Sveriges kommuner står inför stora utmaningar i framtiden med att kunna tillhandhålla de välfärdstjänster som förväntas av dem, detta framförallt på grund av en ökande äldre befolkning. För att klara av dessa utmaningar har digitalisering och utnyttjandet av dagens teknik lyfts fram som en lösning, där e-tjänster har en betydande roll för kommuner. Samtidigt har flera kommuner uppgett att de har problem med att hinna med att utveckla e-tjänster i takt med samhällsutveckling samt att befintliga e-tjänster inte används i den utsträckning som förväntas. Syftet med studien är således att utforska fenomenet “införandet av e-tjänster” inom kommuner i Sverige, med fokus på varför kommuner väljer att införa de e-tjänster de gör. En kvalitativ metod har använts där en små-N-studie har genomförts. Datainsamlingen har bestått av sju semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt åtta olika kommuner ingått. Respondenterna har valts ut baserat på den information de kunnat förse. En innehållsanalys har sedan genomförts där ett antal kategorier har identifierats genom öppen och axial kodning. Resultat och analysen visar att kommunernas val av e-tjänster påverkas av hur de identifierar och hantera idéer på e-tjänster, en samling av olika hinder för införandet av e-tjänster samt deras samarbeten med andra kommuner och offentliga organ gällande e-tjänster. Studien kan bidra med en ökad medvetenhet för kommunerna om varför de väljer de e-tjänster de gör, vilket kan underlätta och förbättra deras arbete med e-tjänster. Detta kan hjälpa kommunerna att uppnå den potential som finns med e-tjänster och bemöta de utmaningar de står inför i framtiden. / Sweden's municipalities face major challenges in the future to be able to provide the welfare services that are expected of them, primarily due to an increasing elderly population. To cope with these challenges, digitalization and the utilization of today's technology have been highlighted as a solution, where e-services have a central role for municipalities. However, several municipalities have stated that they have problems with developing e-services in step with societal development and that existing e-services are not used to the expected extent The purpose of the study is thus to explore the phenomenon of "the introduction of e-services" within municipalities in Sweden, with a focus on why municipalities choose to introduce the e-services they do. A qualitative method has been used where a small-N study was carried out. The data collection consisted of seven semi-structured interviews in which a total of eight different municipalities were included. The respondents have been selected based on the information they were able to provide. A content analysis has then been carried out where a number of categories have been identified through open and axial coding. The analysis shows that the municipalities' choice of e-services is influenced by how they identify and manage ideas for e-services, a collection of obstacles to the introduction of e-services as well as their collaborations with other municipalities and public bodies regarding e-services. The study can contribute to an increased awareness for the municipalities about why they choose the e-services they do, which can ease and improve their work with e-services. This can help the municipalities to fulfill the existing potential with e-services and meet the challenges they are facing in the future. This study is written in Swedish.

隨著社會經濟環境的變遷、教育程度提高、性別平等工作的推動，女性投入職場就業的比例逐年增加，而女性所面對的家庭與工作兩頭燒的壓力，卻日漸沉重。女性的就業選擇往往受到家庭照顧責任及社會文化規範等結構性因素的干擾。國家在提倡與促進女性就業的同時，能否提供更友善的家庭照顧資源與社會支持系統，使就業女性能兼顧家庭與工作，並且維持良好的生活品質，是值得深入探究的議題。 近幾年，新北市政府建立多所公共托育中心提供兒童托育服務。本研究目的在探討新北市的公共托育服務，相較於家庭的非正式托育、經濟市場所提供的私人托育服務，其對於女性在家庭照顧與就業面向上所產生的變化與影響，並針對公共托育政策提出反思與建議。 本研究透過深度訪談法，訪談10位使用新北市公共托育服務之女性，研究發現當國家提供平價、優質且穩定的公共托育服務，協助家庭照顧三歲以下的嬰幼兒，對於女性家庭照顧與就業情形皆有正面的影響。在家庭照顧方面，使用公共托育服務可以降低家庭育兒經濟負擔、降低女性的兒童照顧壓力、建立家庭的共同照顧價值、增進家長親職知能及擴大家庭生活圈、增加生育意願等。在就業方面，公共托育服務可以降低女性所面對的家庭與工作的衝突、支持與促進女性就業、提升女性就業品質，以及有利於女性職涯規劃與發展。 最後，針對公共托育服務政策，提出以下幾點建議：1.國家應積極促進托育服務公共化，以提供人民近便、平價且優質的托育服務、2.建立托育資源整合平台，提供托育相關資訊與協助，以利女性育兒與就業規劃、3.家庭育兒政策與充分就業政策結合，促進女性就業且提升女性生活品質。

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is the description of the social map that is presented to the viewers of public television. Using content analysis methodology, the study describes how different genders, racial groups, and age groups are being portrayed on PBS programming. The sample consisted of one week of PBS 1984 fall programming broadcast on KERA-TV, the PBS station in Dallas-Ft. Worth, Texas. Research questions addressing proportions of groups, types of roles, length of scenes, occupational variation, conversational behaviors, conflict management modes, and cultural norms were answered. All coding was accomplished by the principal investigator. Upon completion of the coding sub-totals for the variables under study by program types and a grand total for the entire sample were then tabulated. After this extensive content analysis, the report concludes that females are still extremely underrepresented in PBS programming, accounting for only 32.7% of the total participants. Blacks and Hispanics are also underrepresented except in children's programming. Occupational variation for white males is evident for all types of PBS programming. Occupational variation for white females is evident in children's programming and informational/documentary programming. Minorities with delineated occupations are extremely limited in all types of programming except for children's programming. The exchange of information is the major conversational behavior that occurs on PBS programming with minority characters receiving orders considerably more than their white counterparts. Verbal aggression is the conflict management mode chosen most frequently on PBS programming. Explicit messages regarding racial and sexual equality and prosocial behavior occur on PBS programming. Implicit messages such as frequency of appearances, number of major roles, and prevalence of power cues suggest a white male domination of television programming on PBS. The findings of the study reveal that major inroads have been made by women and minorities in children's programming. This comprehensive analysis confirms, however, the virtual exclusion of minorities in major segments of PBS programming.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether goal congruence exists among administrative, supervisory and direct service personnel within public leisure service organizations and among public leisure service organizations of different sizes,. The source of data for the study was a Goal Study Questionnaire distributed to 344 employees of selected leisure service organizations. The results indicated that goal congruence was not established either among duty levels within public leisure service organizations or among public leisure service organizations of different sizes.

ABSRACT The diploma thesis deals with analysis the public transportation planning environment with focus in planning of public transport network service. In the introductory chapter there are shown and described different methods of public transport network planning and analysed influencing factors. Consequently the thesis examines the institutional framework as the principal factor and analyses contemporary Slovak public transportation legislative. Following the analyses are the first results and the suggestions of modifications presented. In the next part authors alternate method of public transport network rationalisation is shown. Despite traditional planning attitudes the thesis integrates into the issue also question of time geography. In the author methodology there are vast qualitative parameters defined. The parameters dealt with the system and also with the number of operated station and tracks. The methodology is consequently presented at the case study of Slovak long-distance public transport service. KEY WORDS Public transportation, Public transportation service, transportation planning, institutional influences, transport integration, Slovakia.

Du fait des progrès scientifiques modernes dans le domaine médical, ont été soulevés de nombreux problèmes concernant la responsabilité du service public hospitalier à cause de l'utilisation des méthodes scientifiques modernes en médecine. Le juge administratif français a été et est le moteur de l'évolution des règles en matière de responsabilité du service public hospitalier. Ce n'est pas le cas de la juridiction administrative au Liban. Mais plusieurs réformes législatives ont été adoptées au Liban depuis 1996. La thèse permet de confronter les solutions du droit positif français et du droit positif libanais et de rechercher les raisons d'une responsabilité médicale rarement mise en œuvre au Liban alors que les principes juridiques posés sont proches du système français. / Because of modern scientific progress in medical field, many problems, concerning the hospital public service liability, have been established as a consequence of the use of modern scientific methods in medicine. The French administrative judge has been and is a central point of rules evolutions in the field of hospital public service liability. This is not the situation of administrative jurisdiction in Lebanon. But several legislative reforms have been enacted in Lebanon since 1996. This research permit to discuss solutions of positive French and Lebanese laws, and to know why medical liability, in Lebanon, is rarely in service. Although Lebanon has the same rules and principles of France.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Orlando Bastos Filho.pdf: 2579189 bytes, checksum: 69268f2e87bc65d58ff63c3786afb5f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-27 / The work analyzes non jurisdictional alternatives for the resolution of conflicts of interests involving metaindividual rights, especially when tutored by the public prosecution service. The elect procedural instrument is the term of adjustment of conduct, as ruled by the Laws ns. 7.347/85 and 8.078/90. The research begins with the verification of the procedural congestion that desolates the Judiciary; it continues with considerations on the origins of the public prosecution service, its evolution, besides in the Brazilian State, under the light of all the Constitutions that were valid in the territory, standing out the profile traced by the one now effective; and it finishes with the evaluation of the term of adjustment of conduct, its antecedents, legal positioning, object, nature, legitimated, formalization, validity and modifications. The importance of the transindividual interests, especially by their extension and width, associated to the incapacity of the Judiciary in offering swift answers for the proceedings involving them, brings the need of use of non judicial expedients, in the case the term of adjustment of conduct, with distinctive valour, by the public prosecution service, outstanding actor in the guardianship of the collectivity s interests / O trabalho analisa alternativas não jurisdicionais para a resolução de conflitos de interesses envolvendo direitos metaindividuais, notadamente quando tutelados pelo Ministério Público. O instrumento processual eleito é o termo de ajustamento de conduta, conforme regrado pelas Leis ns. 7.347/85 e 8.078/90. A pesquisa se inicia com a verificação do congestionamento processual que assola o Judiciário; prossegue com ponderações sobre as origens do Ministério Público, sua evolução, inclusive no Estado brasileiro, à luz de todas as Constituições que vigeram no território, destacando-se o perfil traçado pela atualmente vigente; e termina com a avaliação do termo de ajustamento de conduta, seus antecedentes, posicionamento legal, objeto, natureza, legitimados, formalização, validade e modificações. A importância dos interesses transindividuais, mormente por sua extensão e amplitude, associada à incapacidade do Poder Judiciário de oferecer respostas céleres para as lides que os envolvam, traz a necessidade de utilização de expedientes não judiciais, no caso o termo de ajustamento de conduta, com distinto denodo, pelo Ministério Público, destacado ator na tutela dos interesses da coletividade

Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho documental utilizando o audiovisual como lócus de instalação de depoimentos de lideranças indígenas do Estado do Acre, Brasil. O objetivo é analisar registros de vivências de lideranças indígenas sobre suas condições de vida, como contribuição às políticas públicas do SUS. E apresentar uma proposta interventiva a partir das potencialidades do vídeo documentário. Resultados: A população indígena, por uma série de motivos, certamente é a parcela da população brasileira sobre a qual menos existem dados específicos que permitam o estabelecimento de políticas de saúde pública eficazes. Embora tenham ocorrido avanços significativos no conhecimento das questões indígenas e um crescente empoderamento das lideranças indígenas na luta por seus direitos básicos de cidadania, a situação ainda está aquém do esperado. Temas relevantes abordados: 1. Participação nas instâncias do poder público/ direitos indígenas. 2. Medicina tradicional exterioridade da doença. 3. Dificuldades com o SUS. 4. Cuidados de saúde nas aldeias. 5. Segurança Alimentar e desnutrição. 6. Qualidade da água e saneamento básico. 7. Logística. 8. Cobertura vacinal. 9. Saúde das mulheres indígenas. 10. Ecologia e biodiversidade. 11. Morte de crianças indígenas. Conclusões: 1. A omissão sistemática dos governos em qualificar agentes de saúde indígenas no tocante às intervenções em saúde individual e coletiva e no exercício dos direitos sociais. 2. Falta de empenho do SUS em contratar profissionais com formação especializada para compor as equipes e direções do Sistema de Saúde que atuam nas aldeias e nos postos avançados de saúde no interior do território. 3. Dificuldades de comunicação entre as equipes do SUS e os povos indígenas. Há barreiras de idioma, de cultura e de percepção do processo saúde-doença / Method: This is a qualitative research that uses the documentary audio-visual like a place of installation register statements of native indigenous leaders of Acre, Brazil. The objective is to analyze records of indigenous leaders from experiences about their living conditions as a contribution to public SUS policies. And present an interventional proposal from the documentary video potentiality. Results: The indigenous population, for a number of reasons, it is certainly the Brazilian population, on which there is less specific data that allow the establishment of effective public health policies. Although there have been significant advances in knowledge of indigenous issues and a growing empowerment of indigenous leaders in the struggle for their basic rights of citizenship, the situation is still below expectations. Relevant topics approached:1. Participation in public authoritys instances / indigenous rights. 2. Traditional medicine - externality of the disease. 3. Difficulties with SUS. 4. Health care in villages. 5. Food security and malnutrition. 6. Water quality and basic sanitation. 7. Logistics. 8. Vaccination coverage. 9. Indigenous women\'s health. 10. Ecology and biodiversity. 11. Death of indigenous children. Conclusions: 1. the systematic omission of governments in qualify indigenous health workers with regard to the individual and collective health interventions and the exercise of social rights. 2. Lack of commitment of the SUS in hiring professionals with specialized training to compose the teams and directions of the Health System that work in the villages and in the outposts of health in the territory. 3. Difficulties in communication between SUS teams and indigenous peoples. There are barriers to language, culture and perception of the health-disease process

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuciaFC.pdf: 316447 bytes, checksum: a56c0af070e64547165011bfabe72f72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work was concerned to investigate the meaning attributed to anxiolytic drugs by women, in public health service. It proposes a joint analysis through a link between three dimensions: the woman, the drug, and public health service itself, in an hegemonic medical assistance model. It is observed that the relation between these elements has a great influence over the use and construction of a particular meaning, by the user. The medication is analysed as a consumption merchandise and as an health symbol. In this way, it reflects a biologized vision, which believes the drug as a solution for all health problems. It tries to analyse the generalized medical prescription for anxiolythics and it s consequences. It focalizes also the production and utilization of public health services by patients, mainly women. The question related to the use of anxiolytics and the meaning construted by women is analysed focusing the way that relations of masculine/feminine gender are organized in our society. At this point of view, it tries to understand the dimension that these questions have in subjectivity production, and how it acts in the health/disease process. Finally, this work tries to understand, in a broad sense, the use of anxiolytics looking at the problem not only as a biological question, but also as a cultural matter. The research was done over seventeen women, all of them anxiolytic users. It was used, as research instrument, semi-structured interview associated with methodological analysis of user s speeches / Este trabalho investiga o significado atribu?do ao medicamento ansiol?tico pelas mulheres que utilizam o servi?o p?blico de sa?de. Para tanto, toma como base a rela??o existente entre tr?s eixos principais: a mulher, o medicamento e o pr?prio servi?o p?blico de sa?de, no que se refere ao modelo assistencial hegem?nico. Considera-se que as rela??es entre esses elementos contribuem para o uso e para a constru??o de um significado particular pela mulher usu?ria. O medicamento ? analisado como mercadoria, tendo o seu consumo estimulado ao m?ximo, e como s?mbolo de sa?de. Nesse sentido reflete uma vis?o biologizada , segundo a qual o medicamento ocupa a posi??o de solu??o dos problemas de sa?de. Nessa perspectiva, destaca-se o uso dos ansiol?ticos na indica??o m?dica e as conseq??ncias da forma indiscriminada com que v?m sendo utilizados. Enfoca-se tamb?m a produ??o e utiliza??o dos servi?os de sa?de pela popula??o, ressaltando o tipo de atendimento dado ? mulher e como essa assist?ncia contribui para a sua medicaliza??o. A quest?o de g?nero ? relacionada ao uso do ansiol?tico, esclarecendo que o significado constru?do por essas mulheres tem uma liga??o direta com a maneira com que as rela??es de g?nero est?o organizadas na sociedade, mas tamb?m se adequa em fun??o da forma como elas se relacionam com o servi?o de sa?de. Assim, tenta-se compreender a dimens?o que essas quest?es t?m sobre a constru??o da subjetividade das usu?rias e de como repercutem sobre o seu processo de sa?de/doen?a. O estudo prop?e uma compreens?o mais ampla do uso de ansiol?ticos, considerando as suas multidetermina??es, analisando-o n?o s? como uma quest?o biol?gica, mas tamb?m cultural, o que foge de uma vis?o parcial do fen?meno. A popula??o estudada foi composta de dezessete mulheres usu?rias de ansiol?ticos. O instrumento utilizado foi a entrevista semi-estruturada, com a t?cnica de an?lise das pr?ticas discursivas

A noção pátria de serviço público é concebida a partir dos conceitos de serviço público e de serviço de utilidade pública oriundos, respectivamente, da França e dos Estados Unidos da América. Esses conceitos foram introduzidos no Brasil por ação doutrinária à luz da Constituição de 1891. Parte do resultado dessas discussões foi positivada no texto constitucional de 1934. A partir daí o tema figurou em todas as Constituições subsequentes. A Constituição de 1988, assim como as que a precederam, não veicula um conceito material de serviço público expresso em uma fórmula. A estrutura constitucional do conceito de serviço público é bastante complexa. O atual texto constitucional trata de serviço público em variados sentidos, os quais são dimensionados de formas diversas de acordo com as atividades abarcadas. Esses sentidos e dimensionamentos foram construídos ao longo da história constitucional, razão pela qual sua compreensão exige a análise dos textos das Constituições precedentes. Em linhas gerais, serviço público aparece no texto constitucional em três sentidos, quais sejam: o material, o orgânico e o formal. O sentido material é dimensionado nas acepções ampla e restrita. É no interior desse sentido, no qual a expressão serviço público significa atividade, que estão situados os critérios orgânico, formal e material, oriundos da tradição francesa. No âmbito do sentido material situam-se as maiores dificuldades e divergências sobre o tema. No sentido orgânico, serviço público se refere aos órgãos e entidades do Estado. No sentido formal, serviço público é um regime jurídico atribuível às competências materiais de cunho prestacional e natureza econômica do Estado. É no âmbito desse sentido que se encontra a função do conceito de serviço público. Alternativamente ao regime jurídico dos serviços públicos, a Constituição de 1988 prevê o regime jurídico de direito privado. Nesse regime jurídico a potencialização da concorrência é o elemento central, o que exige o desenvolvimento de mecanismos que facilitem o acesso pelos particulares ao setor. Tal acesso é facilitado pelo uso da autorização. A competência pública exercida pelos particulares por meio de autorização configura-se como serviço de utilidade pública à brasileira. A partir dessa estrutura conceitual é possível melhor compreender a noção de serviço público no âmbito dos Estados-membros e municípios e os modos de ação desses entes federados no domínio econômico. / The Brazilian concept of public service is created from the French notion of public service and the American notion of public utility. These ideas were introduced into Brazilian Law by doctrine following the Constitution of 1891. Part of the results of the debates stirred by the use of the diverging concepts got incorporated to the text of the Constitution of 1934. From then on, every subsequent Constitution addressed the issue. The Constitution of 1988, like the ones that preceded it, does not present a substantive concept of public service. The constitutional structure of the concept of public service is thoroughly complex. The current constitutional text treats public services in different senses, which are managed according to the activities comprehended by it. These senses have been constructed throughout our constitutional history, and for that reason, their comprehension requires an analysis of the preceding Constitutions’ texts. In broad lines, public services appear in the Constitution in three senses, which are: the substantive, the organic and the formal. The substantive sense is measured in broad and strict meanings. It is in the core of the substantive sense, in which public service means activity, that the French-born organic, formal and substantive senses are situated. It is regarding the substantive sense that the greatest difficulties and divergences concerning the theme arise. In the organic sense, public service refers to the public organs and entities. In the formal sense, public service is a legal regime attributable to the positive substantive competencies and the economic nature of the State. It is in regards to the substantive sense that the function of the concept of public service takes place. Alternative to the public services’ legal regime, the Constitution of 1988 also includes a private law legal regime. In this alternative regime, the increase of competition figures as central element, which demands mechanisms to enable private access to the area. Such access is facilitated by use of authorization. The public competency exerted by private initiative through authorization is known as Brazilian public utility service. From that conceptual structure, it is possible to better understand the notion of public service in the scope of member-states and counties, as well as the courses of action adopted by these federate entities on economy.