This qualitative study explores daily environmental sustainable attitudes and behaviours of Gauteng’s urban youth. A social constructivist paradigm underlines the views, challenges and activities expressed. The Reasonable Person Model (RPM) and Social Networking Theory ensure that the content, as well as methodological elements and results herein adhere to a psychological framework. Focus groups and online interviews were utilised to explore the link between community well-being and the state of the natural environment and the sample was drawn using purposive and snowball sampling. The literature reviewed focuses on existing climate change concerns, pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours, and emerging local and international practices, including the importance of expanding local practices. A thematic analysis, ensured for a broad variety of responses, and hence detailed discussion -of and dissemination of results. Using common threads in the results, recommendations and suggestions were made, to improve future studies and research practices concerning Environmental Responsible Behaviours (ERBs).

Magister Legum - LLM / In this mini-thesis, I will present a historical development of the manner in which South African courts have tested the fairness of dismissals, for misconduct. South African Labour history has been marred by confusion and inconsistency in relation to the test to be adopted in determining the fairness of dismissals. This has been so, because there have been two dominant schools of thought, one referred to as the ‘own opinion’ approach, whereby the commissioner/court has the discretion to express his/her own view based upon value judgments on the fairness of the dismissal. The other approach is known as the reasonable employer test ( ‘ defer to the employer’ approach), whereby the commissioner had to defer to the decision of the employer, unless the dismissal is one that no reasonable employer would impose, or is so excessive that it would shock one’s sense of fairness, then the commissioner may interfere.This thesis will reveal the inconsistency that has been caused, by these two approaches, and the South African courts dissent as to the approach consistent with our law. This dissent, as shall be shown in this thesis, has led to our courts contradicting themselves as to the test consistent with the law.There will be a critical discussion on the source of the reasonable employer test and its application in South Africa during the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 ( old LRA ) and the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 ( new LRA). With a further discourse on the development of the ‘own opinion’ approach during the periods of both the old LRA and the new LRA.This will lead to me looking at the provisions of the South African Constitution, together with the meaning of the right to fair labour practice as provided in the Constitution. Based upon a critical analysis of past jurisprudence, the provisions of the ILO Convention, the provisions of the old LRA and new LRA, foreign law and the Constitutional imperatives, I will attempt to illustrate the approach most consistent with our law.This thesis will culminate with a critical analysis of the Supreme Court of Appeal’s judgment, in the case of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd vs Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration and the ruling of the Constitutional court in Sidumo and Another v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd and Others.The purpose of providing this historical journey, is to further highlight the rulings of past judgments, that have developed the concept of fairness, as was consistent with the Constitution. It is envisaged that the body of judgments cited in this thesis, may be used as authority, whenever the issue of determining the fairness of dismissal for misconduct arises, before a court or tribunal, such as the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration(CCMA). It is may further be used by employers and employees, in obtaining clarity of the law in relation to the test for fairness of dismissals for misconduct.

The dissertation examines the enforcement of monetary claims in cases of intellectual property rights infringement. It focuses on the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. on the enforcement of intellectual property and on the directive 2004/48/EC of the European parliament and of the Council. The main aim is to evaluate the extent of monetary claims especially with regard on possible overlap or mutual consumption of the claims.The second aim is the analysis of English terminology in relation to the nearest Czech equivalents. The dissertation uses methods of logic induction and abstraction and the international multilateral comparative method, where the use of language plays a crucial role. The exact method of modelling combined with mathematical game theory is used. The dissertation progressively explains terms and relevant enactments. It introduces existing ambiguities. It tries to clarify them by analysing the EU legislation, the implementations in different member states, the statutory and common law in the USA. Consecutively it focuses on unjust enrichment in English law, then in the USA and in the continental system, where this institute is set negatively -- as the unjustified enrichment. Within the whole thesis the analysis takes place in relation to intellectual property rights infringement. In the penultimate chapter, TRIPS and ACTA are compared with the directive 2004/48/EC to provide further explanations. The dissertation concludes that a parallel award of damages and infringer's profits theoretically is possible, when it is not a single flow of value which is concerned by the infringement. The dissertation negatively replies to the question if damages and infringer's profits may be awarded concurrently in two separate lump-sum amounts according to § 5 (2) or (3) of the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. The reason is that the rate of the royalty is applied to sales of the infringer. These sales relate to the unjust enrichment of the infringer. If damages were again calculated by applying the same rate to the same sales, that would be double recovery. But theoretically this possibility cannot be excluded. A real-world example is very hard to find, even in the non-lump-sum form. Collateral sales awarded with lost profit in US law may serve as one. From the EU documents it seems, that infringer's profits is equalled to unjust enrichment and that is translated as unjustified enrichment. But English theory distinguishes restitution of unjust enrichment and gain-based recovery for wrong, the latter encompassing the award of infringer's profits in the form of damages. The broader Czech notion of unjustified enrichment is not to be equalled to unjust enrichment in the pure English notion, because the former encompasses also intentional wrongs. With regard to the restitution of infringer's profits based on unjust enrichment, the intent plays a role. The broader notion of unjust enrichment relevant to intellectual property rights infringement is called interceptive unjust enrichment, where enrichment "from the property of the plaintiff" is at stake and it is also possible to claim profits gained by the infringement. Focus is on the enrichment "from the property", not on the wrong. The dissertation examines the terms "account of profits", apportionment of profits", "disgorgement" and impure negotiorum gestio with regard to intellectual property infringement. In several countries reasonable royalty is regarded as good measure of net gain from the infringement of intellectual property. When the infringement was not innocent or wilful, it's possible to claim not only the objective enrichment but also the subjective enrichment -- profits of the infringer. In Czech law, that is represented by the emoluments from the enrichment. The aim of the last chapter is to evaluate, in the context of the operation of other relevant elements of legal environment, the preventive function of the double royalty claim introduced by the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. By construing a game theory model and using simulation, the thesis concludes that in lower royalty intervals, where attorney's costs are a high burden, the effect of the double royalty is insignificant. Where "more significant infringements" are at stake, and the royalty passes a given frontier, the application of the double royalty heightens the preventive function of the Act. Those "more significant infringements" have two intervals -- with the highest effect of the double royalty and with the "stabilized effect of the double royalty". But overall, in cases of "more significant infringements", the application of the double represents a heightening of the preventive power by a third and fifth respectively, and this is true only in the case, where the prospective infringers would try to calculate the effect of their infringement before infringing.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-14T14:32:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo De Carvalho Avila.pdf: 727185 bytes, checksum: e3467c1cd45526c365fb5882a2bc98c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T14:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo De Carvalho Avila.pdf: 727185 bytes, checksum: e3467c1cd45526c365fb5882a2bc98c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / Noting that the State exercises a judicial function, provided for in the Federal Constitution, in order to resolve conflicts of interest in the search for social peace and that this exercise occurs through the process that is the civilized substitute for private vengeance; urges analyze today's concept of access to justice as a guarantee of the examination a court claim in an acceptable time and with the security of a proper treatment, reflecting the ethical values of society today. One of the main criticisms that the judiciary suffers today in Brazil is the slowness at the judicial proceedings. Thus, front of the social requirements for reasonable length of proceedings, the legislator, reformer endowed with constituent power, did include among the individual guarantees of the Constitution the forecast of reasonable duration of the process. In this vein, many initiatives have been engendered with the intention of reducing the time of the procedure, through technological advancement in the judiciary. In this context, entered into force the Law n. 11,419, dated December 19, 2006, which deals with computerization of the judicial process. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a systematic review of the standards included in our legal system through the deductive method in order to verify the feasibility of electronic communications and legal procedure's safety. / Verifica-se que o Estado exerce a função jurisdicional prevista na Constituição Federal com a finalidade de resolver os conflitos de interesses e, assim, garantir efetividade ao ordenamento jurídico, afastando a possibilidade indiscriminada de autotutela. É de se observar que este exercício se dá, dentre outras formas, através do processo que é o substituto civilizado da vingança privada. Neste contexto, insta analisar a concepção hodierna do acesso à justiça como garantia do exame de uma pretensão em tempo aceitável e com a segurança de um tratamento adequado, reflexo dos valores éticos da sociedade atual. Uma das principais críticas que o Poder Judiciário sofre hoje no Brasil é a morosidade na prestação da tutela jurisdicional. Assim, diante da atual exigência de celeridade, o legislador, dotado de poder constituinte reformador, fez incluir no rol de garantias individuais da Constituição da República a previsão da duração razoável do processo. A partir destas constatações e ações, muitas iniciativas têm sido engendradas com a intenção de reduzir o tempo da tramitação processual, sendo a telemática uma das mais modernas e promissoras ferramentas neste sentido. Destarte, entrou em vigor a Lei n. 11.419, datada de 19 de dezembro de 2006, que trata da informatização do processo judicial. Portanto, esta pesquisa se propõe a realizar uma avaliação sistemática das normas presentes em nosso ordenamento jurídico através do método dedutivo, a fim de verificar a viabilidade das comunicações eletrônicas e a legitimidade deste procedimento.

Studiens syfte var att bidra till kunskap om hur biståndshandläggare inom Stockholms stads äldreomsorg tolkar begreppet skälig levnadsnivå och upplever sitt handlingsutrymme vid bedömning av behov av inköp. Åtta biståndshandläggare intervjuades från två olika stadsdelsförvaltningar och svaren analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Informanterna upplevde att begreppet skälig levnadsnivå kan vara diffust och att det kan uppkomma gråzoner vid bedömning av behovsområdet inköp. Tillfrågade biståndshandläggare framhöll att de kommunala riktlinjerna fyller en viktig roll och att de får vägledning under handläggningsprocessen samtidigt som de kände sig bundna och upplevde att deras handlingsutrymme är minimalt. / The purpose of this study was to contribute to knowledge about how care-managers within the City of Stockholm’s eldercare interpret the concept of reasonable standard of living and experience their discretion when assessing the need for every-day purchases. Eight caremanagers were interviewed from two different city district administrations and the responses were analyzed through thematic content analysis. The informants felt that the concept of reasonable standard of living can be vague and that gray zones may arise when assessing the various needs for every-day purchases. The participants stated that the municipal guidelines play a critical role in giving them guidance during the assessment process, but they also felt limited by the guidelines and they experienced that their discretion is minimal.

Orientador: Yvete Flávio da Costa / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem a finalidade de analisar a Tutela da Evidência frente ao novo ordenamento processual civil. Tal instituto faz parte das Tutelas Provisórias, aquelas analisadas a partir de um juízo sumário a fim de se conceder maior eficiência ao processo durante o seu curso. Num primeiro momento necessário um estudo sobre o panorama geral das tutelas provisórias, dando um enfoque na de urgência, a qual demanda a presença dos requisitos da probabilidade do direito e do perigo de dano ou risco ao resultado útil do processo, de forma cumulativa. Feita essa abordagem, concentrar-se-á o estudo nos casos explícitos de tutela da evidência, presentes no rol do art. 311 do Código Processual Civil, estabelecendo-se, ainda, as premissas para a suas diferenças em relação à tutela de urgência, principalmente no tocante à ausência de demonstração do periculum in mora. Por fim, um estudo acerca de hipóteses de tutela evidente fora do rol do art. 311, e até mesmo do CPC/2015 necessita ser feito, pois a legislação processual preconiza algumas situações “especiais” de evidência, em que se concede tutelas, e até mesmo liminares, somente com o fumus boni iuris. Busca-se, portanto, um entendimento sobre o que é um direito evidente e como as novas ferramentas processuais podem contribuir para maior eficiência e celeridade processuais, garantindo-se um mais efetivo acesso à ordem jurídica justa. / Mestre

I Sverige använder socialtjänsten lagar för att tillgodose olika levnadsstandarder till olika grupper av människor. Aktuell studie har syftat till att undersöka hur biståndshandläggare resonerar kring begreppet skälig levnadsnivå och hur det används i praktiken inom äldreomsorgen. En kvalitativ studie har utförts där åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med biståndshandläggare från tre olika kommuner i Sverige. En vinjett med ett fiktivt ärende har även använts för att undersöka om det finns olikheter i bedömningar mellan biståndshandläggare. Utifrån den insamlade empirin så har en tematisk analys genomförts och fyra teman har presenterats i resultatdelen. Dessa teman är vad är skälig levnadsnivå?, god vs skälig levnadsnivå, handlingsutrymme och olikheter i bedömning. Resultatet visar att det finns olikheter i bedömningar och att begreppet skälig levnadsnivå är ett abstrakt begrepp som har ett stort tolkningsutrymme. Parallellt visar studiens resultat att majoriteten av biståndshandläggare upplever sitt handlingsutrymme en lagom nivå. En diskussion förs mellan vikten av att ha handlingsutrymme och ett rättssäkert samhälle där alla behandlas lika av myndigheter. Slutsatsen visar att det är en svår balansgång och att det krävs mer forskning inom ämnet. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater samt Maslows behovspyramid. / In Sweden the social services use different laws to meet different living standards for different groups of people. The current study has aimed to investigate how social workers in elderly care reason about the concept of a reasonable standard of living and how it is used in practice. A qualitative study was conducted in which eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers in the elderly care unit from three different municipalities in Sweden. A vignette has also been used to investigate whether there are differences in assessments between social workers. Based on the collected empirical data, a thematic analysis has been carried out and four themes have been presented in the results section. These themes are what is a reasonable standard of living?, good vs reasonable standard of living, room for maneuver and differences in assessment. The results show that there are differences in assessments and that the concept of a reasonable standard of living is an abstract concept that has a large scope for interpretation. In parallel, the results of the study show that the majority of development assistance officers feel that their room for maneuver is at a reasonable level. A discussion is held between the importance of having room for maneuver and a law-abiding society where everyone is treated equally by the authorities. The conclusion shows that it is a difficult balancing act and that more research is required in the subject. The results have been analyzed with the help of previous research and Lipsky's theory of grassroot bureaucrats and Maslow's pyramid of needs.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the latest human rights treaty at the UN level. The process leading to the adoption called attention to the plight of persons with disabilities, and redefined approaches to issues of disability. Fundamentally, the CRPD embodies a paradigm shift in thinking about disability. It embraces the social model of disability, in terms of which disability is a function of the interaction between a person with impairment and his or her environment as opposed to an inherent limitation of functioning. The social model is, in turn, anchored in a human rights approach to disability. No doubt, the adoption of the CRPD triggered immense optimism for the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities. One of the rights recognised under the CRPD is the right to education. Article 24(1) of the CRPD recognises the right of persons with disabilities to education and sets out the aims of such education. Article 24(2) sets out a number of principles to guide the implementation of the right. These include: non-exclusion from the general education system including non-exclusion of children with disabilities from free and compulsory primary education; access to inclusive quality and free primary education on an equal basis with other children in the communities in which children with disabilities live; reasonable accommodation of a student’s needs; provision of support necessary to facilitate effective education; and provision of individualised support measures in environments that maximise academic and social development of the students with disabilities. It is generally accepted that the right to education is one of the most essential rights, particularly in light of its empowerment function that helps to facilitate the exercise of other rights. The primary level of education has particularly attained global recognition and priority in resource allocation and implementation. Primary education contributes significantly to the maximum development of the full human potential of children. There are therefore differentiated obligations for the right to primary education in international human rights. Nevertheless, there are still significant barriers to access to primary education, particularly in the African region. While children with disabilities have been excluded from education for a long time the world over, their exclusion in the African context is particularly endemic. The core purpose of this thesis is to determine how article 24(2) of the CRPD affects or is likely to affect primary education of children with disabilities, particularly in the context of developing countries. The focus of the enquiry is mainly the law and policy in this regard. The subject spans three main spheres of rights: children’s rights, socioeconomic rights (particularly the right to education), and finally disability rights. Children’s rights, especially since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), are generally accepted. The right to education also has a long standing history, and whereas debate regarding the appropriate approaches to its implementation still abides, there is apparent normative and jurisprudential consensus on some aspects thereof, particularly at the primary education level. It is essential to determine the relational framework of these spheres with the disability rights established under the CRPD. The thesis finds that the CRPD does in fact redefine the parameters of the right to education as previously understood in international human rights instruments. Particularly, the expanded aims of education under article 24 call for education systems that recognise non-academic learning, such as the development of the talents or creativity of the learner. This provision is particularly significant to the child with disabilities. Also, while not establishing an entirely new right, the principles under article 24(2) establish actionable sub-entitlements that enhance the justiciability right to education for children with disabilities. However, it is apparent from the comparative studies that it is the implementation of these provisions that presents the greatest challenge for the realisation of primary education for children with disabilities. This suggests that whereas norm creation as under the CRPD may have the value of triggering and sustaining discourse on appropriate responses in the context of the education of children with disabilities, it is the translation of these norms into practical action points that is the determining factor for realization of the right. / South Africa

Public administration plays a major role in some countries that benefits citizens and government. Therefore, the government needs to uphold a standard of effectiveness in public administration. Research has been done in effectiveness in public administration in individual countries with limited research on certain aspects. However, not much research has been done on effectiveness of public administration which is linked to case management in Scandinavian countries. In the Swedish Administration Act, an efficiency principle has been incorporated which provides an opportunity for the delay in the case of delayed processing. At present there is no such opportunity in Norway. Aim to clarify what protection there is for individuals against delay in case management in Swedish and Norwegian law and whether this is consistent with the international commitments to which the countries are bound, primarily the principle of efficiency. The purpose is therefore to clarify what applies in each country, and to compare protection in both countries and whether this is compatible with international law, primarily the European Convention and EU law. Two methods have been used: the legal dogmatic and the comparative method. The result indicates that there is clearly that both countries tried to reduce resources in administrative case management by simplifying the rule. But this is not closed to meeting the requirement for efficiency in case management. Imposing penalties for case handling are not enough if there is no effective remedy that can uphold international law. Consequently, the delay speech without effective remedies will not lead to any major changes in practice in Swedish law. Norway is in the process of reviewing its provisions. This study is expected to draw attention to international law that is linked to public administration.

Доступная среда для инвалидов как социальный аспект является одним из требований для проектирования зданий по критериям устойчивого развития, что напрямую влияет как на развитие архитектурного облика объектов социальной инфраструктуры, так и на развитие нашего общества в общечеловеческом понимании в целом. Диссертационное исследование посвящено существующим проблемам обеспечения беспрепятственного доступа инвалидов и иных маломобильных групп населения (МГН) к объектам социальной инфраструктуры. Проанализированы нормативные правовые акты. Разъясняются понятия: «Доступная среда», «Универсальный дизайн», «Разумное приспособление». Определены основные принципы подходов при создании беспрепятственного доступа. Изучен опыт существующих решений беспрепятственного доступа инвалидов к объектам социальной инфраструктуры в Берлине и в г. Екатеринбурге. Выявлены проблемы развития беспрепятственного доступа. В исследовании проведен социологический опрос целевой аудитории, что помогло выявить наиболее проблемную зону «Вход(ы) в здание». В социологическом опросе также получились очень интересными другие выводы, полностью меняющие концепцию подхода к созданию безбарьерной среды жизнедеятельности, т. к. подавляющее большинство респондентов определяют создание безбарьерной среды необходимым для всех граждан, а не только для инвалидов и иных МГН, «инвалида нет – есть человек». Определены критерии безбарьерной среды, обобщены параметры требований для структурно-функциональной зоны «Вход(ы) в здание», представлены графические материалы решения беспрепятственного доступа. / An accessible environment for the disabled as a social aspect is one of the requirements for designing buildings according to sustainable development criteria, which directly affects the development of the architectural appearance of social infrastructure facilities and the development of our society in the human sense as a whole. The dissertation research is devoted to the existing problems of ensuring unhindered access for people with disabilities and other low-mobility groups of the population (MSG) to social infrastructure facilities. The normative legal acts are analyzed. Concepts are explained: Accessible environment/Universal design/Reasonable accommodation. The basic principles of approaches to creating unhindered access are determined. The experience of existing solutions for unhindered access of disabled people to social infrastructure facilities in Berlin and Yekaterinburg was studied. Problems of development of unimpeded access are revealed. The study conducted a sociological survey of the target audience, which helped to identify the most problematic area «Entrance(s) to the building». The sociological survey also yielded very interesting and other conclusions that completely change the concept of the approach to creating a barrier-free living environment, the vast majority of respondents define the creation of a barrier-free environment as for all citizens, and not just for the disabled and other MGNs, «there is no disabled person is a person». The criteria for a barrier-free environment are defined, the parameters of the requirements for the structural-functional zone "Entrance (s) to the building" are summarized, and graphic materials for the solution of unhindered access are presented.