I dagens samhälle är i stort sett alla texter multimodala. Forskning visar att elever har svårt med läsförståelse när det gäller texter med flera modaliteter. Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att ta reda på vad lärare har för strategier när de tillsammans med elever läser texter bestående av flera modaliteter där text samt illustrationer, tabeller, symboler och grafer kombineras, samt om de läser texterna på olika sätt beroende på om de fått kompetensutveckling/utbildning eller inte.  Undersökningen bygger på gruppintervjuer med totalt fem verksamma klasslärare i årskurs 4–6 med lärarutbildning och minst tio års erfarenhet. Tre av lärarna har dessutom fått kompetensutveckling inom området multimodala texter.  Resultatet visar att lärare har specifika strategier när de läser multimodala texter tillsammans med eleverna och att dessa grundas på tradition, tidigare erfarenhet samt kunskaper som lärarna fått genom kompetensutveckling. Det framgår också att de lärare som inte fått kompetensutveckling saknar de kunskaper som krävs för att på ett bra sätt undervisa i hur man läser multimodala texter. / Nowadays, almost all texts are multimodal. Research show that pupils have a hard time understanding texts with several modalities. The aim of this thesis is to figure out teachers’ strategies in reading multimodal texts which consists texts combined with illustrations, charts, symbols and graphs, and examine if they are reading multimodal texts differently depending whether they have completed in-service courses or not.  The analysis is based on group interviews with teachers from five different classes teaching 4th to 6th grade. All teachers have a teachers-degree and they have at least ten years of experience. Three of them have taken part in in-service courses within the area of multimodal texts.  The results show that it appears that teachers have strategies while reading multimodal texts with their pupils and those strategies are founded in tradition, experience and knowledge obtained through in-service courses. It also appears that teachers who do not have completed in-service courses, lack the skills needed to teach in how to read multimodal texts.

This dissertation consists of two studies, a middle school study and a follow-up study. In the middle school study, the reading ability of a group of middle school students, of which some have reading difficulties, is described and analyzed along with the classroom conditions the students are given for the development of their reading abilities. The overall aim of the follow-up study is to describe and analyze the reading ability development in the same group of students from the beginning of middle school to the end of lower secondary school, as well as examine the students’ use of strategies in grade 9. In lower secondary school decoding, vocabulary and reading comprehension were tested like in middle school. Students’ reading comprehension was tested on both stages based on a reading comprehension test and a national test. Since the use of strategies seems to be important for students’ reading comprehension, even the use of learning strategies were examined by including a question from the PISA (2009) student questionnaire. Furthermore, six students who in the beginning of middle school had shown poor results in one or more of the reading aspects were, referred to as the small sample group and, were interviewed in grade 9 regarding their use of comprehension strategies when reading an age-appropriate historical factual text in a textbook. Analyses show that there is a small development in reading comprehension from the beginning of middle school to the end of lower secondary school. Even the development of correct reading and vocabulary is relatively small. The largest development is shown for the reading rate, but analyses show that the reason for that is not merely a more automated process of decoding. A comparison between the results in the reading comprehension tests and the national tests at both stages show higher results for the national tests, which can depend on the different aims of the two tests. Regarding learning strategies, the entire study group stated in the questionnaire that they mostly use the deeper monitoring strategies, while the students in the small sample group reported that they tended to use the more superficial memory strategies. The results of the interviews show that the small sample group as a group found it more convenient to use comprehension strategies for superficial rather than for deeper comprehension.

This study compares the effect of the objectives-based test collections of the Instructional Objectives Exchange on reading comprehension and word-attack skills of fifth-grade students in a basal reader program. The IOX, a non-profit educational organization, was established in the late 1960's to provide educators with instructional materials such as criterion-referenced tests to allow realistic assessment of students in reference to specific instructional objectives. IOX Director James Popham states the Exchange's purpose as encouraging educators throughout the country to use criterion-referenced instructional procedures. The study compares gains in reading comprehension and word-attack skills of a research group with the gains of a control group, using the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test for both pre-test and post-test. The IOX criterion-referenced tests were added to the reading program for the research group but were not given the control group.

"During the first term of the 1938 summer session at the North Texas State Teachers College, under the auspices of the reading laboratory, the Nelson-Denny Silent Reading Test was administered to students enrolled in four sections of a course in the psychology of teaching reading in the grades...For this purpose, this endeavor to analyze the existing condition has been made in order to assist in at least some small measure any future steps in alleviating this deplorable state."--1-2.

Studien som har bedrivits är ett resultat av den pågående digitaliseringen som sker i både samhället och skolan. Revideringar från Skolverket har försett läroplanen med mer integrering av digitala verktyg och möjligheter för hur eleverna ska kunna använda samt navigera på dem. Denna förändring har även gjort att kraven för lärares digitala kompetens måste utökas. Detta leder in på syftet med denna studie då den har som avsikt att söka en djupare förståelse för hur lärare upplever digitala verktyg i svenskundervisningen samt hur planering och utförande påverkas. Forskningsfrågorna som studien grundar sig i är: Hur använder sig några lärare av digitala verktyg i svenskundervisningen? Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar anser några lärare digitala verktyg medför i svenskundervisningen? För att få en djupare förståelse och höra djupgående argument har studien bedrivits i form av en kvalitativ studie där sex verksamma lärare har intervjuats. All insamlade data har transkriberats och analyserats genom tematisk analys för att få fram ett resultat. Studiens resultat visar att det främst är kompetensen som styr användningen av digitala verktyg i undervisningen. Lärarna anser att de har bristande kunskaper om de digitala verktygen de använder vilket kan leda till att de känner viss rädsla för att använda digitala verktyg. De möjligheter som lärarna beskriver är ökad motivation hos eleven, effektivisering samt att det verkar som ett bra stöd för elever i behov. De utmaningar som lärarna uppger är störningsmomenten samt bristen på digitala verktyg. / The present study is a result of the ongoing digitalization that has been taking place in both society and the school. Revisions by the National Agency of Education have provided the curriculum with more integration of digital tools and how the students should use and navigate them. This change has also made the demand for teachers’ digital skills to be increased. This leads to the purpose of this study as it is intended to seek a deeper understanding of how teachers experience digital tools in Swedish teaching and how planning and execution are affected. The research questions on which the study is based were: How do some teachers use digital tools in Swedish teaching? What opportunities and challenges some teachers find digital tools entail in Swedish teaching? In order to gain a deeper understanding and hear in-depth arguments, the study has been conducted in the form of a qualitative study in which six active teachers have been interviewed. All collected data has been transcribed and analyzed in the basis of thematic analysis to produce a result. The study's results show that it is primarily competence that controls the use of digital tools in teaching. The teachers believe that they have a lack of knowledge about the digital tools they use, which can lead to them feeling some fear of using digital tools. The opportunities that the teachers describe are increased motivation among the pupil, efficiency improvements and that it seems to be a good support for students in need. The challenges listed by the teachers are the disturbances and the lack of digital tools.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iraneia L Souza.pdf: 2326962 bytes, checksum: 4015e90be8a50a98d30f019f1bab9d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-11 / This research, under the perspective of SARESP test, analyses the main reasons that make students from Basic Education have difficulties in understanding inferences. Based in two targets, this research tries to verify what the approaching conferred by SARESP to the questions shows about reading ability and analyze how this evaluation approaches the texts and watches the questions that verify the inferences. The main question focuses in how the texts and questions presented in SARESP test verify the ability of inference from implicit information, and what it means in relation to reading ability required by this evaluation related to the analyzed ability. The corpus of this research is composed by texts and questions which focuses the ability of inferring implicit information from a text in SARESP evaluation, referring to the years of 2003 and 2004. The result of this research reveals that the difficulties present by the students related to the reading ability concerned to the deduction process aren t exclusively students responsibility. The way that the test is structured and the way the texts are proposed and questions developed also interfere negatively in reading ability, concerning to the inference process / Esta pesquisa, sob a perspectiva da prova do SARESP, trata da análise dos possíveis motivos que levam alunos do ensino fundamental a apresentar dificuldades no entendimento de inferências. Fundada em dois objetivos, a dissertação busca verificar o que a abordagem conferida pelo SARESP às questões inferenciais indica acerca da competência leitora e analisar de que forma essa avaliação aborda os textos e trabalha as questões que verificam a depreensão de inferências. A pergunta fundamental diz respeito a como se apresentam, nas provas do SARESP, os textos e as questões que verificam a habilidade de inferenciação de uma informação implícita, e o que isso indica acerca da competência leitora requerida por essa avaliação no que se refere à habilidade analisada. O corpus submetido à análise compõe-se de textos e questões que incidem sobre a habilidade de inferir uma informação implícita em um texto em provas do SARESP, referentes aos anos de 2003 e 2004. O resultado da pesquisa revelou que as dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos em relação à competência leitora no que concerne ao processo inferencial não são exclusivamente responsabilidade do aluno. A forma como a prova se estrutura, como são propostos os textos trabalhados e como são elaboradas as questões, também dificulta a compreensão e, por conseguinte, interfere na competência leitora no que concerne à realização de inferências

本研究旨在透過角色扮演融入英語繪本教學在台灣國小二年級英語課室的運用，探討其對於英語學習動機和態度及英文朗讀能力之影響，並了解國小低年級學童對於角色扮演融入英語繪本教學之回應。本研究之台北市某國小的二年級一個班級學生共22人為研究對象，研究面向在英語學習動機方面著重於了解年幼英語初學者生的學習動機在內在學習動機方面及社會因素方面影響的改變。在英文朗讀能力方面著重角色扮演融入英語繪本教學對於朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀之影響。資料蒐集包括前後評量、前後問卷調查及學生訪談。資料分析顯示學生英文朗讀在朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀的進步情形。資料分析且顯示學生英語學習動機在社會因素方面的轉變。本研究結果顯示：一、角色扮演融入英語繪本教學有助於提升國小低年級英語初學者在社會因素方面的英語學習動機，學生更喜歡和老師一起讀英文繪本，也更喜歡和同學一起完成英文閱讀課裡的角色扮演活動。二、角色扮演融入英語繪本教學對於國小低年級英語初學者英語朗讀在朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀方面有正面的影響且低成就學生之進步較明顯。三、國小低年級英語初學者對於角色扮演融入英語繪本教學運用在英語課堂學習的評價是正面的。最後，研究者歸納出研究結果並對未來進一步的研究提出參考建議。 / The purpose of this three-set/eight-class action research was to explore the effects of integrating Role Play into English picture books on second graders’ motivation and attitudes and oral reading ability in a second grade EFL classroom. Three research questions are as follows: 1. Does integrating Role Play into picture books improve second graders’ motivation/attitudes toward learning English? 2. Does integrating Role Play into picture books improve second graders’ English reading ability? 3. What are the participants’ perceptions of the integrating Role Play into picture books? Twenty-two students were involved to participate in this study. Three kinds of instruments were used, composed of the MLE (Motivation for Learning English) questionnaire, oral reading ability test (ORAT) and interviews. Before giving instruction of integrating Role Play into picture books, the pre-MLE questionnaire and pre-ORAT were administrated to measure students’ previous motivation and oral reading ability. The teaching and interviews were recorded to the purpose of classroom observation, modifying the experiment and collecting the data to accompany the results from the MLE and ORAT. After integrating Role Play into picture books, the post- MLE questionnaire and post-ORAT were used to compare and explain how students’ motivation/attitudes changed and their oral reading ability improved. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to understand students’ perspective toward integrating Role Play into picture books. Based on the findings, integrating Role Play into picture books has created an interesting environment for young EFL learners to use the language. That is, young learners as second graders need peer group’s accompany and proper pressure from performance to create a safe and positive learning environment in language classroom. The major results are summarized as follows: 1. The comparison of results of oral reading ability showed that more than half of the participants have made an improvement in oral reading ability, in terms of fluency, correct reading (“read correctly”), and vocabulary recognition (“vocabulary”), after the instruction. 2. The results of the questionnaires showed an improvement on participants’ motivation of social aspects and a small percentage of improvement on the two constructs of intrinsic motivation, learning curiosity and importance of learning, but not on learning involvement of intrinsic motivation. 3. The instruction of integrating Role Play into picture books had improved participants’ motivation for learning English on social aspects in terms of the participants like to read English picture books with teacher and classmates and like to work with classmates to finish the task of role play in English reading classes. 4. Students have gained attitude change toward English learning from integrating Role Play into picture books. They liked English more, practiced English by listening to CD, and recited more English words than the adult asked, and etc. Besides, the eight students’ oral description showed that five out from them felt the pressure to perform on the stage but no one of them felt pressure in group practice. The results showed the importance of peer group practice to make them feel relaxed without pressure. Finally, it is hoped that this study will provide more insightful ideas for educators and teachers. Regarding young learners, they need more interesting activities and opportunities to use the language. Key words: role play, motivation and attitudes, oral reading ability, elementary English

<p>The capacity to process and to remember information is a basic condition for language ability and for coming reading ability. Reading ability is strongly connected to phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity. In what way hearing impairment in children affects development of cognitive skills and later on reading ability is an area that has attracted minor attention for research.</p><p>The aim with this study was to investigate changes in cognitive skills and reading ability in children with mild or moderate hearing impairment after one year of progress and furthermore if any connections between any increases of the abilities were to be found. Comparisons were made with results from age adequate normal hearing children. Moreover prosodic ability on word-level was tested this year. Eleven Swedish children aged 7:6-10:10 years participated in this study. To illustrate progress of the abilities mentioned the SIPS computer test battery and furthermore some manually given tests for reading and prosodic abilities were used.</p><p>The results show a developmental trend for the children with hearing impairment on tests of working memory and reading comprehension. The least degree of development was found in the area of phonological skills. The children with hearing impairment showed in general the same capacity as normal hearing children on tests for the different abilities. In the area of working memory the children with hearing impairment had significant lower results on half of the tests than age adequate normal hearing children. Several strong connections were present for children with hearing impairment this year than last year, in-between cognitive skills and reading ability. Correlation appeared between age for insertion of hearing aid and test for decoding ability. Results on tests for prosodic ability reached ceiling effect.</p> / <p>Förmåga att bearbeta och minnas information ligger till grund för språkförmåga och är en förutsättning för kommande läsutveckling. Läsförmåga är starkt sammankopplad med fonologisk medvetenhet, receptivt ordförråd och arbetsminneskapacitet. På vilket sätt hörselnedsättning hos barn påverkar utveckling av kognitiva färdigheter och sedermera läsförmåga är dock ett område som inte tilldragit sig något större forskningsintresse.</p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka förändring av kognitiva färdigheter och läsförmåga hos barn med mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning under ett års tid, samt eventuella samband mellan förmågorna. Årets prestation jämfördes mot tidigare insamlat resultat från åldersmatchade normalhörande barn. Därutöver testades prosodisk förmåga på ordnivå. I studien deltog elva svenska barn i åldrarna 7:6-10:10 år. För att belysa utveckling av nämnda förmågor användes dels det datorbaserade testbatteriet SIPS samt manuella tester.</p><p>Resultaten visar en utvecklingstrend för gruppen barn med hörselnedsättning inom samtliga deltester som mätte arbetsminne och läsförståelse. Lägst grad av utveckling, där prestation låg i nivå med förra årets mätning, var inom fonologiska färdigheter. Vid jämförelse mellan grupperna presterade barnen med hörselnedsättning i allmänhet i nivå med åldersmatchade normalhörande barn inom de testade delområdena. Inom delområdet arbetsminne hade barnen med hörselnedsättning signifikant sämre resultat i hälften av deltesterna än de åldersmatchade normalhörande barnen. Barnen med hörselnedsättning hade år 2009 fler starka samband mellan deltester som mätte kognitiva färdigheter och läsförmåga, i jämförelse mot förra året. Samband fanns också mellan ålder för insättande av hörapparat och ett deltest som mätte avkodningsförmåga. Takeffekter fanns på tester av prosodisk förmåga på ordnivå för barnen med hörselnedsättning.</p>

<p>Cochleaimplantat (CI) är ett tekniskt hörselhjälpmedel som används av personer med grav hörselnedsättning eller dövhet. Ett CI ger barn med medfödd dövhet möjlighet att höra och utveckla talad kommunikation. CI ersätter inte normal hörsel och det finns stora individuella variationer i språk och talfärdighet hos personer med CI. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att studera kognitiva och språkliga förmågor hos barn med CI med fokus på läsförmåga. I studien deltog 57 barn i åldrarna 7;3-10;4 år. Sju av barnen hade CI. För att besvara frågeställningarna användes utvalda delar av SIPS (Sound Information Processing System), Fonemtest, TOWRE, Ortografiska val, Ortografisk inlärning, Woodcock och Blockmönster ur WISC III. Testresultatet analyserades på grupp- och individnivå och jämfördes med resultat från en kontrollgrupp med normalhörande barn. Barnen med CI presterade som grupp i nivå med normalhörande barn på majoriteten av testen. På de fonologiska testen presterade barnen med CI lägre än normalhörande men hade generellt en avkodningsförmåga i nivå med normalhörande barn. Barn med CI i årskurs 3 hade även en läsförståelse i nivå med normalhörande medan barnen med CI i årskurs 1-2 presterade signifikant lägre än normalhörande barn. Resultaten i studien indikerar att varken sen implantation, taluppfattningsnivå eller kommunikationssätt behöver leda till sämre läsförmåga.</p> / <p>A cochlear implant (CI) is a technical hearing device used by individuals with severe to profound hearing impairment. CI can provide children with congenital hearing impairment the abilities to hear and develop speech and language outcome. CI does not replace normal hearing and there are great individual variations in language and verbal skills in persons with CI. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive and linguistic abilities in children with CI with focus on reading ability. In the present study 57 children between the ages of 7;3-10;4 participated.  Seven of the children had CI. SIPS (Sound Information Processing System), Phonological Output, TOWRE, Orthographic Choices, Orthographic Learning , Woodcock and Block Design Test from WISC III were selected to answer the question at issue. The results were analyzed both at a group and at an individual level and were compared with results from a group with normal hearing children. Children with CI performed as a group at the level of normal hearing children on the majority of the tests. The children with CI had lower performance levels than the normal hearing children in tasks of phonological skills but they generally had a decoding ability within the normal range for hearing children. Children with CI in grade 3 also demonstrated a reading comprehension within the normal range for hearing children whereas children with CI in grade 1-2 had lower performance level than normal hearing children. The results of the present study indicate that late implantation; neither speech perception nor means of communication have to result in poorer reading ability.</p>

<p><strong><p>Children with Reading and Writing Difficulties and Their Language and Cognitive Abilities</p><p>A Comparison with Children with a Cochlear Implant</p><p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive abilities that are important for reading in children with reading disabilities, children with a cochlear implantation and typically developed children. 64 children aged 10-12 years participated in the study. To answer the question at issue we used the following tests: Block Design from WISC III, PPVT III, TOWRE, SL 40 and a few chosen tests out of the SIPS battery. On tests of the lexical access children with reading disabilities performed at the same level as hearing children, while the children with a cochlear implant performed significantly lower. Test of the phonological and complex working memory showed that children with reading disabilities performed significantly higher than children with a cochlear implant, but at the same time lower than typically developed children on the test of phonological working memory. Tests of reading ability showed that children with a cochlear implant performed at the same level as typically developed children, while children with reading disabilities showed lower results. The results indicate that the children with a cochlear implant can develop an adequate reading ability in spite of their phonological difficulties. Phonological skills do not seem to be the only factor influencing reading ability of the examined groups.</p><em><p> </p></em></strong></p>