Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado / Banca: Vera Lúcia Pereira-Chioccola / Banca: Agnes Cristina Fett-Conte / Resumo: O Toxoplasma gondii infecta os seres humanos dentre outras vias, pelo trato gastrintestinal, um local onde se dá a expressão do perfil de glicoconjugados ABH sob controle da enzima a-2-L-Fucosiltransferase (FUTII) codificada pelo gene FUT2 (19q13.3). A presença da FUTII define o status secretor positivo, o qual é relacionado aos fenótipos eritrocitários ABO. Diante da importância epidemiológica e clínica da infecção pelo T. gondii, o objetivo desse trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que o perfil de glicoconjugados ABH expresso no trato gastrintestinal está associado à infecção por esse parasito. Foram selecionadas 367 gestantes atendidas no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco do Hospital de Base da Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto. Duas amostras de sangue, uma sem e outra com anticoagulante foram coletadas. A fenotipagem eritrocitária ABO e a detecção dos anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram realizadas pelo método hemaglutinação. A identificação do status secretor foi feita pelo método PCR-RFLP. As diferenças nas freqüências do status secretor positivo e negativo e dos fenótipos eritrocitários ABO, isoladamente ou em conjunto, não foram estatisticamente significantes na presença e na ausência desses anticorpos (p=0,26). Esses resultados sugerem que o perfil de glicoconjugados ABH expressos no trato gastrintestinal sob controle do gene FUT2 não está associado à presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. / Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii infects humans in several manners including by the gastrointestinal tract where the a-2-L-Fucosiltransferase (FUTII) coded by FUT2 (19q13.3) controls the expression of the ABH glycoconjugates profile. Presence of FUTII defines the positive secretor status which is associated to ABO erythrocytic phenotypes. Due to the epidemiological and clinical importance of T. gondii infection, the aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the ABH glycoconjugate profile expressed in the gastrointestinal tract is associated to infections by this parasite. A total of 367 pregnant women from the High-Risk Pregnancy Clinical of the University Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto were enrolled in this study. Two blood samples were drawn with only one mixed with anticoagulant. The ABO erythrocytic phenotyping and detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies were achieved by the hemagglutination method. Identification of the secretor status was by the PCR-RFLP method. Differences in the positive and negative secretor status and ABO erythrocytic phenotypes, either in isolation or in association, were not statistically significant in respect to the presence or absence of these antibodies (p-value =0.26). These results suggest that the ABH glycoconjugate profile expressed in the gastrointestinal tract under control of the FUT2 gene is not associated to anti-T. gondii antibodies. / Mestre

Le service public a éprouvé une ouverture massive de données publiques dite "Open Data". Ce phénomène s'est développé avec l'émergence des nouvelles technologies d’information dans les administrations publiques, devenant un facteur important dans le renouveau et la modernisation du service public. Cette nouvelle tendance que le monde explore depuis quelques années, vise à partager et à réutiliser les données publiques détenues par le service public. L’objectif de l’Open Data étant la transparence démocratique en réponse à l’exigence de rendre des comptes aux citoyens, pour lutter contre la corruption et promouvoir un gouvernement ouvert en faveur de la participation citoyenne. À cet égard, le concept Open Data mène à nous interroger sur l'importance de l'ouverture des données du service public, sur le degré de l'obligation de s'adapter à cette ouverture, sur les conséquences de l'intrusion d’Open Data dans la sphère du service public et sur les limites imposées à l'Open Data. Pour répondre à ces interrogations, on s’intéressera à l’apparition et au développement de l’Open Data dans le service public, tout en illustrant son impact sur l'évolution de la démocratie et son rôle éminent dans la création de nouveaux services publics, avec notamment le cas du service public de la donnée en France. Ainsi, le meilleur angle pour étudier l'ouverture des données publiques dans le service public sera le droit public comparé, cela nous permettra d'analyser la pratique d'Open Data dans les pays pionniers dans ce domaine et les pays du Maghreb qui intègrent, depuis peu, cette nouvelle méthode de travail. Cette étude a pour but aussi de démontrer ce que l'Open Data peu apporter concrètement à l'administration et au citoyen. / The public service has experienced a massive opening of public data known as "Open Data". This phenomenon has developed with the emergence of new information technologies in public administrations, becoming then an important factor in the renewal and modernization of the public service. This new trend that the world has been exploring for a few years aims to share and reuse the public data held by the public service, while keeping as objective the democratic transparency in response to the requirement to be accountable to citizens to fight against corruption and promote Open Government in favor of citizen involvement.In this respect, the Open Data concept leads us to question ourselves about the importance of opening up data in the public service, about the degree of obligation to adapt to this opening, also about the consequences of the Open Data’s intrusion into the sphere of the public service and the limits that Open Data may encounter.To answer these questions, we will focus on the emergence and development of Open Data in the public service, with a depiction of its impact on democracy evolution and its eminent role in the creation of new public services, such as the case of data public service in France. Thus, the best angle to study the opening of public data in the public service is the comparative public law, this allows us to analyze the practice of Open Data in the pioneer countries in this field and the Maghreb countries who recently integrated this new way of work. This study also aims to prove what are the benefits of Open Data for the administration and the citizen.

Submitted by DIEGO JACOME VALOIS TAFUR (diegotafur@ibest.com.br) on 2017-11-10T19:28:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Valois - Estudo de caso da PPP dos complexos hospitalares - final para depósito 2.pdf: 844378 bytes, checksum: 8b7c810084db8d6f1d6e4cb2e03b7548 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-11-10T20:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Valois - Estudo de caso da PPP dos complexos hospitalares - final para depósito 2.pdf: 844378 bytes, checksum: 8b7c810084db8d6f1d6e4cb2e03b7548 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T12:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Valois - Estudo de caso da PPP dos complexos hospitalares - final para depósito 2.pdf: 844378 bytes, checksum: 8b7c810084db8d6f1d6e4cb2e03b7548 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise do estudo de caso do projeto de Parceria Público-Privada (‘PPP’), regida pela Lei nº 11.079/2004, referente à ‘Concessão Administrativa para a construção, operação de serviços ‘bata cinza’ e manutenção de Complexos Hospitalares de São Paulo’. Para tanto, foi analisado todo o processo administrativo para o desenvolvimento e concretização do projeto, incluindo a fase de Manifestação de Interesse Privada - MIP; as providências adotadas pelo Governo do Estado de São Paulo para a estruturação da PPP; o procedimento licitatório; e a assinatura do contrato, que representa o modelo final da PPP. Da análise deste processo administrativo, foi possível perceber certas particularidades atinentes a cada fase do processo de contratação pública, especialmente sobre alguns riscos apresentados pelos particulares, tal como o risco da governança entre os serviços ‘bata-branca’, de responsabilidade da equipe médica, e os serviços ‘bata-cinza’, de responsabilidade da concessionária. Assim, a presença do mencionado risco no modelo pesquisado é prova que fatores políticos e sociais estão presentes na modelagem de projetos, cabendo aos seus responsáveis compatibilizar os interesses por meio de estrutura contratual adequada. Pretende-se, portanto, analisar quais os mecanismos utilizados para superar o referido risco, de modo que o estudo sistematizado possa servir de dado para projetos com semelhante característica. Por fim, serão apresentadas informações e análise crítica sobre aspectos destacados ao longo do processo administrado objeto da pesquisa. / This work aims the case study about private-public partnership, ruled by Lei nº 11.079/2004, about public concession for construction, ‘gray coat’ and São Paulo hospital complex maintenance. Therefore all public procedure was analyzed for the development and execution, including the Private Expression of Interest, the São Paulo Government providences for the private-public partnership conclusion, the bidding procedure and final agreement for the contract. From the analysis it was possible to detect particularities for each stage of the public contract, especially about risks pointed by the private partner, like managing risks among ‘white coat’ services, medical team responsibilities, and ‘gray coat’ services, private partner responsibilities. This mentioned risk presence proves that political and social factors are elements of the project model, being up to the developers to make compatible the interests through the right contractual structure. At last, info and critical analysis about the highlights during the public procedure will be presented.

The work intends to present two concepts undeveloped in legal science and that while developed with different objectives and also distant historical, help explain one another. The fundamental right to communication is understood in this text as a political right, and is the ability to experience a balanced access to the media. It is political, since formatting ideas, social values and symbols in contemporary society develops largely through the media outlets that are controlled, in turn, for a very small portion of society. The concentration of ownership in the mass media form an opinion control with results similar to the imbalance of political representation at the institutional level. The possibility of an oligopoly, in turn, is given by both the weak regulation as by chronic disrespect to the existing, and it is the latter factor that is highlighted here. This legal anomie, where all powers disregard both Constitution as to the law that regulates it called unconstitutional standing, well represented in the situation of brazilian audiovisual broadcasting, which this work seeks to develop by analyzing the legislation and data on the sector. / O trabalho pretende apresentar dois conceitos pouco trabalhados na ciência jurídica e que, embora desenvolvidos com objetivos distintos e com históricos também distantes, ajudam a explicar um ao outro. O direito fundamental à comunicação é compreendido neste texto como um direito político, e consiste na possibilidade de experimentar um acesso equilibrado aos meios de comunicação. É político, dado que formatação de ideias, valores e símbolos sociais na sociedade contemporânea se desenvolve em grande parte através dos veículos de mídia que são comandados, por seu turno, por uma parcela ínfima da sociedade. A concentração da propriedade na comunicação de massa forma um controle de opinião com resultados semelhantes ao desequilíbrio da representação política a nível institucional. A possibilidade de existência de um oligopólio, por seu turno, se dá tanto pela fraca regulação quanto pelo desrespeito crônico em relação à existente, e é este o último fator que é aqui destacado. Esta anomia jurídica, em que todos os poderes desconsideram tanto o texto Magno quanto à legislação que o regula chama-se estado de coisas inconstitucional, bem representado na situação da radiodifusão audiovisual brasileira, que o trabalho procura desenvolver através da análise da legislação e dados sobre o setor.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Our research seeks to do a reading of the transformations undergone by the Brazilian public communication system. Therefore, we seek to understand the public broadcasters as part of the market structure, next to the trade. In this perspective, we try to discuss the function of each type of public broadcasters field, its chronology and its historical use by politicians, but also its relationship with the private field and with the audience. We, on the other hand, a historical listing the policy to events that are part of the narrative of Brazilian public broadcasters. The survey included interviews and a thorough analysis of documents, laws and printed. As a case study, we chose to focus on the history of Aperipê Sergipe Foundation, trying to understand how the Management, Structure and Popular Participation in the Sergipe public broadcasting system. In other words, we aim to understand the structure and point out its contradictions, approaching theory and reality, to discuss the importance of public media for society as a state instrument, its own definitions and reasons for being. / Nossa investigação procura fazer uma leitura das transformações pelas quais passa o campo público brasileiro de comunicação. Para tanto, buscamos entender as emissoras públicas como parte da estrutura. Nessa perspectiva, procuramos debater a função de cada um dos tipos de emissoras do campo público, sua cronologia e o seu uso histórico por políticos, mas também sua relação com o campo privado e com a audiência. Fazemos, por outro lado, um resgate histórico relacionando os acontecimentos da política aos que fazem parte da narrativa das emissoras públicas brasileiras. A pesquisa incluiu entrevistas e uma exaustiva análise de documentos, leis e de impressos. Como estudo de caso, escolhemos focar na história da Fundação Aperipê de Sergipe, procurando entender como funciona a gestão, a estrutura e a participação popular nas emissoras do sistema público sergipano. Ou seja, pretendemos entender a estrutura e apontar as suas contradições, aproximando teoria e realidade, para discutir a relevância dos meios públicos de comunicação para a sociedade como instrumento de Estado, suas próprias definições e razões de ser.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The complex and multi-facet decentralisation process of Primary Health Care services in the Cape Metro District of the Western Cape will be critically assessed in this thesis. Primary Health Care is the provision of promotive; preventative; curative and rehabilitative services within the community setting. South Africa initially adopted the Primary Health Care strategy in 1978 as a member state of the World Health Organisation but this was during the Apartheid regime which did very little about implementing the strategy. In 1994 the Government of National Unity (GNU) came into power and there was a renewed commitment to implementing Primary Health Care in order to render health care services to the previously underprivileged masses. The GNU set an eight year time frame for the full implementation of this process from the date of commitment. Now more than ten years later an assessment of the process is necessary to determine if the objectives of the process has been achieved. An independent organisation such as the Health System Trust has in 1998 and 2003 provided some form of evaluation of the process and this will also be discussed in thesis. The District Health system is part of a unitary Provincial Health System that is decentralised to enable the centre (Provincial Management) and the periphery (District and Sub-district Management) to function more effectively and cooperatively. The District Health System is the management structure for primary health care services as this system allows for interaction of all the role-players involved in delivering health care at district level as it puts in place a decentralised Health Management team who is responsible for the planning, managing, implementing and monitoring of the Primary Health Care Package of care at district level. In summary the district is the place where community needs and national priorities are reconciled. This thesis will therefore show the disjuncture that exists between the Primary Health Care policy intent, the policy implementation and the service delivery outcomes on the ground level. The general objective is to do a critical assessment of the Quality of Decentralised Primary Health Care Services in the Cape Metro District of the Western Cape. More specific objectives for the research include: Defining and discussing the Primary Health Care Approach and the District Health System using the target indicators currently used by the City of Cape Town and the Provincial government of the Western Cape Health department to assess the impact of this process. To document the implementation process of the District Health System in the Cape Town Metro District as a case study while analysing the findings in terms of successes, constraints, challenges; and make recommendations for the way forward. The methodology of the study is of a qualitative and descriptive nature. The research design is a case study of the Cape Metro District. The target population will be all those accessing primary health care services in this district. The sample technique is selected by convenience. Data will be gathered directly and indirectly by doing observation and semi – structured interviews and the administration of questionnaires. The framework criteria for assessing the quality would for example include key indicators such as for example the ratio of Professional Nurse to patient; number of health services per three kilometre radius as per the Comprehensive Service Plan 2007 goals and the availability of essential drugs as per primary health care protocol. This directly relates to the key elements that underpin the District Health System namely: equity, access, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, overcoming fragmentation, intersectoral approach and community participation. The main findings indicate that not enough resources have been allocated to the decentralising process causing much delay in its implementation. Shortages of health professionals, infrastructure constraints and poor adherence to legislation also contribute to the delay in implementation. This is why to date the four health districts of the Cape Town Metro District is not fully functional and the quality of the service they provide do not fully adhere to the 2010 Health Care Plan Model.

Orientador: Antônio Fernando Branco Costa / Resumo: O presente trabalho desenvolveu um modelo matemático que contribui para o projeto de redes cicloviárias conexas e integradas ao sistema de transporte público por ônibus em áreas urbanas, fazendo uso da Otimização Multiobjetivo (OM) por meio da Programação Linear Inteira Mista (MILP ou MIP). A investigação dos critérios de infraestrutura que influenciam a demanda cicloviária e que deveriam compor a modelagem matemática foi realizada por meio da Revisão da Literatura e cinco critérios identificados, referentes ao: Conforto, Segurança, Objetividade, Intermodalidade e Continuidade. Cada critério é composto por uma série de subcritérios, dezesseis no total, classificados como parâmetros de projeto de entrada e/ou de saída para o modelo matemático, segundo funções objetivos e restrições. Uma aplicação do modelo foi realizada em um caso real para cidade de grande porte, em São José dos Campos – SP, e obtidas soluções exatas com redes parcialmente conexas (abordagem 1) e redes totalmente conexas (abordagem 2), integradas aos pontos de parada de ônibus e as linhas de ônibus da região delimitada, por meio da linguagem de modelagem General Algebric Modeling System (GAMS) e o solver CPLEX. Os resultados obtidos foram aderentes a realidade da macrozona de tráfego na região estudada e contribuem para o planejamento urbano como validado pela Secretaria de Mobilidade Urbana de São José dos Campos. A análise de diversos cenários para o modelo matemático, ponderando os objetivos do modelo, pos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work created a mathematical model that contributes to design bikeway networks integrated to the public transport service by buses in urban areas, using the Network Multiobjective Optimization through Mixed by means of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP or MIP). The investigation of the infrastructure criteria that influence cycling demand and that should set the mathematical modeling was carried out through the Literature Review and five criteria were identified, referring to: Comfort, Safety, Objectivity, Intermodality and Connectivity. Each criteria is composed of a subcriteria set, sixteen in total, which performed as input and/or output design parameters for the mathematical model, according to fitness functions and constraints. An application of the model was carried out in a real case in São Jose dos Campos city - Sao Paulo state, and exact solutions were obtained with partially connected networks (approach 1) and fully connected networks (approach 2), integrated to the stop points by bus and bus lines in the defined region, using the General Algebric Modeling System (GAMS) modeling language and the CPLEX solver. The results obtained were adherent to the reality of the traffic macrozone in the studied region and contribute to urban planning, as validated by the São José dos Campos Urban Mobility Secretariat. The analysis of several scenarios for the mathematical model, considering the model's objectives, made it possible to verify the behavior of the res... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The Swedish Public Employment Service's reform based on the so-called January agreement from 2019 has since its initiation been an ongoing issue in the Swedish public debate. As a result of the reform, several municipalities have expressed experiences that the operational cooperation in individual cases has deteriorated. The experiences are significant, as cooperation between the Swedish Public Employment Service, municipalities and other actors has been described as a prerequisite for realizing labor market policy. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to study what the operational labor market policy cooperation in individual cases looks like in four Swedish municipalities and how municipal officials perceive that the conditions for this cooperation are affected by the Public Employment Service's reform. This through a qualitative interview study, with a strategic selection of municipalities. The study is thus based on a local perspective and the selection of municipalities is made in order to cover several contextual factors that could potentially affect the municipal experiences. The theoretical starting points are taken from the theory of interorganizational cooperation. The result shows consistent experience in all the municipalities interviewed that the conditions for the interorganizational operational cooperation in individual cases at the local level being negatively affected by the Swedish Public Employment Service's reform. Both in terms of cooperation between the municipalities and the Public Employment Service as well as between the municipalities and independent actors (in cases where they cooperated before the reform). The main reason for the deteriorating cooperation is described as a changed local presence, reduced contact areas and reduced personal relationships at the administrator level. These factors have also been identified by the municipal representatives as the most important factors to address in order for there to be an appropriate and well-functioning cooperation. / Arbetsförmedlingens reformering med utgångspunkt i den så kallade Januariöverenskommelsen från 2019 har sedan dess initiering varit en pågående fråga i den svenska samhällsdebatten. Till följd av reformen har flera kommuner uttryckt erfarenheter av att det operativa samverkan i individärenden försämrats. Erfarenheterna är betydelsefulla eftersom samverkan mellan Arbetsförmedlingen, kommuner och andra aktörer beskrivits som en förutsättning för att realisera arbetsmarknadspolitiken. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att studera hur den operativa arbetsmarknadspolitiska samverkan i individärenden ser ut i fyra svenska kommuner samt hur kommunala tjänstepersoner uppfattar att förutsättningarna för denna samverkan påverkats av Arbetsförmedlingens reformering. Detta genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie, med ett strategiskt urval av kommuner utifrån kommunernas geografiska position och hur Arbetsförmedlingen valt att arrangera myndighetens lokala närvaro. Studien utgår därmed från ett lokalt perspektiv och urvalet av kommuner görs i syfte att täcka in flera kontextuella faktorer som potentiellt kan påverka de kommunala erfarenheterna. Studiens resultat visar på samstämmiga erfarenheter hos de intervjudade kommunföreträdarna om att förutsättningarna för den interorganisatoriska operativa samverkan i individärenden på lokal nivå påverkats negativt av Arbetsförmedlingens reformering. Både när det gäller samverkan mellan kommunerna och Arbetsförmedlingen samt mellan kommunerna och fristående aktörer (i de fall de samverkat innan reformen). De främsta orsakerna till den försämrade samverkan beskrivs vara Arbetsförmedlingens förändrade lokala närvaro, minskade kontaktytor och minskade personliga relationer på handläggarnivå. Faktorerna har utifrån de intervjuade kommunföreträdarna identifierats som viktiga för att främja en ändamålsenlig och välfungerande samverkan.

Examensarbetets syfte var att belysa och bidra till kunskaper om hur elva kommuner i en delregion förhåller sig till nya förutsättningar med en förändrad nationell arbetsmarknadspolitik efter Arbetsförmedlingens reformering 2019. Arbetet bidrar till att ge insikter kring kommunernas strategier för organisering och samverkan, samt konsekvenser för kommunala aktiviteter för deltagarna. Empirin är inhämtad med kvalitativ metod genom att djupintervjua elva kommunala chefer, med ansvar inom arbetsmarknadsområdet i sin kommun, på en strategisk eller strategisk/operativ nivå. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering har till exempel inneburit nedstängning av många lokala kontor och att insatser som tidigare ofta utfördes av kommunerna på uppdrag av Arbetsförmedlingen nu utförs av fristående aktörer. Som en följd av de statliga förändringarna har det påverkat den lokala arbetsmarknadspolitiken som kommunerna utför, med anpassning av kommunernas organisationer och vilka aktiviteter som kan erbjudas deltagarna i målgruppen. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering innebar till en början omfattande konsekvenser för den lokala samverkan och individsamverkan, vilket har fått en betydelse för utförandet av arbetsmarknadspolitiken i praktiken för kommunerna och kommunernas invånare. Examensarbetets teoretiska referensram beskriver att Arbetsförmedlingen har svårigheter i att kunna erbjuda flera av målgrupperna tillräckliga insatser, vanligen de deltagare som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden till exempel ungdomar, utrikesfödda och långtidsarbetslösa, grupper som ofta kan ha ett kommunalt ekonomiskt bistånd. Det medför att det kan finnas förväntningar att kommunerna ska utföra insatser för de som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden. Målgruppen utgör ofta en kostnad för kommuner och även om arbetsmarknadspolitiken i grunden är ett statligt ansvar agerar kommunerna med insatser för att reducera de egna kostnaderna för ekonomiskt bistånd. Det empiriska materialet i examensarbetet har analyserats tematiskt. För att synliggöra strukturen kontra individernas handlingars betydelse för förändringsprocesserna har analysen utgått från Giddens Struktureringsteori. Slutsatserna är att kommunerna har påverkats med omfattande anpassningar efter Arbetsförmedlingens reformering. Det har krävts olika individuella lokala strategiska beslut för att anpassa organiseringen, ofta med nedskärningar, och samverkan till de nya förutsättningarna. Kommunerna har även valt olika strategier vid anpassning av de aktiviteter som erbjuds olika grupper av deltagare och vilka målgrupper som kommunerna erbjuder aktiviteter. / The aim of the thesis was to shed light and contribute to knowledge about how eleven municipalities in a region are responding to new conditions with a changed national labour market policy after the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service in 2019. The work contributes to insights into the municipalities' strategies for organization and cooperation, as well as consequences for municipal activities for participants. The empirical data was collected using qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with eleven municipal managers, responsible for the labour market area in their municipality, at a strategic or strategic/operational level. For example, the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service has resulted in the closure of many local offices and that services that were previously often carried out by the municipalities on behalf of the Public Employment Service are now carried out by independent actors. As a result of the government changes, it has affected the local labour market policy that the municipalities carry out, with adaptation of the municipalities' organizations and which activities can be offered to the participants in the target group. The reform of the employment agency initially had extensive consequences for local and individual collaboration, which has been important for the implementation of labour market policy in practice for the municipalities and their residents. The thesis' theoretical framework describes that the Public Employment Service has difficulties in being able to offer several of the target groups sufficient activities, usually the participants who are the furthest from the labour market, such as young people, foreign-born and the long-term unemployed, groups that often can receive municipal economic support. This means that there may be expectations that the municipalities will carry out activities for those who are furthest from the labour market. The target groups represent a cost for the municipalities and even if labour market policy is fundamentally a state responsibility, the municipalities act with activities to reduce their own costs for economic support. The empirical material in the thesis has been analysed thematically. To make visible the structure versus the significance of individuals' actions for the change processes, the analysis has been based on Gidden's Structuration Theory. The conclusions are that the municipalities have been affected by extensive adaptations after the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service. Various individual local strategic decisions have been required to adapt the organization, often with cuts, and collaboration to the new conditions. The municipalities have also chosen different strategies when adapting the activities offered to different groups of participants and which target groups the municipalities offer activities to.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Background: In 1999, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One reported the prevalence of eczema symptoms in 715,033 children from 154 centers in 56 countries by using standardized epidemiologic tools. Objective: To update the world map of eczema prevalence after 5 to 10 years (ISAAC Phase Three) and include additional data from over 100 new centers. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys using the ISAAC questionnaire on eczema symptoms were completed by adolescents 13 to 14 years old and by parents of children 6 to 7 years old. Current eczema was defined as an itchy flexural rash in the past 12 months and was considered severe eczema if associated with 1 or more nights per week of sleep disturbance. Results: For the age group 6 to 7 years, data on 385,853 participants from 143 centers in 60 countries showed that the prevalence of current eczema ranged from 0.9% in India to 22.5% in Ecuador, with new data showing high values in Asia and Latin America. For the age group 13 to 14 years, data on 663,256 participants from 230 centers in 96 countries showed prevalence values ranging from 0.2% in China to 24.6% in Columbia with the highest values in Africa and Latin America. Current eczema was lower for boys than girls (odds ratio, 0.94 and 0.72 at ages 6 to 7 years and 13 to 14 years, respectively). Conclusion:ISAAC Phase Three provides comprehensive global data on the prevalence of eczema symptoms that is essential for public health planning. New data reveal that eczema is a disease of developing as well as developed countries. / Revisión por pares