För alpina skidåkare mäter man prestationer i så kallad FIS-ranking. Vi undersöker några metoder för hur man kan analysera data där responsen består av ranger som dessa. Vid situationer då responsdata utgörs av urval av ranger finns ingen självklar analysmetod. Det vi undersöker är skillnaderna vid användandet av olika regressionsanpassningar så som linjär, logistisk och ordinal logistisk regression för att analysera data av denna typ. Vidare används bootstrap för att bilda konfidensintervall. Det visar sig att för våra datamaterial ger metoderna liknande resultat när det gäller att hitta betydelsefulla förklarande variabler. Man kan därmed utgående från denna undersökning, inte se några skäl till varför man ska använda de mer avancerade modellerna. / Alpine skiers measure their performance in FIS ranking. We will investigate some methods on how to analyze data where response data is based on ranks like this. In situations where response data is based on ranks there is no obvious method of analysis. Here, we examine differences in the use of linear, logistic and ordinal logistic regression to analyze data of this type. Bootstrap is used to make confidence intervals. For our data these methods give similar results when it comes to finding important explanatory variables. Based on this survey we cannot see any reason why one should use the more advanced models.

Les conflits de rang sont en France aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècle une source abondante de contentieux. Si leur dimension sociale et symbolique a été étudiée, leur dimension juridique a moins retenu l’attention. Une approche phénoménologique des rangs, des préséances, des hiérarchies, des conflits dont ils sont l’occasion et de leurs voies de règlement en montrent la nature conflictuelle, juridique et judiciaire. A l’examen, les cérémonies et les actes où s’exprime la puissance publique (audiences publiques des souverains, lits de justice, entrées royales et principales cérémonies de l’information), révèlent le caractère constitutionnel avant la lettre de cette matière, la perméabilité entretenue entre le signe de l’autorité, que l’on peut résumer par le rang, et l’autorité elle-même. En regard, les éléments de doctrine contemporains, pour précieux qu’ils soient, laissent perplexe. Pauvre ou silencieuse, la doctrine semble pécher par prudence. L’autorité du précédent y est tacitement reconnue tandis que la puissance discrétionnaire d’un souverain démiurge indiscrètement exaltée. Cependant, l’époque n’est pas pour autant privée de toute pensée des rangs adéquate à son objet. La littérature contemporaine montre que la hiérarchie constitue pour le public cultivé de l’époque un schème fondamental, une structure implicite du discours. Ce que la doctrine s’efforce de taire et que les sources contemporaines révèlent est le travail concurrent de deux matrices à l’oeuvre dans l’Etat royal à l’âge classique, la contradiction croissante entre la souveraineté et la hiérarchie. / Conflicts of rank in France in the 17th and 18th centuries were an abundant source of litigation. If their social and symbolic dimensions have already been studied, their legal dimension has attracted less attention. A phenomenological approach to ranks, precedencies, and hierarchies, as well as their ensuing conflicts and subsequent outcomes reveal their contentious, legal and judicial character. Upon examination, the ceremonies and acts during which public authority (the sovereigns' public audiences, parliamentary sessions presided over by the king, royal entrances, and the main ceremonies of information) expressed itself reveal a constitutional character before the very existence of such a document, as well as the permeability maintained between the sign of authority - as assumed by rank - and the authority itself. On the other hand, the elements of contemporary doctrine, as precious as they may be, remain perplexing. Poor or lacking, doctrine seems to be exceedingly cautious. The authority of the precedent is tacitly recognized whereas the demiurge sovereign's discretionary power indiscreetly exalted. However, the era was hardly lacking in any adequate thought as to ranks. The contemporary literature shows that the hierarchy constituted a fundamental scheme or an implicit structure of discourse for the educated public at the time. What doctrine seeks to silence and what contemporary sources reveal is the competition of two matrices at work in the royal State of the Classical Age, the growing contradiction between sovereignty and hierarchy.

The measures studied in this thesis were a measure of disorder, D, and a measure of the individual part of the disagreement, the measure of relative rank variance, RV, proposed by Svensson in 1993. The measure of disorder is a useful measure of order consistency in paired assessments of scales with a different number of possible values. The measure of relative rank variance is a useful measure in evaluating reliability and for evaluating change in qualitative outcome variables. In Paper I an overview of methods used in the analysis of dependent ordinal data and a comparison of the methods regarding the assumptions, specifications, applicability, and implications for use were made. In Paper II an application, and a comparison of the results of some standard models, tests, and measures to two different research problems were made. The sampling distribution of the measure of disorder was studied both analytically and by a simulation experiment in Paper III. The asymptotic normal distribution was shown by the theory of U-statistics and the simulation experiments for finite sample sizes and various amount of disorder showed that the sampling distribution was approximately normal for sample sizes of about 40 to 60 for moderate sizes of D and for smaller sample sizes for substantial sizes of D. The sampling distribution of the relative rank variance was studied in a simulation experiment in Paper IV. The simulation experiment showed that the sampling distribution was approximately normal for sample sizes of 60-100 for moderate size of RV, and for smaller sample sizes for substantial size of RV. In Paper V a procedure for inference regarding relative rank variances from two or more samples was proposed. Pair-wise comparison by jackknife technique for variance estimation and the use of normal distribution as approximation in inference for parameters in independent samples based on the results in Paper IV were demonstrated. Moreover, an application of Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples and Friedman’s test for dependent samples were conducted. / Statistical methods for ordinal data

(in English): This master's thesis is focusing on the issue of military ranks in the armed forces of contemporary Arab states. In the thesis, the terms for military ranks of all branches of the armed forces (ground force, navy, air force) of Arab armies are being discussed. At the same time, the proposed thesis is dealing with the historical and political context of development of military ranks in the region; therefore, there is a focus on early developments of military ranks in the Middle Ages, reform efforts in the Ottoman military of Sultan Mahmut II., and the creation of Egyptian army during the rule of Muḥammad ʿAlīʼs dynasty. In the thesis itself, military traditions of European colonial powers together with the political developments in the second half of the 20th century are also taken into consideration while discussing the ranks and terminology. The rank system of the Armed Forces of the Egyptian Arab Republic serves as a reference for other states throughout the thesis. The thesis is based on analysis of scholarly literature and relevant legislation of Arab countries.

This embedded mixed method study addresses the problems teachers have reported in believing themselves capable to implement the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. This study examines the effect professional development on implementing the Common Core State Standards had on the participating teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. The participants (N=21) in this study were drawn from a 20-day professional development for teachers based on implementing the Common Core State Standards. The instrument used in the study was the Teacher Efficacy Beliefs System-Self. Data were subject to both statistical and qualitative analysis. The results of this study provide insight into the self-efficacy beliefs of the participants during and shortly after professional development about implementing the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. The Wilcoxon test of signed ranks revealed a significant increase in the TEB-S subscale areas of Accommodating Individual Differences and Managing Learning Routines, but not in Positive Classroom Climate. Qualitative analysis of data found both support for the statistical findings and also contradicted the statistical findings. Further qualitative analysis showed that practices presented in the professional development such as using the arts, formative assessment, and technology were effective in maintaining their teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs after professional development. Factors unrelated to the professional development, such as support from administrators and colleagues and poorly working technology were not supportive in carrying over the increase in teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in implementing the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. The study is framed by Social Cognitive Theory and organized into 5 parts. Chapter I provides an overview of the study. Chapter II includes a review of literature related to teachers’ self-efficacy belief’s Common Core State Standards, and professional development. Chapter III describes the methodology of the study. Chapter IV presents the results of the analysis of data. Chapter IV reports the findings of the study and presents the conclusions of the study and ideas for future research.

This thesis investigates how Victor Turner’s concept of ‘cultural performance’ can be used to explore and analyse the experience of film. Drawing on performance theory, hermeneutics, phenomenology and Bakhtin’s dialogism, Sections One and Two develop this investigation through a theoretic discussion which relates and yet distinguishes between three levels of ‘performance’ in film: filmmaking performance, performances as text and cultural performances. The theory is grounded within four films which were researched for this thesis: Once Were Warriors (Lee Tamahori, 1994), Rats in the Ranks (Bob Connolly and Robin Anderson,1996), beDevil (Tracey Moffatt, 1993) and Link-Up Diary (David MacDougall, 1987). Section Three undertakes the close analyses of the latter two films. These analyses address specific cultural performances that are performed ‘across’ cultures and which are concerned particularly with Australian society’s relationship with indigenous Australians. ¶ Section One locates Turner’s concept of ‘cultural performance’ within his wider theory of ‘social drama’ and introduces the three-tiered mode of analysis which is developed throughout this thesis. His concept of ‘liminality’ is also investigated in order to consider specific relationships between performances which take place in film and theatre. Performances which take place in film are located in this Section within the theatrical understanding of performance as ‘for an audience’. I describe this relationship between performances in film and theatre through Kristeva’s interpretation of Bakhtin’s concept of heteroglossia as intertextuality, especially through her distinction of a ‘transformative’ intertextuality. Three specific concepts from theatre and performance theory are interrogated for their relevance to film theory: 1. Brecht’s theory of ‘gest’, 2. ‘direct address to the audience’ in relation to the ‘gaze’ in film and 3. Rebecca Schneider’s conceptualisation of ‘the performance artist’. ¶ Using these three tropes of performance, Section Two develops a theory of performance in film. Besides Turner’s concept of ‘cultural performance’, this theory draws on aspects of several other substantial bodies of work. These works include Richard Schechner’s performance theory, Michael Taussig’s understanding of ‘mimesis’, Vivian Sobchack’s phenomenology of film, Paul Ricoeur’s theory of text ‘as meaningful action’, Gadamer’s concept of ‘meaningful play’, Bakhtin’s conceptualisation of a ‘dialogic’ text and Catherine Bell’s theory of ‘ritualised behaviour’. The two analyses in Section Three do not rigidly follow the three-tiered process of analysis which is developed in the previous two Sections. They rather focus on the films as sites for particular cultural performances which are specific for each film and which need for their description, different aspects of the theory that is offered through this thesis. These analyses especially draw on my interpretation of David MacDougall’s ‘transcultural cinema’ and Jodi Brook’s conceptualisation of a ‘gestural practice’ in film, which she positions both in terms of Brecht’s theatrical concept of ‘gest’ and Walter Benjamin’s concept of the ‘shock’ of modernity. ¶ The film analyses are of one fiction film, beDevil, and one non-fiction film, Link-Up Diary. Both films use audiovisual images of Aboriginal Australians as content. According the terms of this thesis, these people must also be considered as filmmakers. Although this role may constitute varying degrees of authority and power, a film analysis which considers the filmmaking roles of people whose images are present in the filmic text also allows a particular consideration of the social relationships which exist between people who ‘film’ and people who ‘are filmed’. My focus on the cultural performances of these two films allowed an even closer description of this relationship for two reasons. Firstly, both Moffatt and MacDougall respectively present their own images in the films. Secondly, my analyses of these films as cultural performance draw out and describe the different ways in which the two films address the same ‘social drama’: the relationship between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. My analyses expose how a description of these differences in address can extend beyond the distinction between one film as ‘fiction’ and the other as ‘non-fiction’ towards a description of the different ways in which people relate to each other, at both the individual level and at the level of society, through the production and reception of a particular film. While locating these films as cultural performances within in particular sets of social relationships, my consideration of film in this thesis in terms of theatrical performance also enables a description of the experience of film which draws on the social experience of live theatre. The theory developed in this thesis and its application in the analyses of these two films suggest further areas of research which might look more closely at whether or not, or how much people draw from the social practices of live theatre as they live their lives with film – a signifying practice which has existed just over one hundred years.

The diploma thesis deals with problems connected to the formation of feminine names of occupations in contemporary French. The theoretical part is devoted to the evolution of feminism not only in the French Republic, gender questions, particularly in relation to the language, and the language policies of France. Furthermore, it is aimed at word-formative possibilities of contemporary French for the derivation of names of occupations, functions, degrees and ranks. A part of it deals with the situation in several francophone countries. The objective of the practical part is to assess the relation between the political desiderata of the French Republic and the real language usage on the basis of a corpus analysis effected in the Frantext database and Google Web Search.

My thesis is dealing with the social system of an organisation and its quality. It is divided in the theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part I describe general aspects of an organisation concerning it a system of social relationships. I look at the development of an organisation in the course of time and I make an overview of the indicators and instruments used for measuring the system's quality. I applied my theoretical knowledge in the practical part. I measured the quality of social relationships with the indicators as social values and standards, corporate ethics and social climate. I consider them the most important in my thesis.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the fastest growing neurodegenerative disease, currently affecting two to three percent of the population over 65. Studying functional connectivity (FC) in PD patients may provide new insights into how the disease alters brain organization in different subjects. We explored persistent homology (PH) as a method for studying FC based on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings of 63 subjects, of which 56 were diagnosed with PD.  We used PH to translate each set of fMRI recordings into a stable rank. Stable ranks are homological invariants that are amenable for statistical analysis. The pipeline has multiple parameters, and we explored the effect of these parameters on the shape of the stable ranks. Moreover, we fitted functions to reduce the stable ranks to points in two or three dimensions. We clustered the stable ranks based on the fitted parameter values and based on the integral distance between them. For some of the parameter combinations, not all clusters were located in the space covered by controls. These clusters correspond to patients with a topologically distinct connectivity structure, which may be clinically relevant. However, we found no relation between the clusters and the medication status or cognitive ability of the patients. It should be noted that this study was an exploration of applying persistent homology to PD data, and that statistical testing was not performed. Consequently, the presented results should be considered with care. Furthermore, we did not explore the full parameter space, as time was limited and the data set was small. In a follow-up study, a measurable desired outcome of the pipeline should be defined and the data set should be expanded to allow for optimizing over the full parameter space. / Parkinsons sjukdom är den snabbast växande neurodegenerativa sjukdomen och drabbar för närvarande två till tre procent av befolkningen över 65 år. Att studera funktionell konnektivitet (FC) hos patienter med Parkinson kan ge nya insikter om hur sjukdomen förändrar hjärnans uppsättning i olika områden. Vi använde oss av persistent homologi (PH) som en metod för att studera FC baserat på inspelningar av funktionell magnetresonanstomografi (fMRI) av 63 försökspersoner varav 56 hade diagnosen PD. Vi använde oss av persistent homologi (PH) som en metod för att studera FC baserat på inspelningar av funktionell magnetresonanstomografi (fMRI) av 63 försökspersoner varav 56 hade diagnosen PD. Vi använde PH för att översätta varje uppsättning fMRI-prov vardera till en stable rank. Stable ranks är homologiska invarianter som är lämpliga för statistisk analys. Pipelinen har flera parametrar och vi undersökte effekten av dessa parametrar på formen av dessa stable ranks. Vi anpassade funktioner för att reducera alla stable ranks till punkter i två eller tre dimensioner. Vi grupperade alla stable ranks utifrån de anpassade parametervärdena och utifrån det integrala avståndet mellan dem. För vissa parameterkombinationer kunde inte alla kluster inom det område som täcks av kontrollerna bli funna. Dessa kluster motsvarar patienter med en topologiskt distinkt konnektivitetsstruktur, vilket kan vara kliniskt relevant. Vi fann dock inget samband mellan klustren och patienternas läkemedelsstatus eller kognitiva förmåga.  Det bör noteras att den här studien var en undersökning på tillämpningen av persistent homologi på PD-data och att statistiska tester inte utfördes. Följaktligen bör de presenterade resultaten betraktas med försiktighet. Dessutom undersökte vi inte hela parameterutrymmet eftersom tiden var begränsad och datamängden liten. I en uppföljningsstudie bör man definiera ett mätbart önskat resultat av pipelinen och datamängden bör utökas för att möjliggöra optimering av hela parameterutrymmet.

Les intendants militaires constituent une catégorie particulière d’officiers qui s’occupent des besoins de la vie courante du soldat. Ils sont crées en 1815 et remplacent les commissaires des guerres et les inspecteurs aux revues. Leur étude comprend deux parties. La première est destinée à présenter leurs caractéristiques sociales et militaires générales et leur place dans les débats sur l’administration militaire et la communauté militaire. Elle comprend les domaines suivants : - l’origine géographique, - l’âge et le grade au mariage, - la profession des pères et des beaux-pères, - la composition et le montant des dots, - les dossiers de demande d’autorisation de mariage, - les demandes de bourses pour les écoles militaires, - la place de la vie privée dans les appréciations données par leurs supérieurs. - l’origine du recrutement (saint-cyriens, polytechniciens, soldats), - les causes des fins de carrières - les grands évènements de la carrière (entrée dans le corps de contrôle de l’administration, interruptions de service, mutations), - la remise en question de l’intendance militaire au cours des débats sur l’administration militaire après la défaite de1870, et notamment sa place vis-à-vis du commandement, - la place des officiers d’administration et des médecins militaires, - l’image des intendants parmi les autres officiers. La seconde partie expose les déroulements des carrières, elle comporte les points suivants : - les résultats de la scolarité dans les écoles militaires et leur influence sur les appréciations données par leurs supérieurs et l’avancement ; - les carrières dans l’arme d’origine (l’influence des appréciations, des félicitations et des punitions), - les conditions du passage dans l’intendance (le concours, la formation administrative), - les carrières dans l’intendance (l’influence de la carrière dans l’arme d’origine, les rôles de l’origine et des appréciations dans l’accès aux différents grades, les projections de carrières à partir du premier grade). / The intendants establish an officers’s particular body who deal with the support of the common life of the soldier. They are create in 1815 and replace captains of the wars and inspectors in reviews. Their study includes two parts. The first one intended to present their general social and military characteristics. It includes the following domains : - the geographical origine, - the age and the rank in the marriage, - the profession of the fathers and the fathers in law, - the composition and the amount of dowries, - files of wedding authorization request, - applications for a scholarship for military academies, - place of the private life in the appreciations given by their supériors, - the origin of the recruitment (graduests of St. Cyr, graduests of Polytechnique prestige engineering school, soldiers), - the causes of ends of carreer, - big events of the career (entered the body of control of the administration, interruptions of service, tranfers). - the questioning of the military estate management after the defeat of 1870, in particular its place face to face of the command ; - the place of the officers of administration et of the military medical officers, - the image of the bursars among the others officers. The second parts explains the progesses of careers, il contains the following domains : - the results of the schooling in military academies and their influence in the appreciations given by their superiors, and of the promotion ; - the careers in the element of the army of origin (influence of the appreciations, the congratulations and the punishments) ; - the conditions of the passage in the estate management (the competition, the administrative training), - the careers in the estate management (the influence of the career in the weapon origin, the roles of the origin and of the appreciations in the access of the various ranks, the progressions of the careers according to the passage in the second rank).