The attitude of society towards persons with mental disabilities and recognizing their rights and dignity are important evaluation aspects of the society. The Czech Republic follows modern European trends that provide the mentally disabled with the same extent of activities as people without disabilities. As a topic of my thesis I have chosen the mentally disabled children´s right to education. The thesis addresses attitudes of primary school headmasters as well as attitudes of the staff of special education centers for children and youths with mental disabilities to integration of pupils with mental disabilities into a regular primary school. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with important documents discussing the rights of individuals with mental disabilities. It describes not only mental disability and its degrees, but in particular education of children with mental disabilities in schools set up for pupils with special educational needs and the possibility of integrating these pupils into mainstream education. The theoretical part is followed by the practical part. The objective of the thesis was to identify the attitude of primary school headmasters as well as that of the staff of a special education center for the mentally disabled staff to the integration process of children with mental disabilities into mainstream primary schools and implementation of the right to education of children with mental disabilities. The research was conducted by the interrogation method using anonymous questionnaires. The results show that a majority of primary schools headmasters in the South Bohemian region support the right to education of pupils with mental disabilities in the form of their integration into regular classrooms. All the respondents, both primary school headmasters and the special education center staff, give the priority at education to individual learning abilities of each child with a mental disability. At the integration of a pupil with a mental disability into a regular primary school the crucial criterion is health and social motivation, not economic motivation. This thesis can be used as a survey of current attitudes and opinions of primary school headmasters and special education centers´ staff on the possibility of pupils with mental disabilities integration into mainstream education.

This article analyses the status of education as a fundamental right. The recenteconomic crisis and associated austerity policies have worsened the situation and,rather than diminish, educational inequalities have in fact increased. Firstly, thesignificance of education as a Human Right is examined. Secondly, the extentto which the MDGs have been met is reviewed, particularly with regard toeducation, where, as detailed in various reports produced by NGOs and by theUnited Nations, certain difficulties have impeded their being met. The Right toEducation is examined in a projective way as a right that should not be limitedto the vision contained in the new Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.It is necessary to go still further and advance towards a true democratisation ofeducation. / En este artículo se analiza la educación como derecho humano fundamental. Ellegado del siglo veinte muestra avances pero las crisis económicas y las políticasde ajuste adoptadas han agravado las desigualdades educativas. En este contextolos Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio proyectados para el 2015 han quedadolimitados. Primero se significa la educación como derecho humano. En segundolugar se hace balance de los objetivos y se exponen sus impactos en la educacióncontrastados con informes de organizaciones que evidencian problemáticas quehan dificultado su alcance. Se expone una mirada proyectiva del derecho a laeducación que no puede quedar encorsetado en la formulación de los nuevosObjetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030. Habrá que ir más allá y avanzar en laverdadera democratización educativa. / Este artigo discute a educação como um direito humano fundamental. O legadodo s.XX mostra progressos, mas as políticas de crise e de ajustamento económicoadotadas exacerbaram a desigualdade educacional. Neste contexto, as Metasde Desenvolvimento do Milênio projetadas para 2015 não foram alcançados.Primeiro definiu a educação como um direito humano. Em segundo lugarobjetivos são analisados, e os seus impactos são discutidos na educação, usandoargumentos relatórios de organizações que mostram problemas que impedem asua realização. Finalmente, argumenta-se que o direito à educação não pode serlimitado na formulação das novas Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável2030. Devemos avançar a verdadeira democratização educacional.

Historically, fundamental rights have not been perceived in their totality with the same degree of enforceability. However, with the contributionsof both the doctrine and the jurisprudence, todayall   fundamental rights, including those with social character, are considered to impose real obligations on the State.In this article, the author shows how the decentralization process has influenced in this phenomenon, with emphasis on the right to education, and presents an analysis regarding the actual situation of this right in our country based on the positive actions that are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and the decentralized organisms. / Históricamente, los derechos fundamentales no han sido percibidos en su totalidad con el mismogrado de exigibilidad. No obstante, con los aportesde la doctrina y la jurisprudencia, hoy se consideraque todos los derechos fundamentales, inclusive aquellos de carácter social, imponen obligaciones reales al Estado.En el presente artículo, la autora muestra cómo el proceso de descentralización ha influido en este fenómeno, con énfasis en el derecho a la educación, y plantea un análisis respecto de la situación actual de este derecho en nuestro país a partir de las acciones positivas a cargo del Ministerio de Educación y de los organismos descentralizados.

Teaching democracy: normative, reality and proposalsrelated to education for citizenship in PeruThis article aims to review the ethical and political basis of education for citizenship. From the analysis of Peruvian normative it infers the necessity that school produces citizens. Then, it confronts these normativewith the reality of Peruvian school. It also analyses some successful cases, and from this, it formulates proposals made to facilitate the development of a real citizenship in our country. / El presente artículo apunta a revisar las bases ético-políticas de la educación para la ciudadanía. A partir del análisis de la normativa peruana se desprende la necesidad de que la escuela forme ciudadanos. Luego, se confronta esta normativa con la realidad de la escuela peruana. Se analizan también algunos casos de éxito y, a partir de esto, se formulan propuestas que posibiliten el desarrollo de una verdadera ciudadanía en nuestro país.

The education of intellectually disabled (ID) people is constructed within mass education systems as a problem requiring specialised intervention, separation from “normal” school contexts and the application of professional expertise. A social model of disability resists these practices from a human rights perspective and underpins an inclusive education approach. In this study, a post-structuralist disability studies theoretical framework, drawing particularly on the work of Foucault, was used to examine discourses that construct the intellectually disabled person as a subject of education. The study was conducted in Buffalo City, South Africa at a time when an inclusive education policy is being implemented in the country. The research questions were: What discourses are deployed in the representation and educational practices of those identified as ID? What are the effects of these discourses in constructing the ID subject and associated educational practice? The study utilises Q-methodology, a factor analytic method that yields whole patterns of responses for analysis. A process of sorting selected statements along the dimension of agree to disagree was completed by three groups of participants, namely adults with ID, parents of people with ID and professionals working with ID. Discourses of representation and of educational practice were identified through statistical and interpretive analysis, following the discourse analysis school of Q-methodology. The findings of this study reveal the operation of power in a medico-psychological gaze that makes ID visible and supervises disability expertise within education. Representations of ID suffused with religious notions support the exercise of pastoral power by disability experts. Human rights discourses in education can marginalise ID people if applied uncritically. Fixed notions of impairment constrain an intellectually disabled subject who is vulnerable and incompetent. This study argues instead for a theory of (poss)ability, underpinned by an understanding of the situational and shared nature of competence and a fluid conception of impairment. Human rights should be supplemented by an ethics of care and belonging in the community (ubuntu). A research agenda supporting this effort would examine the ways in which ID people work on themselves as subjects (subjectivisation) and explore the potential for resistance in this process.

This thesis has identified and analysed the role of an NGO called Gadra Education in advancing education rights to the less advantaged people of Grahamstown in South Africa. Gadra Education’s role has been identified as twofold. Firstly as an educational NGO, Gadra Education’s initiatives directly impact on the lives of the less economically and socially privileged learners who, due to their previous learning environment in state schools, do not achieve academic results that ensure entry into tertiary level. Secondly its role is identified in its nature as an organisation that emerged due to the deficiencies in the state schooling system. It therefore stands de facto as a critical institution for critique of the state’s education system. The thesis concludes that without confronting the Department of Education or collaborating with it, Gadra Education offers a significant alternative approach which can potentially influence the state to improve the state schooling system. Its strategy of non-confrontation to the state, informal and non-corporatist is advantageous as an NGO that focuses on the actual provision of education. It focuses on instilling Ubuntu values of sharing and giving that are of critical significance in teaching and learning. The context of the thesis is located broadly within socio-economic rights and specifically on education rights. In South Africa where the state has not adequately met the educational obligations for the economically and socially less privileged citizens, the emergence of educational NGOs that focus on providing education to the poor is of vital importance. Although other NGOs that confront the state are important in pushing the state to deliver especially on school infrastructure, teacher deployment and other educational challenges, Gadra Education model ensures academic success for the learner. Lessons can be drawn from Gadra Education which can be potentially useful to state schools and other NGOs that seek to advance education rights to disadvantaged communities.

It is common knowledge that the delivery of a high quality, well-resourced educational service to learners enrolled in state schools in the Eastern Cape has ground to a halt and this lack of service delivery has now become a pervasive problem. South African education has to a large extent failed to meet the needs of Black learners. Schools, like other contexts of childhood and adolescence are intimate places where youths construct identities, build a sense of self, read how society views them, develop the capacity to sustain relations and forge the skills to initiate change. These are the contexts where youth grow or shrink. Buildings in disrepair are not, therefore, merely a distraction; they are identity producing and selfdefining. There has been much debate on the topic of self-esteem and its relationship to school performance and academic achievement. Previous studies have highlighted that selfesteem and resilience do play a role in academic achievement. Despite the many challenges facing learners in under-resourced schools, many learners have overcome such challenges and achieved academic success. This study aimed to explore and describe the coping orientation and self-esteem of Black learners enrolled in under-resourced state schools in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. An exploratory, descriptive survey design was employed and eighty-five research participants completed the Orientation to Life Questionnaire 29 Item (OLQ 29 Item), Battle‟s Culture Free Self-Esteem Inventory Form AD (CFSEI Form AD) and a biographical questionnaire. Key findings revealed fairly high mean scores on the OLQ 29 Item and low total self-esteem scores. The General, Social and Personal self-esteem of the learners were found to be average. The results also revealed that learners with a high sense of coherence are likely to have high self-esteem; hence high sense of coherence is better explained by high self-esteem and low sense of coherence is better explained by low selfesteem.

The rights may be required when they were violated or infringed. The rights are provided for in national laws and international standards such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the covenants on human rights in 1966, among others, to demand them, can use both national justice system as international. This chargeability occurs both in the political sphere (through social mobilization and action by public authorities), as in the legal field (national judiciary and international courts). In the latter case, it is when he is called justiciability. The Universal human rights system established access to justice as a guarantee of social rights. This means ensuring effective judicial protection for the duties of States. Our research of the idea that to understand organizational phenomena of society, which are correlated to the right, a method is necessary in this case, the comparative legal method The current problems that have the realization of the fundamental right to education (restricted and almost privileged access at all levels, uncertain and conditional adaptability, etc.) are dormant. The issue of justiciability of the right to education is dealt with in a right perspective compared between Brazil and Colombia, and is understood as the power of the holders of this fundamental right to require states to respect and protection, making it effective; in other words: it is the obligation of States to provide judicial remedies for such purposes. The justiciability is a way to enforce the rights before the courts, both at the national, regional and international levels, and analyzed in our thesis / Os direitos podem ser exigidos quando foram violados ou infringidos. Como os direitos estão previstos nas leis nacionais e normas internacionais, como a Declaração Universal dos direitos humanos e os pactos sobre direitos humanos de 1966, entre outros, para exigi-los, pode usar tanto sistema de justiça nacional como o internacional. Esta exigibilidade ocorre tanto na esfera política (através de mobilização social e ação pelas autoridades públicas), como no campo jurídico (poder judiciário nacional e tribunais internacionais). Neste último caso, é quando ele é chamado de justiciabilidade. O Sistema Universal de direitos humanos estabeleceu o acesso à justiça como garantia dos direitos sociais. Isso significa a garantia de tutela jurisdicional efetiva para o cumprimento dos deveres dos Estados. A nossa investigação parte da ideia de que para compreender fenômenos organizacionais da sociedade, que estão correlacionados com o direito, é necessário um método, neste caso, o método juridico comparativo Os atuais problemas que têm a efetivação do direito fundamental à educação (acesso restrito e quase privilegiado em todos os níveis, incerta e condicional adaptabilidade, etc) são latentes. A questão da justiciabilidade do direito à educação é tratado dentro de uma perspectiva de direito comparado entre Brasil e Colômbia, e é entendida como o poder dos titulares deste direito fundamental para exigir aos Estados o respeito e proteção, tornando-o efetivo; em outras palavras: é a obrigação dos Estados para fornecer recursos judiciais para tais fins. A justiciabilidade é uma maneira de fazer valer os direitos diante dos tribunais, tanto em nível nacional, regional e internacional, sendo analisada na nossa dissertação.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_taciana_rocha.pdf: 1127356 bytes, checksum: 6713e21f076e27e087a1e3eed9330ef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-01 / Nowadays there is much talk of the (in)efficiency of the judicial process in ensuring the consummation of fundamental rights incumbent on the State, such as the right to education, defined in the republic s constitution as a public subjective right at the level of basic education. Actual practice, as a result of the action of the Department for the Defence of Education of the Capital (Public Prosecution Service of Pernambuco), has shown that a civil public action, a judicial instrument for the protection of diffuse and collective rights, has not made possible the actual implementation of the fundamental right to education (provision of regular basic education by the State), as provided for in Brazil s juridical order. The fact is that the provision of regular basic education presupposes not only satisfying the demand for places in the public school system (quantitative aspect), but also the guarantee of minimum standards of quality of teaching (qualitative aspect), which involves the State making available the goods and services indispensable for meeting the educational needs and, as a result, the outlay of public resources. The judicial decision obtained in a civil public action (compelling the Treasury to comply with its obligation to provide regular basic education) does not satisfy the educational needs formally set out in Brazil s constitution by virtue of the political constraint on executing a such a decision against the Treasury, only executable in the form of a cash payment and, in addition, by virtue of the legal linkage of the appropriations to special funds established in law. Such a judicial decision is monetized, being the result of a cash payment execution, whereas the educational provision, intended to meet the educational needs, only satisfied by means of concrete provisions (educational goods and services), and therefore not linked to the judicial system, but to the economic one, in the setting of which the administration of scarce resources for the purpose of satisfying the needs to be met with public funds requires that the proposed expenditure be included in the State s budget. The failure to execute the constitutional right to education is the subject of this study, the problem being addressed by means of the dialectic hermeneutical method, which permits an understanding of the connection between the judicial and the economic systems, thereby making feasible the proposition of an efficiency route to the implementation of the fundamental right to education / Nos dias atuais muito se tem falado sobre a [in]eficiência do processo judicial para assegurar a realização de direitos fundamentais devidos pelo Poder Público como o direito à educação, definido na Constituição da República como direito subjetivo público em nível de ensino fundamental. A prática decorrente da atuação na Promotoria de Defesa da Educação da Capital [Ministério Público de Pernambuco] vem mostrando que a ação civil pública [instrumento processual de tutela dos direitos difusos e coletivos], não tem possibilitado a efetiva concretização do direito prestacional à educação [ensino fundamental regular ofertado pelo Poder Público] na forma prevista no ordenamento pátrio. Isto porque a oferta regular de ensino fundamental pressupõe não somente o atendimento à demanda por vagas na rede pública de ensino [aspecto quantitativo], mas também a garantia de padrões mínimos de qualidade de ensino [aspecto qualitativo], o que envolve disponibilização de bens e serviços pelo Poder Público para satisfação de necessidades educacionais e resulta, em conseqüência, no gasto de recursos públicos. O provimento judicial obtido em ação civil pública [condenação da Fazenda Pública à obrigação de ofertar ensino fundamental regular] não satisfaz as necessidades educacionais formalmente consagradas na Constituição Federal, em razão da limitação política à execução contra a Fazenda Pública [admissível apenas na forma de quantia certa] e, ainda, por força da vinculação das verbas condenatórias a fundos especiais previstos em lei. Tal provimento judicial é monetarizado, obtido em execução por quantia certa, enquanto o provimento educacional, objeto de satisfação de necessidades educacionais, somente é satisfeito por meio de provimentos concretos [bens e serviços educacionais] e, portanto, não vinculados ao sistema jurídico, mas ao econômico, no qual a administração de recursos escassos impõe que os gastos públicos para satisfação de necessidades sejam incluídos em orçamento [previsão orçamentária]. A inexequibilidade do direito prestacional à educação é o problema enfrentado na pesquisa mediante método dialético-hermenêutico, que permite a compreensão da conexão do sistema jurídico com o econômico, tornando, assim, possível a proposição de uma via de eficiência para o direito prestacional à educação

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pre-textuais.pdf: 1014264 bytes, checksum: 068105074e07468e188f1bbb5761b974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-10 / The dissertation discusses how the disability, as a stigma, is socially established, the ways how the identities of people with disabilities are made into the social environment and what is the function of education in its potential of reproduction and transformation of the society, to the production and reproduction of the disabilities' stigmas. The dissertation also discusses how the right to education of persons with disabilities can make an deconstruction of the stigmas, and can build an inclusive society, and some of the ways can be followed for the realization of this right. The data were obtained through review of the literature relevant to the theme and study and reflection on the discourse of people with disabilities, to which we had access reading of works written by people with disabilities and by ethnographic research, which gave us access with reports that, although not formally transcribed, permeate all lines of this dissertation / A dissertação aborda como a deficiência, enquanto estigma, é socialmente estabelecida, os processos através dos quais as identidades das pessoas com deficiência são construídas dentro do meio social e qual a função da educação, em seu potencial reprodutor e transformador da sociedade, para a (re) produção dos estigmas de deficiência. Aborda, ainda, como direito a educação das pessoas com deficiência pode se prestar à desconstrução dos estigmas, construção de uma sociedade inclusiva, e alguns dos caminhos que podem ser seguidos para a realização de tal direito. Os dados foram obtidos através da revisão da bibliografia pertinente ao tema e estudo e reflexão sobre os discursos das pessoas com deficiência, aos quais tivemos acesso com base na leitura de obras escritas por pessoas com deficiência e através de pesquisa etnográfica, a qual nos deu acesso a relatos que, embora não estejam formalmente transcritos, permeiam todas as linhas e entrelinhas da presente dissertação