the urethral stump, size of the bladder neck, and pre and postoperative data. Postoperatively, sexual potency was defined as successful vaginal penetration in more than 50% of sexual intercourses (IIEF-5, Question 2, score >= 3) with or without the use of Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Urinary continence was defined as no pad use, or the use of up to one pad for safety, or an ICIQ-SF score of zero. RESULTS: For the sexual potency recovery, we found correlations with bilateral NVB dissection (p=0.001), higher NVB dissection grade at 6º month (p<0.01) and 12º month (p < 0.01), median NVB dissection grade of 9 (p < 0.01), younger age at 6º month (p < 0.01) and 24º month (p<0.01), mean age of 59 (p=0.007), 58.35 (p=0.01) and 57.7 years (p=0.005) at the 6º, 18º and 24º months respectively, median body weight of 76.18 kilograms (p=0.01), median prostatic weight of 31 g (p=0.03), lower total Gleason score (p=0.03), total Gleason with a median of 6 (p=0.009), median of 12 fragments removed at biopsy (p=0.001), lower tumor volume at 1º (p=0.01) and 18º months (p=0.02), median tumor volume of 5.25 (p=0.03), 5.40 (p=0.02) and 5.25cc (p=0.04) at 1º, 18º and 24º months respectively, unilateral tumor (p=0.02), and absence of capsular invasion (p=0.02). Use of electrocautery, traction and hemostatic stitches on the NVB where not significant. Urinary continence showed correlation with longer surgical times at 3º (p < 0.01) and 12º months (p=0.02), median surgical times of 3.45 (p=0.001), 3.35 (p=0.04) and 3.3 hours (p=0.04) at 3º, 6º and 12º months, respectively. Urethral stump length, quality, and bladder neck size did not show correlation with continence, although there was a trend for bladder necks of 15.92 mm (p=0.054). CONCLUSIONS: The following parameters: NVB bilateral dissection, NVB dissection grade, patient age and weight, prostate weight, total Gleason, number of removed fragments, tumor volume, tumor stage, and surgical time are useful prognostic factors for predicting functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP