Bakgrund: Antibiotikaresistens är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem vars ökning kan leda till att antibiotikabehandlingens verkan uteblir. Att förebygga antibiotikaresistens kan göras på många olika sätt, där utgångspunkten är att minska dagens antibiotikaanvändning för att i sin tur minska förekomsten av resistenta bakterier så framtida generationer kan behandla svåra infektioner. Sjuksköterskan är central i detta arbete till följd av omvårdnadsarbetets täta patientkontakt.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans kunskaper om förebyggande arbete gällande antibiotikaresistens.  Metod: Metoden var en allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar.  Resultat: Tre teman identifierades: Sjuksköterskans kunskap om antibiotika och antibiotikaresistens, där sjuksköterskans kunskap om antibiotika generellt visades god medan kunskapen om antibiotikaresistens var något mer varierande. Sjuksköterskans förmåga och kunskap att arbeta enligt förebyggande praxis, vilket visade att sjuksköterskan till stor del hade god följsamhet att förebygga infektioner och därmed antibiotikaresistens. Desto högre utbildning och erfarenhet, desto bättre kunskap och följsamhet, vilket visade olika orsaker som ledde till bättre kunskap och följsamhet.  Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visade att kunskap om antibiotikaresistens är nödvändigt för sjuksköterskor att ha för att de ska kunna arbeta förebyggande. Att öka kunskapen hos sjuksköterskor gällande antibiotikaresistens och hur det förebyggs i kliniskt arbete kan leda till en framtid där vi fortfarande kan behandla patienter med antibiotika. / Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem whose increase can cause antibiotic treatment to fail. Preventing antibiotic resistance can be done in many ways, where the basis is to reduce today’s antibiotic use in order to reduce the occurrence of resistant bacteria so that future generations can treat severe infections. The nurse is central in this work because of the frequent patient contact in nursing care.  Aim: The aim was to describe nurse’s knowledge of preventative work regarding antibiotic resistance.  Method: The method used was a general literature review based on ten research articles.  Results: Three themes were identified: Nurse’s knowledge regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, where the nurse’s knowledge of antibiotics was generally shown to be good, while the knowledge of antibiotic resistance was somewhat more variable. Nurse’s ability and knowledge to work preventative, which showed that the nurse largely had good compliance to prevent infections and thus antibiotic resistance. The higher the education and experience, the better the knowledge and compliance, which showed different reasons that led to better knowledge and compliance.   Conclusions: This literature review showed that knowledge about antibiotic resistance is necessary for nurses to possess in order to prevent it in their profession. Increased nursing knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance and how to prevent it in clinical work results in a future where we are still able to treat patients with antibiotics.

Background: Hotels are considered a risky environment because guests are not expected to be awake and are expected to have poor local knowledge. Although hotels doesn’t have acceptable fire protection according to the only previously known study in this area. This is a problem because every four to five days there is a hotel fire. The hotels would be able to reach an acceptable fire safety by pursuing a systematic fire protection and take certain construction actions. Aim: Identifying details that need to be introduced in hotels daily work with fire protection based on the Swedish law and case studies. Method: A literature review and two case studies of hotel fires. Results: The hotel in Sweden followed the Swedish legislation in force in 2009 and had a good organizational fire protection. The hotel mainly needed to improve was the structural fire protection, adapted for disabled people, control of the acoustics in the evacuation alarm and had more smoke detectors. The hotel in England didn’t follow the law in force in England in 2007 and was nearly entirely lacking fire protection. They needed primarily improve the structural fire protection, adapted for disabled people, upgrade their alarm, had several smoke detectors and had a systematic fire protection. Conclusion: Swedish legislation still needs to be clear up because there is still room for interpretation of the laws as they are functional requirements. It is good that the Swedish legislation has adapted to fires that already has occurred in Sweden, but what could be done better today is motivate hotels to get involved in their fire protection. A committed management in hotels means better systematic fire protections and more money spend on the fire protection. One way to motivate hotel managements is to further inform about the consequences of a fire and to encourage hotels to certify themselves. But is not enough to only have a good systematic fire protection, the technical fire protection also needs to upgrade. It should be introduce higher demands that the hotels should be more handicap-friendly and update their fire alarms, because it saves lives and lower the material damage.

This study aims to investigate how social services in a county in central Sweden work preventively against honor-related violence and oppression. The study aims to investigate the obstacles, challenges and preventive opportunities that social workers face in the work. Based on a qualitative data collection method in which six social secretaries were interviewed, the study has shown that the majority of respondents have a critical view towards that the problem of honor is cultured and investigated solely from cultural features. The study also showed that the respondents felt that there was a lack of competence in the social service regarding honor matters and emphasized that there is a great need for excellence in education on the subject and also that there was a great need for aimed education in fields that focus on honour related violence and oppression. It was found that respondents disagreed on whether the social service´s work is preventing honor-related violence and oppression. Some of the socialworkers considered that the social service`s work is preventing and some disagreed. The respondents also emphasized the importance of increased cooperation between the social services and the school in preventing the work against the violence.

Daily routines in the home are typically the most common interactions for children with their siblings and parents. When a child exhibits challenging behavior in these routines, it can cause a strain on the family as well as the child's ability to learn a more appropriate behavior. This study examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of an adapted version of the Prevent-Teach- Reinforce (PTR) intervention with three families of young children with developmental disabilities. The school-based PTR manual was adapted for treatment use in a family context. The study assessed the family adherence to the collaboratively developed PTR intervention, family use of the behavior rating scale, social validity, procedural integrity, and child behavior behaviors during the routines. A multiple-baseline design across children was used to examine the impact of the PTR intervention on child behavior within the routine. Results indicated that the PTR interventions were successful in demonstrating an increase in appropriate behaviors and a decrease in challenging behaviors across children. The results also indicated that parents were able to successfully use the behavior rating scale to measure each child's behavior.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaMFC_DISSERT.pdf: 2245100 bytes, checksum: 6767d743f82a0331f6a77a2f112164d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Several epidemics marked the lives of individuals and communities in all historical periods, and a prime example is leprosy, infectious disease marked by stigma, prejudice and social exclusion. In the past, the compulsory isolation of patients with leprosy caused serious social and psychological problems, resulting in the separation and the partial or total disruption of the family relationship. Children deprived of this living, removed often inhumanely, were kept and bred in preventoriums / educational establishments. This study aimed to: rescue the oral history of life of the children of leprosy patients that were built in preventorium Osvaldo Cruz, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte; develop a contextual analysis about these children; know the life trajectory of children of leprosy patients institutionalized in preventoriums / educational establishments; produce a documentary on the history of life of children of parents separated by leprosy; forming MORHAN of Rio Grande do Norte state; and implement the I Meeting of MORHAN of Rio Grande do Norte state. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, approved by the ERC No. 024/024/2012 Liga Norteriograndense Contra o C?ncer. We used the contributions of the method and technique of oral history of life as methodological reference. We interviewed 10 individuals egress from preventorium Osvaldo Cruz in Natal/RN, sons of former patients proven to be residents in the city, of both sexes, older than 18, with cognitive, intellectual and emotional conditions preserved. The analysis of the histories obtained from collaborators was performed in the light of Thematic Content Analysis. The results and discussions are presented through two articles which meet the proposed objectives. The first, called Contextual Analysis on the children of leprosy patients in preventoriums aimed to record the phenomenon of children of leprosy patients in preventorium through four contextual levels, which identified the need to broaden the debate on public policy in the field of leprosy as a way to enable more effective measures to propagate in the search for harm reduction and direct consequences resulting from stigma and marginalization around patients and their healthy children, egress from preventoriums. The second, Leprosy and the denial of history: the story of separated children , aimed to know the life trajectory of children of leprosy patients who were institutionalized in preventoriums / educational establishments. In this article, we discuss the research question through the establishment of three main themes: 1. Losses and damages: disintegration and reintegration into the family and denied childhood; 2. Unforgettable: remarkable things you do not forget; and 3. Expectancy in living new situations: in search of other paths and destinations. These thematic axis highlighted the negative implications for the lives of the subjects, arising from the separation of their parents, leprosy patients at the time of compulsory isolation; however, has also been shown that this separation was not decisive in their life histories, once they have succeeded in providing a new sense of these experiences and lead their lives with dignity and fortitude. It was concluded that these children demonstrated resilience as form of defense and fighting stigma and prejudice, being able to reinvent themselves and build new paths and destinations / V?rias epidemias marcaram a vida das pessoas e coletividades, em todos os per?odos hist?ricos, sendo um dos principais exemplos a hansen?ase, doen?a infecto-contagiosa, marcada pelo estigma, preconceito e exclus?o social. No passado, o isolamento compuls?rio dos pacientes portadores de hansen?ase causou s?rios problemas sociais e psicol?gicos, resultando no afastamento e na ruptura total ou parcial do v?nculo familiar. Os filhos privados desse conv?vio, retirados muitas vezes de forma desumana, foram confinados e criados em prevent?rios/educand?rios. Este estudo teve como objetivo: resgatar a hist?ria oral de vida dos filhos de portadores de hansen?ase que foram internos no prevent?rio/educand?rio Osvaldo Cruz, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte; elaborar uma an?lise contextual sobre os filhos de portadores nos prevent?rios; conhecer a trajet?ria de vida de filhos de doentes de hansen?ase institucionalizados em prevent?rios/educand?rios; elaborar um document?rio sobre a hist?ria de vida dos filhos separados da Hansen?ase; formar o MORHAN-Potiguar; e implementar o I Encontro Estadual do MORHAN-Potiguar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa explorat?ria e descritiva, com uma abordagem qualitativa, aprovado pelo CEP n? 024/024/2012 - Liga Norteriograndense de C?ncer. Utilizou-se das contribui??es do m?todo e t?cnica da hist?ria oral de vida como referencial metodol?gico. Entrevistou-se 10 egressos do prevent?rio/educand?rio Osvaldo Cruz em Natal/RN, filhos de ex-doentes comprovadamente, residentes na capital potiguar, de ambos os sexos; maiores de idade; com condi??es cognitivas, intelectuais e emocionais preservadas. A an?lise das hist?rias obtidas dos colaboradores foi realizada ? luz da An?lise de Conte?do Tem?tica. Os resultados e discuss?es s?o apresentados atrav?s de dois artigos, os quais atendem aos objetivos propostos. O primeiro denominado: An?lise contextual sobre os filhos de portadores de hansen?ase nos prevent?rios objetivou registrar o fen?meno dos filhos de portadores de hansen?ase no prevent?rio, atrav?s de quatro n?veis contextuais, os quais identificaram a necessidade de amplia??o do debate em torno das pol?ticas p?blicas no campo da hansen?ase, como forma de possibilitar que medidas mais efetivas sejam propagadas, na busca pela redu??o dos danos e consequ?ncias diretas resultantes do estigma e marginaliza??o em torno dos doentes e seus filhos sadios, egressos de prevent?rios. O segundo, Hansen?ase e a nega??o da hist?ria: trajet?ria de filhos separados, objetivou conhecer a trajet?ria de vida de filhos de doentes de hansen?ase que foram institucionalizados em prevent?rios/educand?rios. Neste artigo, discute-se a quest?o de pesquisa atrav?s do estabelecimento de tr?s eixos tem?ticos: 1. Perdas e danos: desintegra??o e reintegra??o familiar e a inf?ncia negada; 2. Inesquec?vel: coisas marcantes que n?o se esquece; 3. Expectativa em viver o novo: em busca de outros caminhos e destinos. Esses eixos tem?ticos destacaram as implica??es negativas para a vida dos colaboradores, decorrentes da separa??o dos seus pais doentes de hansen?ase na ?poca do isolamento compuls?rio, no entanto, tamb?m foi evidenciado que essa separa??o n?o foi determinante em suas hist?rias de vida, haja vista, terem conseguido proporcionar um novo sentido a essas viv?ncias e conduzirem suas vidas com dignidade e fortaleza. Concluiu-se que os filhos separados demonstraram resili?ncia como forma de defesa e enfrentamento do estigma e preconceito; sendo capazes de se reinventarem e constru?rem novos caminhos e destinos

Denna studie handlar om lässvårigheter och hur lärare arbetar i klassrummet för att upptäcka lässvårigheter samt åtgärda och förebygga problematiken. I en PISA-undersökning som gjordes 2012 framkommer att elever i Sverige förbättrat resultatet inom läsförståelse avsevärt sedan undersökningar som genomfördes mellan 2000-2012. Det är i första hand lågpresterande elever som står för resultatförbättringen. Också Lärarnas Riksförbund (2014) genomförde en undersökning gällande läsförmåga i grundskolan. I denna undersökning framkommer att 40% av lärarna i högstadiet upplever att eleverna inte har tillräcklig läsförmåga. För att kunna ge eleverna möjlighet att lyckas med läsinlärningen är det viktigt att lärare är medvetna om sitt arbetssätt för att eventuellt kunna förändra och förbättra sin undervisning för ett bättre resultat hos eleverna, samt vara uppmärksam på eventuella svårigheter. Studien bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer av behöriga verksamma lärare som kontinuerligt undervisar i ämnet svenska och läsinlärning. Resultatet visar att respondenterna är relativt eniga i sina svar om hur de arbetar för att främja en gynnsam läsutveckling och arbetar för att upptäcka och förebygga lässvårigheter. Vidare att de anser högläsning vara gynnsamt för elevernas utveckling läsförståelse och ordförråd. Det är dock inte självklart att man tillräckligt snabbt får de hjälpmedel man som lärare anser sig behöva för att kunna stötta eleverna i deras läsutveckling. / This study is about reading difficulties and how teachers work in the classroom to detect reading difficulties and how to prevent and work pre-emptively with the problems. In a PISA survey done in 2012 it is evident that the results for Swedish students have greatly improved in reading comprehension since the survey was first done between the years 2000-2012. It is mainly low achieving students who show an improvement. Also, Lärarnas Riksförbund (2014) did a survey regarding reading comprehension in Primary and Secondary School. In this survey it says that 40% of teachers in Secondary School believe students do not have sufficient reading abilities. To give the students the opportunity to succeed, in learning how to read; it is important that the teachers are aware of how they teach to make changes and improve their techniques to achieve better results with the students, and in addition be mindful of any difficulties. The study is built upon six semi-structured interviews of competent professional teachers who continuously teach the subject Swedish as well as learning how to read. The result shows that the respondents are relatively unanimous in their responses on how they work to encourage a positive development in reading comprehension and how to detect and pre-emptively deal with reading difficulties. Furthermore, they think reading out loud is positive for the development of the students reading comprehension skills and for vocabulary. However, it is not certain that one will promptly receive the tools which as a teacher they deem necessary to support the students in their reading development.

I diskussionen kring hur stater bör förhålla sig till varandra när främmande människor i andra stater utsätts för lidande av sin egen statsledning ställs ofta idéer om globala humanitära rättigheter, som utvecklats efter andra världskriget och förintelsen, emot normer om staters okränkbarhet och principen om att inte intervenera i andra staters interna verksamhet. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning begreppet Responsibility to Prevent tillämpats i FN:s säkerhetsråds agerande under en samtida konfliktsituation, detta med bakgrund i utvecklingen av det nya tankesättet med global humanitär rätt som ett gemensamt internationellt ansvar. Arbetet behandlar teorierna solidarism, pluralism och realism. För att söka svaret på frågeställningarna används kvalitativ textanalys av skriftliga öppna källor. Insamlingen av empiriska data består av tryckt media, officiella dokument samt texter och artiklar tagna från internet. Resultatet från arbetet visar att Förenta Nationernas säkerhetsråd till viss del har agerat i enlighet med begreppet Responsibility to Prevent. Vidare redogör arbetet för att två inflytelserika, permanenta medlemmar i säkerhetsrådet har motiverat sitt ställningstagande utifrån olika synsätt på hur konflikten bör hanteras och att deras motiveringar påverkats av deras skilda synsätt på statssuveränitet och intervention. Undersökningen leder även fram till slutsatsen att vetorätten i säkerhetsrådet, under konflikten i Syrien 2011-2012, har begränsat utvecklingen och implementeringen av tankesättet att säkerheten för världens befolkning ska betraktas som ett gemensamt ansvar.

Samhället utmanas idag av många svårlösta problem som bland annat hur vi ska klara vård och omsorg samt den arbetslöshet som gör det svårt för ungdomar att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. Ansvaret för insatser på välfärdsområdet vilar på landsting och kommuner. De barn och ungdomar som har svårigheter med att klara målen i skolan riskerar att hamna i utanförskap som vuxna. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur specialpedagogers och speciallärares handlingsutrymme ser ut i arbetet med elever som riskerar att hamna i utanförskap. Den kvalitativa studien genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet till studien, baserades på specialpedagogers och speciallärares erfarenheter, svaren utvärderades med tematisk analys. Det analyserade materialet kopplades till tidigare forskning, handlingsteorin och den ekologiska utvecklingsteorin. Vår slutsats blev att handlingsutrymmet påverkas av såväl kreativitet och kunskap som tid och ekonomi men viktigaste faktorn är ledningens vilja och engagemang, det är de som har makten. / The society today is challenged with many difficult issues, such as how to manage health and social care, and the unemployment that makes it difficult for young people to establish themselves in the labor market. The responsibility for welfare initiatives rests on county councils and municipalities. The children and adolecents who are having difficulty in achieving the goals in school are likely to end up in alienation. The purpose with this study was to investigate the latitude of special educateors and special teachers in their work with pupils at risk of alienation. The qualitative study was conducted with semistructured interviews. The material for the study was based on the experiences of special educators and special teachers, the answers was evaluated with thematic analysis. The analyzed material was linked to previous research, action theory and the ecological systems theory. Our conclusion was that the latitude is affected by creativity and knowledge as well as time and finances, but the most crucial factor is the will and commitment of management, those who have the power.

This study evaluated the implementation of the school-based Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) model within multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) for elementary school students engaging in high levels of problem behavior. Three students and their classroom teachers in two public schools participated in the team-based PTR process during which they engaged in teaming and goal setting, functional behavior assessment, intervention, and evaluation. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the impact of using the PTR model on student problem and replacement behaviors. Direct and indirect observations of student behaviors were conducted across target and generalization academic time periods. Findings indicate that the PTR intervention effectively reduced problem behavior and increased replacement behavior for all three participating students in both target and generalization academic time periods. Social validity assessments with the participating teachers and students indicated high levels of acceptability of and satisfaction with the PTR intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes. Implications for using the PTR model within MTSS for students who are not responding to Tier 2 interventions are discussed.

Background: Men´s violence against women in relationship is a global healthproblem. 30% of all women in the world have at some point been exposed to violence in relationships. The problem tends to increase despite attempts to prevent the problem. Aim: The aim of this study is to achieve a deeper knowledge of prevention work to prevent violence against women in relationships. Methods: The study is based on six individual qualitative interviews with criminal investigative within the police and therapists in prison. Crime prevention models are used to analyze the qualitative interviews. Results: The results from this study show that poor self-esteem is a major risk factor for men´s violence against women in relationships. The criminal investigative och therapist agreed that the problem must be tackled at an early age. Conclusion: We need to start working and strengthening individs poor self-esteem at an early age through social crime prevention. When men have reached the stage where they are subject of the judiciary, the violence has often lasted a long time and the men have extensive problems.