O contexto de conflitos e violências no espaço escolar desafia a sociedade, formuladores de políticas públicas, gestores e academia a repensar possibilidades de ativação de formas de entendimento mediadas pela palavra. A pesquisa propõe um olhar comunicacional para os relacionamentos no interior da escola, com foco na gramática estudantil de ação e conversação. Seu método é o estudo de caso realizado em um estabelecimento público (estadual) de ensino na cidade de São Paulo, em que foram realizados 14 debates envolvendo 94 alunos de ensino médio. Elementos conceituais e normativos de comunicação pública fundamentam toda a investigação. O modelo metodológico é o da mediação transformativa, baseado no paradigma do construcionismo social, que se orienta para a facilitação de diálogos. As técnicas de condução dos debates (tratados como argumentos conversacionais) e as análises de dados incluem dois vetores fundamentais, que são a autoafirmação dos sujeitos e o reconhecimento de seus interlocutores. A pesquisa guia-se ainda pela perspectiva de fortalecimento da percepção coletiva na escola como comunidade de comunicação. Com apoio da pragmática da linguagem, as conclusões apontam para a emergência de enlaces argumentativos entre os estudantes, permitindo formas narrativas de complemento e apoio entre si. As subjetividades encontraram formas de se manifestar por meio de debates, recebendo a acolhida de colegas e, com eles, formando correntes discursivas - o que se configurou como uma gramática especial de argumentação. Da mesma forma, foram registradas expressões de desrespeito que terminaram reguladas pela fala. A pesquisa encontrou na escola conflitos de gênero, expressões de exclusão em diferentes campos e demandas reprimidas de escuta entre as autoridades educacionais. Os debates mediados apresentaram-se como oportunidades de encontros, de formação e de negociação entre os estudantes, o que permite a indicação de recomendações para novas pesquisas e encaminhamentos comunicacionais na escola. / The context of conflicts and violence in the school challenges society, policymakers, managers and scholars to rethink the possibilities of activating forms of mutual understanding by the mediation of word. The research proposes a communicative look at relationships within school, with a focus on student´s grammar of action and conversation. Its method is the case study carried out in a public (state) teaching establishment in the city of São Paulo, where 14 debates were held involving 94 high school students. Conceptual and normative elements of public communication support the whole investigation. The methodological model is that of transformative mediation, based on the paradigm of social constructionism, which is oriented towards the facilitation of dialogues. The techniques of conducting the debates (treated as conversational arguments) and the data analysis include two fundamental vectors, which are the self-affirmation of the individuals and the recognition of their interlocutors. The research is also guided by the perspective of strengthening the collective perception in the school as a community of communication. With the support of discourse pragmatics, the conclusions point to the emergence of argumentative links between students, allowing narrative forms of complementing and supporting among themselves. Individualities found ways to manifest themselves through debates, receiving the reception of colleagues and, with them, forming a discursive chain - which has been configured as a special grammar of argumentation. In the same way, expressions of disrespect were registered and were regulated in the speech. The research found in the school a range of conflicts of gender, expressions of exclusion in different fields and repressed demands of listening by the educational authorities. The mediated debates were presented as opportunities for comprehension, communicative training and negotiation among students, which allows the indication of recommendations for new research and communication referrals in the school.

Avec l’ouverture d’Internet au public, en 1994, une nouvelle offre journalistique alternative naît à travers le monde. À l’initiative de professionnels expérimentés et reconnus, ces sites d’information s'inscrivent dans un projet idéologique et démocratique commun : l’Internet Media Dreamin’. Ils rêvent de réhabiliter un journalisme engagé dans les intérêts démocratiques et citoyens, qui a été perverti au fil des années par des logiques économiques de marché. Pour ce faire, les dreamers’ adhèrent au cyberespace public, ainsi qu’à ses promesses d’autonomisation citoyenne, de désinstitutionnalisation du débat public et de liberté du partage informationnel. Internet est pour eux bien plus qu’une technologie : c’est une solution qui leur permettrait de dribbler un environnement informationnel hégémonique. Portée sur le processus de reconfiguration du paysage journalistique, cette thèse interroge la capacité de l’offre alternative en ligne à rompre avec les hiérarchies institutionnalisées de l’information, en proposant des espaces médiatiques qui favorisent l’expression citoyenne polyphonique. Ce questionnement initial est décliné en trois perspectives de réflexion : 1) l’individu et son action médiatique citoyenne ; 2) les instances médiatiques et leur positionnement communicationnel dans le débat public ; et 3) les structures médiatiques et les pratiques journalistiques. Notre panel d'étude est composé par 50 pure players d’information du Brésil et de la France : un média global ayant des déclinaisons dans les deux pays étudiés et 48 projets alternatifs nationaux. Pour son traitement, nous avons mené une analyse de contenus thématique à partir des données récoltées lors de veilles documentaires réalisées entre 2016 et 2019, et de 31 entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des producteurs de contenus inscrits dans les projets étudiés. Inspirés par le dispositif d’analyse de genre d’information médiatique établi par Patrick Charaudeau (1997, 2006, 2011), nous avons procédé à l'analyse de discours de publications selon deux « thèmes-événements » (Soulages, 2002) : la condition féminine et les élections présidentielles de 2017 en France et de 2018 au Brésil. Pour la réalisation de cette étude, 3 147 textes ont été récoltés à l’aide de méthodes manuelles et automatiques, puis traités à partir du positionnement et des degrés d’engagement des locuteurs selon deux axes : postures énonciatives et points de vue discursifs. Pour structurer nos discussions, notre thèse est organisée en deux parties, renvoyant à la temporalité évolutive du développement idéologique et médiatique des projets journalistiques alternatifs en ligne. La première partie, intitulée « en Rêve », révèle une problématisation théorique et empirique de trois projets idéologiques et démocratiques que nous avons convenu d’appeler Internet Dreamin’, Media Dreamin’ et Internet Media Dreamin’. Ensuite « en Chair et en Os » est dédiée à l’incarnation de l’Internet Media Dreamin’ dans et par le corps social. Pour cela, nous développons trois chapitres structurés à partir des tensions établies par les producteurs d’information alternatifs par rapport aux modèles journalistiques dominants : 1) voix bourgeoise et citoyenne ; 2) information homogène et hétérogène ; 3) dépendance et indépendance médiatique. En plus des discussions théoriques et empiriques, cette thèse a pour ambition de proposer une méthodologie pour la constitution des cartographies discursives, révélatrices du degré d’engagement de l’offre médiatique. / With the opening of the Internet to the public, in 1994, a new alternative journalistic offer emerged around the world. On the initiative of experienced and recognized professionals, these news websites are part of a common ideological and democratic project: the Internet Media Dreamin'. It represents the dream of rehabilitating a journalism committed to democratic interests and citizens, which has been perverted over the years by the economic logic of the market. To achieve this, these dreamers' adhere to the public cyberspace, as well as to its promises of citizen empowerment, deinstitutionalization of the public debate, and freedom of information sharing. For them, the Internet is more than a technology: it is a solution that would allow them to circumvent a hegemonic information environment. Focusing on the process of reconfiguration of the journalistic landscape, this PhD thesis questions the ability of the online alternative offer to break with the institutional hierarchies of information, by proposing media spaces that promote a polyphonic citizen expression. This initial questioning is developed from three perspectives: 1) the individual and their citizen and media action; 2) the media and their communication positioning in the public debate; and 3) media structures and journalistic practices.Our study panel is composed of 50 news pure plays from Brazil and from France: a global one with editions in each of the two countries, and 48 alternative national projects. For its treatment, we implemented a thematic content analysis based on data collected through information monitoring conducted between 2016 and 2019, and 31 semi-structured interviews with content producers involved in the projects studied. Inspired by the method of media information gender analysis established by Patrick Charaudeau (1997, 2006, 2011), we analyzed the discourse of two "event-theme" articles (Soulages, 2002): women's condition and presidential elections of 2017 in France and 2018 in Brazil. To carry out this study, 3,147 texts were collected using manual and automatic methods, then processed according to the positions and the engagement levels of the speakers, according to two axes: enunciative postures and discursive points of view. To structure our discussions, this thesis is organized in two parts, which refer to the temporal evolution of the ideological and media development of alternative online journalistic projects. The first part, entitled "In Dreams", reveals a theoretical and empirical problematization of three ideological and democratic projects, that we call Internet Dreamin', Media Dreamin' and Internet Media Dreamin '. Then "In flesh and blood" aims to ponder about the incarnation process of the Internet Media Dreamin' in and by the social body. For this, we develop three chapters based on the tensions established by alternative journalism producers regarding the dominant journalistic models: 1) bourgeois and citizen voice; 2) homogeneous and heterogeneous information; 3) dependent and independent media. In addition to these theoretical and empirical contributions, this thesis aims to propose a methodology for the constitution of discursive cartography, eliciting the degree of commitment of the media offer.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze debates and discourses about the public library in Swedish media from the 1970s up to and including 2006. The empirical material is derived from TV, radio and the daily press and by using discourse theory and methodology a number of debates are problematized. The result of the analysis showed similarities but also differences between dominant discourses during different decades. One discourse, termed the book discourse, recurs during all the decades of the study. The book discourse is primarily associated with concepts such as printed books, good quality fiction and popular education. The 1970s is dominated by a discourse called the community centre discourse. It called for public libraries to become community centers for various kinds of cultural and political activities. The information mediation discourse appeared first in the 1980s and was present during the 1990s and the following decade. This discourse argues that public libraries should prioritize new technology and engage primarily in mediating information, irrespective of the format in which it is presented. The analysis as a whole also revealed that authors often had a prominent position in and exerted substantial influence over the content of the debates. Librarians, however, did not participate to any great extent in the debates. In the conclusion I argue that there are important aspects of the public library that does not appear in the material. The role of the library as a meeting place is one such absent theme. Another is the importance of the library to ensure integration. I argue that this invisibility is a result of the book discourse dominating the debate. If the public image of the library is defined from the viewpoint of the book discourse, the result can well be that the institution is equated with a specific media format - printed books. Because of significant changes in media consumption and the ongoing digitization of information, this focus could in the long run mean that the library risks loss of legitimacy. Describing the library as a cultural institution, as a community centre or as an information centre depends on different discourses that aim to further different wills and interests. By highlighting the political, professional and institutional interests articulated in dominant discourses on the public library in Swedish media during a period of almost 40 years, this study suggests that the media debates must be widened and opened up for more actors.

Šio magistrinio darbo tema „Lietuvos integracija į Europos Sąjungą: viešų diskusijų ir idėjų propagavimo analizė“. Darbo objektas – nuomonių ir diskusijų apie ES įtaką Lietuvos verslui visuma. Verslo sąvoka įvardijame Lietuvos įmones – darbdavius, darbuotojus ir vartotojus. Nuomonių šaltiniai šiuo atveju du dienraščiai – „Lietuvos rytas“ ir „Verslo žinios“ bei atlikto tyrimo respondentai – ekspertai, įmonių vadovai ir nuosavo verslo savininkai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - remiantis analizuojama medžiaga įvertinti, kokios pagrindinės tendencijos, objektai, temos vyrauja svarstymuose apie ES įtaką verslui. Darbe aptariami šie klausimai: kaip verslo ir ES santykį pateikia du Lietuvos dienraščiai - didžiausio tiražo „Lietuvos rytas“ ir verslo naujienų dienraštis „Verslo žinios“, kaip ES naudos ir grėsmės vertinamos tarp ekspertų, įmonių vadovų ir nuosavo verslo savininkų, kokios pagrindinės tendencijos vyrauja nagrinėjamuose dienraščiuose ir ar jos yra sąlygotos įtakingų verslo grupių. Dienraščių analizė parodė, kad „Verslo žinios“ pateikia objektyvesnę ir profesionalesnę informaciją nei „Lietuvos rytas“. „Lietuvos rytas“ daug dėmesio skiria politikų vaidmeniui ES integracijos procese, dažniausiai akcentuodamas neigiamas jų savybes – polinkį į korupciją, neprofesionalumą, egoizmą. Valdininkai įvardijami kaip viena kliūčių integracijoje į ES. Pagrindinė akcentuojama integracijos nauda – ES finansinė parama. „Verslo žinios“ išryškėjo kaip atviras nuomonėms ir diskusijoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This masters thesis deals with analysis of public discussion and ideas promotion during Lithuania's integration into European Union. The work gives an overview of debates on the EU's influence on Lithuanian business. As a concept of business this work identifies Lithuanian companies - employers, workers and consumers. Feedback sources in this case are two daily newspapers - "Lietuvos rytas" and "Verslo žinios" and the survey respondents - experts, business executives and business owners. The main purpose of this research - to evaluate the main trends, objects, events, that dominated the deliberations of the EU's influence on business. The paper covers the following topics: how the relationship between the EU and the busness was highlighted by two Lithuanian newspapers - the largest-circulation "Lietuvos rytas" and business news daily "Verslo žinios"; the EU's benefits and risk assessment among experts, business managers and business owners; what main trends prevailed in newspapers, and whether these trends were the result of the influence of powerful business groups. Dailies analysis showed that the "Veslo žinios" provides more objective and more professional information rather than the "Lietuvos rytas". "Lietuvos rytas" is very much focused on the role of politicians in the EU integration process, often with emphasis on the negative characteristics - prone to corruption, incompetence, selfishness. Officials are found as one of the obstacles to the integration into the... [to full text]

The presence of religious actors in the construction of public debate is, in Brazil, undisguised. Thus, we highlight the evangelical churches. Some denominations are relatively able to mobilize its members around specific demands or to broader political projects. However, religious filiations do not define political memberships. Affinity relationships between the two spheres are usually partial, and very complex. It is true that a faithful engaged in order to justify their political positions, will tend to evoke religious views available in the group to which it belongs. But this fact does not necessarily produce very stable identity convergences in the group, since the religious or political ideas are constantly retranslated by agents. Thus, the homologies raised here and regularities in the actions of individuals are contingent, however, always possible. Occasionally, they translate into modes of participation, inclusion of the faithful in public areas, political memberships and speeches somehow anchored to particular ways to experience religion. So it initially asks: what types of links between religion and politics are being produced in different social areas of interest to this investigation? Such homologies produce significant regularities, identity definitions? To tackle these problems, we used a focused research on participant observation that it intended to collate the political positions undertaken by evangelical believers focused on this work in the face of religious justifications for them mobilized. What entailed an analysis of the different discourses that try to justify the involvement of religious actors in the public debate. The thesis also searched far-reaching convergences in the contemporary evangelical discourse; also why, they were listed in the investigation two very different denominations: the Traditional and the second wave Pentecostals. Despite the diversity found within the studied groups, and the uniqueness of each religious denomination, the survey encountered a type of speech, widespread in varying degrees in religious spaces, it is called here pragmatic conservatism. / A presença de atores religiosos na construção do debate público é, no Brasil, indisfarçável. Nesta senda, merecem destaque as igrejas evangélicas. Algumas denominações são relativamente capazes de mobilizar seus membros em torno de demandas específicas ou até de projetos políticos mais amplos. Entretanto, filiações religiosas não definem, per se, adesões políticas. Aliás, relações de afinidades entre ambas as esferas são, normalmente, parciais, além de muito complexas. É verdade que um fiel engajado, a fim de justificar seus posicionamentos políticos, tenderá a evocar concepções religiosas disponíveis no grupo ao qual pertence. Mas tal fato não produz, necessariamente, convergências identitárias muito estáveis no grupo, vez que as concepções religiosas ou políticas são incessantemente retraduzidas pelos agentes. Deste modo, as homologias suscitadas aqui e as regularidades nas ações dos indivíduos são contingentes, no entanto, sempre possíveis. Ocasionalmente, elas se traduzem em modos de participação, de inserção dos fiéis nos espaços públicos, adesões políticas e discursos de alguma maneira ancorados a formas peculiares de vivenciar a religião. Sendo assim, indaga-se inicialmente: que tipos de articulações entre religião e política estão sendo produzidas nos espaços sociais que interessam a esta investigação? Tais homologias ensejam regularidades significativas, definições identitárias? Para enfrentar estes problemas, recorreu-se a uma pesquisa centrada na observação participante que pretendeu cotejar os posicionamentos políticos empreendidos pelos fiéis evangélicos enfocados neste trabalho e as justificativas religiosas por eles mobilizadas. O que implicou uma análise dos diferentes discursos que buscam justificar a participação dos atores religiosos no debate público. A Tese ainda perquiriu convergências de maior alcance no discurso evangélico contemporâneo, razão pela qual foram elencadas na investigação duas denominações muito diferentes entre si: os tradicionais e os pentecostais de segunda onda. A despeito da diversidade encontrada no interior dos grupos estudados, e das singularidades de cada denominação religiosa, a pesquisa se deparou com um tipo discurso, difundido em graus variados nos espaços religiosos, denominado aqui de conservadorismo pragmático.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-05T15:45:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Paz dos Santos Souza e Silva.pdf: 3430361 bytes, checksum: a8ccdcbc025fa1a93f54775daccf5b5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T15:45:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Paz dos Santos Souza e Silva.pdf: 3430361 bytes, checksum: a8ccdcbc025fa1a93f54775daccf5b5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-19 / This task has how focus to study the practices of social literacy and educational in a school of resettlement and introduce as siggestion of linking's instrument of these literacy, public the debate regimented. The motivation for this seach emerge of necessary to undestand the why studants complete the 9º grabe basic school with difficulties related field of public formal oral genres, especialy the public debate regimented, even though constant accurrence this kind textual, in the context social that part and the domain of thir genre be necessary in the struggle for maintenence of community rights, showing historial reasons, this study. It was adopted, methodology as action reseaech (THIOLLENT, 2011; TRIPP, 2005) by his participatory character, with a views to on intervention in reality and from the point of view of the methods employed, to be the one that best meets the objectives proposed research. As the theoretical uwe choose interationism discursive social, represented by Bronckart ( 2006, 2007). Guimarães e Machado (2007), Paviani ( 2011), for referenced the importance of interactions together the fellow to the learning process - apprenticeship end formation of same. Associated at conceptional of literacy and your importance in and to transcend the walls of these schools, appealed to Soares (2004), Rojo (2009), Rojo e Moura (2012), Street (2014). Also, brought the contribution of Santos (2007), BRASIL (1996), Costa e Vieira (2006), Young (2007), Ferrarezi Jr (2014) relative social functions of school under perspective of literacy and prominence. On study of respect of oral formal genres, especially the public debate regimented, adopted the Marcuschi conceptions (2007), Bakhthin (2011), Cordeiro Pinto (2015), Goulart (2005) Schneuwly and employees (2004), PCN/LP (BRASIL, 2001) and Leitão (2011). Stem from additional theoretical and diagnostic, planned and implement a didactic sequence, adapted of the pattern presented by Dolz, Noverraz and Schneuwly (2004), for the study about the public debate regimented, by having as one of the methodological goals for a analysis of results, to indicate the progress uncovered between the first and the second debate executed for this study participants. Behind the intervention was possible to prove that the students get mobilize, with more property, the verbal resources (arguments, counterarguments) and nonverval (posture, intention) for defend your arguments also to fortification of protagonist these subject. The exposed, this study signals for the pratice of systematic with the formal oral genres, with study object, for example the public debate regimented, to school, comply its function of qualify the students act socially through the linking of social literacy and school. / Este trabalho tem como foco de estudo as práticas de letramento social e escolar em uma escola de reassentamento e apresenta como sugestão de instrumento de vinculação destes letramentos, o debate regrado público. A motivação para esta pesquisa surgiu da necessidade de entender o porquê de os alunos concluírem o 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental com dificuldades relacionadas ao domínio dos gêneros orais formais públicos, especialmente o debate regrado público, mesmo sendo constante a ocorrência desse gênero textual, no contexto social de que fazem parte e o domínio deste gênero ser necessário na luta pela manutenção de direitos da comunidade, demonstrado na fundamentação histórica, deste estudo. Foi adotada, como metodologia, a pesquisa-ação (THIOLLENT, 2011; TRIPP, 2005) pelo seu caráter participativo, com vistas a uma intervenção na realidade e do ponto de vista dos métodos empregados, por ser a que melhor atende aos objetivos proposto na pesquisa. Como aporte teórico escolhemos o interacionismo sociodiscursivo, representado por Bronckart (2006; 2007), Guimarães e Machado (2007), Paviani (2011), por referendarem a importância das interações entre os sujeitos para o processo de ensino – aprendizagem e constituição dos mesmos. Concernente às concepções de letramentos e sua importância dentro e além dos muros escolares, recorremos a Soares (2004), Rojo (2009), Rojo e Moura (2012), Street (2014). Além disso, trouxemos as contribuições de Santos (2007), BRASIL (1996), Costa e Vieira (2006), Young (2007), Ferrarezi Jr (2014) relativas à função social da escola sob a perspectiva do letramento e do protagonismo. No estudo a respeito dos gêneros orais formais, especialmente o debate regrado público, adotamos as concepções de Marcuschi (2007), Bakhthin (2011), Cordeiro Pinto (2015), Goulart (2005) Schneuwly e colaboradores (2004), PCN/LP (BRASIL, 2001) e Leitão (2011). A partir do aporte teórico e do diagnóstico, planejamos e executamos uma sequência didática, adaptada do modelo apresentado por Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004), para o estudo do gênero debate regrado público, tendo como uma das metas metodológicas para a análise dos resultados, apontar o progresso revelado entre o primeiro e o segundo debate executado pelos participantes deste estudo. Após a intervenção foi possível comprovar que os alunos conseguiram mobilizar, com mais propriedade, os recursos verbais (argumentos, contra-argumentos) e não verbais (postura, entonação) para defender seus argumentos, além do fortalecimento do protagonismo destes sujeitos. Pelo exposto, este estudo sinaliza para a prática de ações sistemáticas com os gêneros orais formais, como objetos de estudo, a exemplo do debate regrado publico, para que a escola cumpra sua função de habilitar os alunos a agirem socialmente através da vinculação do letramento social ao escolar.

O contexto de conflitos e violências no espaço escolar desafia a sociedade, formuladores de políticas públicas, gestores e academia a repensar possibilidades de ativação de formas de entendimento mediadas pela palavra. A pesquisa propõe um olhar comunicacional para os relacionamentos no interior da escola, com foco na gramática estudantil de ação e conversação. Seu método é o estudo de caso realizado em um estabelecimento público (estadual) de ensino na cidade de São Paulo, em que foram realizados 14 debates envolvendo 94 alunos de ensino médio. Elementos conceituais e normativos de comunicação pública fundamentam toda a investigação. O modelo metodológico é o da mediação transformativa, baseado no paradigma do construcionismo social, que se orienta para a facilitação de diálogos. As técnicas de condução dos debates (tratados como argumentos conversacionais) e as análises de dados incluem dois vetores fundamentais, que são a autoafirmação dos sujeitos e o reconhecimento de seus interlocutores. A pesquisa guia-se ainda pela perspectiva de fortalecimento da percepção coletiva na escola como comunidade de comunicação. Com apoio da pragmática da linguagem, as conclusões apontam para a emergência de enlaces argumentativos entre os estudantes, permitindo formas narrativas de complemento e apoio entre si. As subjetividades encontraram formas de se manifestar por meio de debates, recebendo a acolhida de colegas e, com eles, formando correntes discursivas - o que se configurou como uma gramática especial de argumentação. Da mesma forma, foram registradas expressões de desrespeito que terminaram reguladas pela fala. A pesquisa encontrou na escola conflitos de gênero, expressões de exclusão em diferentes campos e demandas reprimidas de escuta entre as autoridades educacionais. Os debates mediados apresentaram-se como oportunidades de encontros, de formação e de negociação entre os estudantes, o que permite a indicação de recomendações para novas pesquisas e encaminhamentos comunicacionais na escola. / The context of conflicts and violence in the school challenges society, policymakers, managers and scholars to rethink the possibilities of activating forms of mutual understanding by the mediation of word. The research proposes a communicative look at relationships within school, with a focus on student´s grammar of action and conversation. Its method is the case study carried out in a public (state) teaching establishment in the city of São Paulo, where 14 debates were held involving 94 high school students. Conceptual and normative elements of public communication support the whole investigation. The methodological model is that of transformative mediation, based on the paradigm of social constructionism, which is oriented towards the facilitation of dialogues. The techniques of conducting the debates (treated as conversational arguments) and the data analysis include two fundamental vectors, which are the self-affirmation of the individuals and the recognition of their interlocutors. The research is also guided by the perspective of strengthening the collective perception in the school as a community of communication. With the support of discourse pragmatics, the conclusions point to the emergence of argumentative links between students, allowing narrative forms of complementing and supporting among themselves. Individualities found ways to manifest themselves through debates, receiving the reception of colleagues and, with them, forming a discursive chain - which has been configured as a special grammar of argumentation. In the same way, expressions of disrespect were registered and were regulated in the speech. The research found in the school a range of conflicts of gender, expressions of exclusion in different fields and repressed demands of listening by the educational authorities. The mediated debates were presented as opportunities for comprehension, communicative training and negotiation among students, which allows the indication of recommendations for new research and communication referrals in the school.

The Swedish debate surrounding the Swedish and European welcoming of refugees has during the last couple of years engaged actors from all spheres of society. One of the prominent actors in this debate has been archbishop Antje Jackelén who has contributed with articles on the issue together with members of the church board as well as the other bishops in the Church of Sweden. These articles have been published on the debate pages of four major newspapers; Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Aftonbladet. The aim of this research is to study the way leaders in the Church of Sweden frame the welcoming of refugees and asylum seekers in these newspapers between 2014-2016. By using a qualitative frame analysis inspired by a theory of framing used in social movement research (Benford & Snow, 2000) the study will focus primarily on motivational framing, i.e. the way in which authors set out to inspire their audience to take action in a certain issue. In three of the articles collective action frames are identified, in which collective identities are constructed and where the writers stress the importance for people to come together and act towards a more humane way of handling the refugee situation. Another aim of the essay is to study the way in which the Church of Sweden is presented as an actor within the frames used in the articles. The analysis shows how the church is presented as an experienced organisation, driven by the Christian faith to take action in the face of suffering. Finally, the result is analysed through the mediatisation of religion theory, using the concept of three media functions; conduit, environment and language (Hjarvard, 2016). The analysis shows how the newspapers, by publishing the articles, can be interpreted to function as both conduits and environments for the religious information and messages present in the texts. Concerning the third function, media as language, the debate articles are interpreted as living up to the criteria of news value despite the use of religious imagery and language. However, the method and empirical material of this study did not allow for any conclusions regarding how the logic of debate articles have been affecting the way in which leaders in the Church of Sweden debate the welcoming of refugees.

La délibération semble intuitivement associée à l’idée de légitimité. Cette étude entend porter un regard nouveau sur cette question. En droit public, la délibération s’organise dans des procédures dont la thèse entend sonder les influences sur la légitimité du droit. L’étude démontre que la délibération repose toujours sur un idéal démocratique, celui de la liberté et de l’égalité de ses acteurs. En revanche, elle révèle les nombreuses limites portées à l’influence de la délibération sur le droit. Aussi, nous soutenons la thèse selon laquelle la délibération ne participe que relativement à la légitimité du droit. En effet, si l’idéal démocratique libéral anime manifestement l’organisation du procédé délibératif, la délibération du droit nous apparaît en revanche comme un échec. / No English summary available.

L’aménagement de l’espace public urbain est devenu un sujet central du débat public à Buenos Aires sous le gouvernement de M. Macri ces dernières années par l’effet d’un double mouvement. Durant ses deux mandats (2007-2015), les responsables politiques ont fait de l’aménagement de l’espace public, notamment au centre-ville, l’un des leviers principal de leurs politiques urbaines. Parallèlement, une partie des mouvements sociaux portègnes a désigné l’organisation spatiale de la ville comme l’un des facteurs des inégalités sociales. De ce fait, la délibération autour de l’aménagement urbain a fait ressortir des antagonismes prenant leurs racines dans le reste de la société obligeant la sphère publique à évoluer. D’abord, la recomposition du jeu d’acteurs autour de nouveaux mouvements sociaux, les assemblées de quartier, a bousculé le partenariat traditionnel entre associations de vecinos et pouvoirs publics. Ensuite, de nouvelles oppositions ont émergé concernant la conception des espaces publics de la ville, et notamment autour de la politique de « récupération » du gouvernement qui détermine des usages légitimes de l’espace public. Enfin, le débat public s’est déplacé vers de nouveaux espaces de délibération : l’espace public urbain qui a confirmé sa dimension politique historique en Argentine, et les réseaux sociaux numériques qui ont accueilli de nouvelles formes de mobilisation. Ainsi, l’aménagement de l’espace public est débattu aujourd’hui dans une pluralité de sphères publiques qui sont toutes traversées par des antagonismes renouvelés / Public space planning has become a central and important topic of the public debate in Buenos Aires under the M. Macri government for the past few years, as a result of a double movement. During his two mandates (2007-2015), politic leaders use the public space planning, mostly in the downtown of the city, as one of their major tool for urban politics. At the same time, some of the Buenos Aires social movements attributed the spatial organization of the city as one of the factors of social inequality. Consequently, these political discussions on urban planning have revealed antagonisms taking root in the rest of society, forcing public sphere to evolve. Firstly, the appearance of new actors among social movements, called neighbourhood assemblies, modified and redefined the traditional partnership between the vecinos associations and public authorities. Then, new oppositions emerged around the conception of city’s public spaces, and mostly around the « recuperation » government politic, which determines legitimate uses of public spaces. Finally, the public debate has moved toward new spaces of deliberation such as: urban public space having confirmed his historical political dimension in Argentina; and the use of digital social networks resulting in new forms of mobilization. In conclusion, public space planning is negotiated today in several public spheres, all crossed by renewed antagonisms