This thesis examines the cytochrom P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial properties of 46 common food plants available in the Canadian Market and the inhibitory properties of 17 traditional Cree antidiabetic medicines on aldose reductase. Inhibitory activity profiles of CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 2D6 were created for the 46 samples. The most active plants in the CYP inhibition assay were the spices, belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Similarly, the most active plants in the antimicrobial assay were also the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Swine lens homogenate was tested as a novel model for the aldose reductase inhibition assay. Several Cree plants selected for the aldose reductase study showed a high activity, primarily in samples which also contained high levels of phenolics. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolics content and aldose reductase inhibition r2=0.44, p=0.05. Crude extracts of Rhododendron groenlandicum exhibited inhibitory activities of 35.11 ± 0.16 %. The subfractionation and HPLC analysis of R. groenlandicum revealed high levels of phenolics compounds including, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. This study found that medicinal and food plants contain phytochemicals that may have both beneficial and detrimental biological effects. / Nous avons étudié dans cette thèse les capacités de 46 plantes comestibles, disponibles sur le marché canadien, à inhiber le cytochrome P450 (CYP), enzyme responsable du métabolisme des médicaments, les propriétés antimicrobiennes, et les propriétés inhibitrices de l'aldose réductase à partir de 17 médicaments antidiabétiques traditionnellement utilisés par les Cris. Les profils de l'activité inhibitrice du CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 et 2D6 ont été réalisés pour les 46 plantes à l'étude. Les plantes les plus actives dans le test d'inhibition du CYP furent les épices, plantes appartenant aux familles des Apiaceae et Lamiaceae. De même, les plantes les plus actives dans le bioessai antimicrobien furent aussi les plantes de ces deux mêmes familles. Un homogénat de cristallin de porc a été utilisé comme modèle nouveau pour le test d'inhibition de l'aldose réductase. Plusieurs plantes, utilisées par la nation Cri, qui ont été sélectionnées pour l'étude ont montré une forte activité inhibitrice de l’aldose réductase, principalement dans les échantillons qui contenaient des teneurs élevées en composés phénoliques. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre la teneur totale en composés phénoliques et l'inhibition de l'aldose réductase (r2 = 0.44, p = 0.05). Des extraits bruts de Rhododendron groenlandicum ont montré des activités inhibitrices de 35.11 ± 0.16%. Le sous-fractionnement et l'analyse HPLC de R. groenlandicum ont aussi révélé des teneurs élevées des composés phénoliques, incluant la catéchine, l'épicatéchine, la quercétine et les glycosides de quercétine. Cette étude a montré que les plantes médicinales et alimentaires contiennent des composés phytochimiques qui peuvent avoir à la fois des effets biologiques bénéfique et préjudiciable.

Cette thèse porte sur la mise au point de formulations de nanoparticules lipidiques à base de polyoxylglycérides afin d’assurer la protection de principes actifs instables chimiquement et physiquement, la quercétine (un flavonoïde antioxydant fragile) dans le cas présent. Différents systèmes dispersés ont été préparés par homogénéisation haute pression à chaud avec une taille des particules blanches entre 100 - 200 nm. Ces nanodispersions sont très stables sur plusieurs années à température ambiante. L’encapsulation de la quercétine, dans les nanoparticules lipidiques multicompartimentées et la préparation de nanocristaux ont permis d’augmenter fortement sa teneur dans la dispersion et d’améliorer effectivement sa stabilité physico-chimique. / This thesis focuses on the development of polyoxylglycérides-based lipid nanoparticles to protect labile APIs, quercetin (a fragile antioxidant flavonoid) in this case. Different nanoparticulate systems were prepared by high pressure homogenization with particle size between 100 to 200 nm. These nanodispersions are very stable over several years at room temperature. Encapsulation of quercetin in compartmented lipid nanoparticles and preparation of nanocrystals have increased significantly its content in the dispersion and effectively improve its physical and chemical stability.

The lens of the eye needs to be transparent with a high refractive index to focus images on the retina. In cataracts the lens becomes opaque, eventually leading to blindness. There are many possible causes of cataract but a lot of evidence implicates oxidative damage as contributing to opacification. This includes epidemiological studies showing that diets rich in antioxidants lowered the prevalence of cataract. This research tested the hypothesis that if cataracts were at least partially caused by oxidative damage then their progression would be slowed by application of antioxidants. The antioxidants used were two plant compounds found in the diet, resveratrol and quercetin. The system used was sheep lenses cultured in Eagles Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM). Lenses remained transparent for up to 7 days in EMEM but became opaque within 24 h when exposed to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The lens is exposed to H₂O₂ in vivo as it is found in the aqueous humor. Prior Lenses pre-treated with quercetin reduced but did not prevent opacification. Lens cell death, as determined by measurement of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, was found to increase with H₂O₂ and the increase was prevented by pre-treatment with antioxidants. The role of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione was also investigated. It was found that H₂O₂ decreased the amount of reduced glutathione in the lens cortex and increased the levels of oxidised glutathione but only at levels of 2 mM and above. Thus the results of this research indicate that H₂O₂ at low concentration (1 mM) is able to damage lens cells and cause opacification without affecting the reduced glutathione levels and that the exogenous antioxidants have some ability to protect the lens.

The effects of crop load and berry exposure on the composition of Marlborough Sauvignon blanc grapes and wine from the Brancott vineyard, Blenheim, were explored. Commercially grown, 2-cane and 4-cane Sauvignon blanc vines were used with a row orientation of north-south. Two exposure treatments were imposed in the following manner: complete leaf removal was undertaken in the fruit zone and 50% shade cloth was erected to give a uniform shading treatment to half the trial vines. Weekly thirty-berry and whole bunch samples were taken from each of the 32 plots with the exception of the veraison period when two samples per week were taken. Vine vigour was assessed using pruning and leaf area per vine data. Harvest occurred on different dates for 2-cane and 4-cane pruned vines so that fruit attained from both treatments had similar °Brix. Fruit was processed at the Lincoln University winery. Must analysis and wine analysis were undertaken. As expected, 4-cane vines had almost double the yield of 2-cane vines. Higher crop load significantly reduced leaf area per shoot and shoot thickness. Lower leaf area to fruit ratio for 4-cane berries resulted in delayed onset of veraison and slowed the rate of sugar accumulation. Crop load, which limited leaf area to fruit ratio, appeared to be the dominant factor in determining timing of grape physiological ripeness as expressed by °Brix over other factors such as fruit exposure. Malic acid, tartaric acid, IPMP (iso-propylmethoxypyrazine) and IBMP (iso-butyl-methoxypyrazine) were lower at equivalent °Brix in 4-cane compared with 2-cane berries. Significantly higher concentrations of quercetin were found in exposed compared to shaded berries. Must analysis showed a significant influence of crop load on berry titratable acidity and pH, reflecting berry ripening results. Exposure significantly increased the concentrations of nitrogenous compounds in 4-cane must yet showed no influence on 2-cane must. After wine processing lower malic acid concentrations in wines made from 100% exposed fruit became evident in lower wine titratable acidity but showed no influence on wine pH. Bentonite addition to wines had a small but statistically significant influence on wine by reducing pH, titratable acidity and alcohol. Bound sulphur concentrations were significantly higher in 4-cane versus 2-cane wines. At harvest, methoxypyrazine levels in grapes and wines were very low; IBMP concentrations where significantly lower than those normally found in Sauvignon blanc wines from Marlborough. This was attributed to the absence of basal leaves from the shoots of ripening berries. The results suggest that leaf area to fruit ratio is a powerful determinant of grape and wine quality.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the development of several disorders involving the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer s disease (AD). Considering the limitations of current therapeutics for AD, there is still a great demand for discovery of new medical alternatives. In the first part of the present study it was investigated the antioxidant capacity and the chemical composition of three plants popularly used to treat neurological disorders: Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita and Cymbopogon citratus. The antioxidant effect of some phenolic compounds was also examined for comparative purposes. All plant extracts were effective in to combat OS, but Melissa officinalis presented the highest antioxidant effect. Among the purified compounds, quercetin had the highest antioxidant activity followed by gallic acid, quercitrin and rutin. In this work, we have demonstrated that the plant extracts could protect against OS induced by various pro-oxidant agents that induce lipid peroxidation by different process. Based on this study, which indicates that Melissa officinalis could be an effective agent in the prevention of various neurological diseases associated with OS. In the second part of this study, it was investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different fractions from Melissa officinalis extract. Furthermore, it was verified the effect of the most antioxidant fraction on acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the effect of gallic acid on the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. Ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest flavonoids content as well as antioxidant activity when compared with other tested fractions and also it caused AChE inhibition. Moreover, gallic acid inhibited MMP-2 activity. In conclusion, M. officinalis ethyl acetate fraction is suggested to be further investigated for its possible use in the treatment of AD, due its antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities and the MMP-2 inhibitory capacity of their phenolic compound, gallic acid. / O estresse oxidativo (EO) está envolvido no desenvolvimento de várias doenças relacionadas ao sistema nervoso central, tal como a Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Considerando as limitações da terapia existente para a DA, existe ainda a necessidade de novas alternativas médicas. Na primeira parte deste estudo, foi investigada a capacidade antioxidante e a composição química de três plantas usadas popularmente para tratar desordens neurológicas: Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita e Cymbopogon citratus. O efeito antioxidante de alguns compostos fenólicos também foi examinado para fins comparativos. Todos os extratos de plantas foram efetivos no combate ao EO induzido por diferentes agentes, mas o extrato aquoso da Melissa officinalis apresentou o maior efeito antioxidante. Dentre os compostos purificados, a quercetina teve a maior atividade antioxidante seguida pelo ácido gálico, quercitrina e rutina. Neste trabalho, foi mostrado que os extratos de plantas protegeram contra o EO induzido por vários agentes pró-oxidantes que induzem peroxidação lipídica por diferentes processos. Baseado nestes resultados, que indicam que a Melissa officinalis poderia ser um agente efetivo na prevenção de várias doenças neurológicas associadas ao EO, na segunda parte deste estudo, foram investigadas a composição química e a atividade antioxidante de diferentes frações do extrato de Melissa officinalis. Além disso, investigou-se o efeito da fração com maior potencial antioxidante na atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e o efeito do ácido gálico na atividade da metaloproteinase-2 da matriz (MMP-2). A fração acetato de etila apresentou maior conteúdo de flavonóides associada a uma maior atividade antioxidante quando comparado com as outras frações testadas e causou inibição da AChE. Além disso, o ácido gálico inibiu a atividade da MMP-2. Desta forma, sugere-se que a fração acetato de etila da M. officinalis poderia ser melhor investigada para o seu possível uso no tratamento da DA, devido às suas atividades antioxidante e anticolinesterase e a capacidade do ácido gálico, composto fenólico presente em sua composição, inibir a MMP-2.

No description available.

Plantas medicinais são utilizadas tradicionalmente pela população para a prevenção e tratamento da úlcera gástrica. A úlcera gástrica é uma patologia heterogênea de etiologia multifatorial. É uma doença que acomete pessoas em todo mundo tendo como consequência a elaboração de fármacos com a finalidade de amenizar os sintomas e possibilitar a cura. Entretanto, o tratamento prolongado com os recursos terapêuticos disponíveis pode ocasionar vários efeitos colaterais. Extrato de folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) é utilizado pela população para o tratamento de problemas gástricos. Esta espécie está incluída na Relação Nacional de Plantas com Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS). Com a finalidade de investigar a atividade antiúlcera foram ensaiados dois modelos de lesões gástricas em animais. No modelo de indução por etanol acidificado, o extrato bruto de K. pinnata apresentou diminuição das lesões gástricas em 74% na dose de 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) e de 98% (p<0.01) na dose de 400 mg/kg. A fração acetato de etila, quando experimentada nas doses de 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg, exibiu significante redução nas lesões gástricas (p<0.001), em 77%, 95% e 96%, respectivamente. O ensaio com a fração aquosa também mostrou gastroproteção visualizada pela diminuição das úlceras gástricas em 69% e 91% nas doses de 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) e 400 mg/kg (p<0.01), respectivamente. Em modelo de indução por ácido acético não houve diferença estatística na redução da lesão gástrica nas doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg) analisadas de extrato bruto de K. pinnata, após 7 dias de tratamento. No entanto, foi observado uma tendência na redução da lesão gástrica nas doses de 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg. Células polimorfonucleares, células mononucleares, fibroblastos e matriz extracelular foram quantificadas pela técnica de estimativa de volume celular, para verificação do processo de cicatrização. Foi constatado que nas doses de 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg ocorreu uma redução da fração de volume ocupada por leucócitos polimorfonucleares, favorecendo a promoção do reparo da mucosa gástrica. Paralelamente aos estudos farmacológicos, foi efetuada a padronização do extrato e frações, a obtenção do perfil cromatográfico por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD) do extrato bruto e frações (clorofórmica, acetato de etila e aquosa) e também por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) das frações acetato de etila e aquosa. O cromatograma resultante da fração acetato de etila evidenciou dois picos de maior intensidade e o perfil cromatográfico da fração aquosa apresentou um composto majoritário. Os compostos majoritários foram isolados e caracterizados como pertencentes à classe dos flavonoides. Quercitrina foi isolada da fração acetato de etila e quercetina 3-O-&#945;-L-arabinopiranosil (1&#8594;2) &#945;- L-ramnopiranosídeo foi isolada em ambas as frações. Os resultados da quantificação de flavonoides, da quantificação de substâncias fenólicas e da atividade antioxidante estão em consonância com os resultados biológicos apresentados, sugerindo uma possível relação dos flavonoides presentes no extrato com a atividade gastroprotetora e com a facilitação da cicatrização de úlceras gástricas. / Traditionally medicinal plants have been used to prevent and to treat gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcer is a heterogeneous disease of mutifactorial etiology. This illness affects a considerable number of people in the world. The clinical importance about this pathology resulted in the development of pharmaceutical products. However, these pharmaceutical products are not completely effective and produce many adverse effects. Extract of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) is often used for treating gastric ulcer by the population. K. pinnata is included in RENISUS. So, two distinct ulcer models in rats were performed. For this were realized two distinct ulcer models in rats. In acidified ethanol model, the crude extract from leaves of K. pinnata showed a protection of about 74% (p<0.05) at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 98% (p<0.01) at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Significant inhibition (p<0.001) of gastric ulcer by 77%, 95% and 96% was observed in pretreatment with ethyl acetate fraction at all the doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg), respectively. The aqueous fraction reduced gastric lesions about 69% (p<0.05) and 91% (p<0.01) at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p<0.01), respectively. In acid acetic model a statistic difference in reduction of gastric ulcer for all doses of the crude extract, after 7 days of treatment, wasn\'t observed. Nevertheless, the tendency about healing ulcer was verified for doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Polymorphonuclear cells, mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix were quantified by the technique of volume estimation to detect healing effects on gastric ulcer. These doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg reduced the volume fraction occupied by polymorphonuclear cells. This fact contributes to healing of gastric ulcer. In parallel with the pharmacological studies, the standardization of the extract and fractions was made. The chemical analysis was performed through TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The HPLC assay showed the presence of two major components in ethyl acetate fraction and one major presence of a component in aqueous fraction. These compounds were isolated and identified as flavonoids. Quercitrin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction and quercetin 3-O-&#945;-L-arabinopyranosyl (1&#8594;2) &#945;-L-rhamnopyranoside was identified in the both fractions. The results of flavonoid quantification, phenolic quantification and antioxidant activity are probably correlated with the pharmacologic activity presented. These results suggest that the flavonoids present in the extract can promote gastroprotection and facilitate the healing of gastric ulcer.

Background & Aims: Oxidative stress and apoptosis are proposed mechanisms of cellular injury in studies of xenobiotic hepatotoxicity. The aim of this work is to find early signal markers of drug-induced injury of the liver by focusing on select antioxidant/oxidant and apoptotic genes. As well, to address the relationship between conventional liver dysfunction markers and the measured mRNA and protein expressions in the D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide and tert-butylhydroperoxide hepatotoxicity models. Furthermore, potential hepatoprotective capabilities of antioxidant polyphenols quercetin and curcumin were evaluated in relation to its modulation of the oxidative stress and apoptotic parameters in the given xenobiotic hepatotoxicity models. Methods: Biochemical markers testing the hepatic function included aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin. Measurements of TBARS and conjugated dienes were used to assess lipoperoxidation. Plasma levels of catalase and reduced glutathione were used as indicators of the oxidative status of the cell. Real time PCR was used to analyse the mRNA expressions of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx-1), caspase 3 (Casp3), BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) and Bcl-2...

Plantas medicinais são utilizadas tradicionalmente pela população para a prevenção e tratamento da úlcera gástrica. A úlcera gástrica é uma patologia heterogênea de etiologia multifatorial. É uma doença que acomete pessoas em todo mundo tendo como consequência a elaboração de fármacos com a finalidade de amenizar os sintomas e possibilitar a cura. Entretanto, o tratamento prolongado com os recursos terapêuticos disponíveis pode ocasionar vários efeitos colaterais. Extrato de folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) é utilizado pela população para o tratamento de problemas gástricos. Esta espécie está incluída na Relação Nacional de Plantas com Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS). Com a finalidade de investigar a atividade antiúlcera foram ensaiados dois modelos de lesões gástricas em animais. No modelo de indução por etanol acidificado, o extrato bruto de K. pinnata apresentou diminuição das lesões gástricas em 74% na dose de 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) e de 98% (p<0.01) na dose de 400 mg/kg. A fração acetato de etila, quando experimentada nas doses de 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg, exibiu significante redução nas lesões gástricas (p<0.001), em 77%, 95% e 96%, respectivamente. O ensaio com a fração aquosa também mostrou gastroproteção visualizada pela diminuição das úlceras gástricas em 69% e 91% nas doses de 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) e 400 mg/kg (p<0.01), respectivamente. Em modelo de indução por ácido acético não houve diferença estatística na redução da lesão gástrica nas doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg) analisadas de extrato bruto de K. pinnata, após 7 dias de tratamento. No entanto, foi observado uma tendência na redução da lesão gástrica nas doses de 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg. Células polimorfonucleares, células mononucleares, fibroblastos e matriz extracelular foram quantificadas pela técnica de estimativa de volume celular, para verificação do processo de cicatrização. Foi constatado que nas doses de 200 mg/kg e 400 mg/kg ocorreu uma redução da fração de volume ocupada por leucócitos polimorfonucleares, favorecendo a promoção do reparo da mucosa gástrica. Paralelamente aos estudos farmacológicos, foi efetuada a padronização do extrato e frações, a obtenção do perfil cromatográfico por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD) do extrato bruto e frações (clorofórmica, acetato de etila e aquosa) e também por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) das frações acetato de etila e aquosa. O cromatograma resultante da fração acetato de etila evidenciou dois picos de maior intensidade e o perfil cromatográfico da fração aquosa apresentou um composto majoritário. Os compostos majoritários foram isolados e caracterizados como pertencentes à classe dos flavonoides. Quercitrina foi isolada da fração acetato de etila e quercetina 3-O-&#945;-L-arabinopiranosil (1&#8594;2) &#945;- L-ramnopiranosídeo foi isolada em ambas as frações. Os resultados da quantificação de flavonoides, da quantificação de substâncias fenólicas e da atividade antioxidante estão em consonância com os resultados biológicos apresentados, sugerindo uma possível relação dos flavonoides presentes no extrato com a atividade gastroprotetora e com a facilitação da cicatrização de úlceras gástricas. / Traditionally medicinal plants have been used to prevent and to treat gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcer is a heterogeneous disease of mutifactorial etiology. This illness affects a considerable number of people in the world. The clinical importance about this pathology resulted in the development of pharmaceutical products. However, these pharmaceutical products are not completely effective and produce many adverse effects. Extract of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) is often used for treating gastric ulcer by the population. K. pinnata is included in RENISUS. So, two distinct ulcer models in rats were performed. For this were realized two distinct ulcer models in rats. In acidified ethanol model, the crude extract from leaves of K. pinnata showed a protection of about 74% (p<0.05) at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 98% (p<0.01) at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Significant inhibition (p<0.001) of gastric ulcer by 77%, 95% and 96% was observed in pretreatment with ethyl acetate fraction at all the doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg), respectively. The aqueous fraction reduced gastric lesions about 69% (p<0.05) and 91% (p<0.01) at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p<0.01), respectively. In acid acetic model a statistic difference in reduction of gastric ulcer for all doses of the crude extract, after 7 days of treatment, wasn\'t observed. Nevertheless, the tendency about healing ulcer was verified for doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Polymorphonuclear cells, mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix were quantified by the technique of volume estimation to detect healing effects on gastric ulcer. These doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg reduced the volume fraction occupied by polymorphonuclear cells. This fact contributes to healing of gastric ulcer. In parallel with the pharmacological studies, the standardization of the extract and fractions was made. The chemical analysis was performed through TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The HPLC assay showed the presence of two major components in ethyl acetate fraction and one major presence of a component in aqueous fraction. These compounds were isolated and identified as flavonoids. Quercitrin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction and quercetin 3-O-&#945;-L-arabinopyranosyl (1&#8594;2) &#945;-L-rhamnopyranoside was identified in the both fractions. The results of flavonoid quantification, phenolic quantification and antioxidant activity are probably correlated with the pharmacologic activity presented. These results suggest that the flavonoids present in the extract can promote gastroprotection and facilitate the healing of gastric ulcer.

L'incorporation d'ingrédients bioactifs dans les produits alimentaires est en plein essor. Il a été démontré que ces ingrédients possèdents des propriétés biologiques importantes permettant l'amélioration de la santé et la prévention des maladies dites de civilisations. Toutefois, l'ajout de ces molécules bioactives est dans la plupart des cas impossible ou insuffisant, du fait que ces composés ne sont que peu solubles dans les systèmes aqueux et présentent i) une stabilité limitée contre les dégradations chimique ou physique, ii) une libération non contrôlée ou une faible biodisponibilité. Face à ces contraintes, les recherches actuelles visent à élaborer des systèmes d'encapsulation efficaces pour résoudre ces problèmes de formulation. Dans notre étude, deux représentants d'ingrédients alimentaires ont été choisi : le sesquiterpène nérolidol (Ner) et le flavonoïde quercétine (Quer) présentant diverses activités biologiques mais des propriétés physicochimiques problématiques. Ainsi, l'objectif de notre travail a été d'encapsuler ces composés actifs dans les cyclodextrines (CDs), les liposomes conventionnels (LCs) et le système mixte cyclodextrine-liposomes (DCLs) afin de développer des systèmes naturels et éco-compatibles ayant des applications potentielles dans les domaines alimentaires.Trois axes ont été abordés. Le premier axe a porté sur la préparation et la caractérisation des complexes d'inclusion CD/invité en solution et à l'état solide. Les techniques de spectroscopie UV-visible, Chromatographie Liquide à Haute Performance (CLHP), Carbone Organique Total (TOC), ¹H Résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), 2D ROESY RMN et de la modélisation moléculaire ont été utilisées comme outils pour la caractérisation des complexes obtenus. Des études de phase de solubilité ont également été réalisées. Le deuxième axe a porté sur la préparation des LCs et DCLs par la méthode d'injection éthanolique et leur caractérisation. Les préparations des LCs encapsulant la quercétine a été réalisée à partir de phospholides naturels de jaune d'oeuf (Lipoid E80) et de soja insaturés (Lipoid S100) ou saturés (Phospholipon 90H) afin d'étudier l'effet de la composition lipidique que les caractéristiques des liposomes. La formulation optimale a été par la suite appliquée pour préparer des LCs encapsulant le nérolidol et des DCLs encapsulant les deux molécules. Ce dernier est produit par l'incorporation des complexes d'inclusion HP-β-CD/Ner (à différents rapport moléculaire CD:Ner) et SBE-β-CD/Quer dans la cavité aqueuse des liposomes. Le dernier axe a été orienté vers l'évaluation de l'effet de l'encapsulation sur les propriétés physicochimiques du nérolidol et de la quercétine (libération in vitro, photostabilité, stabilité dans les milieux gastro-intestinales, stabilité de stockage) et leur activité antioxydante. Les résultats ont montré que les CSs ont été capables d'encapsuler les composés actifs étudiés, d'augmenter leur solubilité, leur photostabilité ainsi que leur activité antioxydante. En outre, les liposomes à base de Lipoid E80 ont été trouvés majoritairement de taille nanométrique et ont conféré aux molécules une efficacité d'encapsulation (EE) élevée ainsi qu'une meilleure stabilité par rapport aux deux autres types de liposomes. De plus, la taille des DCLs ains que leur EE ont été prouvées dépendante du rapport moléculaire CD:invité. Par rapport aux LCs, les DCLs ont assuré une libération prolongée du nérolidol, ont augmenté la photostabilité des composés et la stabilité de la quercétine dans les milieux biologiques. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que ces systèmes peuvent être considérés comme outils prometteurs pour l'optimisation des formulations alimentaires incorporant le nérolidol et/ou la quercétine. / Phytochemicals are widely distributed secondary metabolites, divided into three major classes : terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids. They are shown to possess important biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Therefore, increasing the use of these bioactive molecules in food products may reduce the risk of widespread diseases referred to as "diseases of civilization". However, their low solubility, susceptibility to degradation and their rapid release reduce their bioavailability in the human body and thus their biological effect. To solve the aforementioned physicochemical drawbacks, encapsulation systems were developed to allow the incorporation of phytochemicals in food. In this study, two food ingredients : the sesquiterpene nerolidol and the flavonol quercetin were selected du to their potent biological activities but their problematic physicochemical properties.Therfore, the aim of this work was to encapsulate these molecules into cyclodextrins (CDs), conventional liposomes (CLs) and the double systeme drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes (DCLs), in order to develop nztural and biocompatible formulations that may find applications in food fields. This project was built around three main research axes. The first part dealt with the preparation and the characterization of CD/guest inclusion complexes both in solution and in solid state. Characterizations were performed with UV-visible spectroscopy, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Total Oragnic Carbon (TOC), ¹H NMR, 2D ROESY NMR, and molecular modeling. These investigations were complemented with phase solubility studies.The second axis addressed the preparation of CLs ans DCLs by ethanol injection method and characterization of the vesicles. CLs encapsulating quercetin were prepared from three different types of phospholipids (Lipoid E80, Lipoid S100, Phospholipon 90H) in order to study the effect of lipid composition on the characteristics of liposomes. The optimal formulation was then selected to prepare nerolidol loaded-CLs and DCLs encapsulating the two compounds. HP-β-CD/Ner (at different CD:Ner molar ratios) and SBE-β-CD/Quer inclusion complexes were used as the aqueous phase in the DCL system. The last part focused on the effect of encapsulation on the physicochemical properties of nerolidol and quercetin (in vitro release, photostability, stability in gastro-intestinal fluids, storage stability) and their antioxidant activities. Results demonstrated that CDs could successfully encapsulate bioactive compounds, enhance their solubility , photostability and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, Lipoid E80-liposomes were nanometric in size, exhibited a high entrapment efficiency and higher stability in comparison to the other formulations. Moreover, CD:guest molar ratio influenced the size of DCLs and their encapsulation efficiency. When compared to CLs, DCLs extended the release of neridol, enhanced the photostability of both compounds ans increased the stability of quercetin in biological fluids. These results could be considered as a promising tool to achieve an optimized and efficient formulation incorporating nerolidol and quercetin in food industry.