近年來為配合重大建設之開發如設置科學園區、國立大學分部設校計畫等土地開發，政府機關多按區域計畫法第15條之2規定以申請開發許可方式辦理農地之變更使用。於是大批農地變更為建築用地、工業用地或特定目的事業用地使用之情形屢見不鮮。如此大型之開發案雖經整體規劃，但規劃過程中僅考量開發案基地內本身之條件，卻忽視對週遭之環境或相關計畫之協調與整合，以致於不僅造成農地大量流失外，亦對整體環境品質之維護造成嚴重影響。 目前非都市土地開發管理在實務操作的面向上，似呈現開發許可制度並未考慮區域計畫精神、制度設計未考慮層級、各層級計畫之間的指導或承接關係普遍存在欠缺適當的聯繫機制、個案變更審議過程中未與國土規劃相連結且易受到政治影響、涉及變更農地使用時僅針對個案審議未考量是否影響周邊環境、農業主管機關對於優良農地保護及審查機制不足、開發方式太縱容個案開發許可、僅有量之需求但無質之要求、民眾事先參與之管道欠缺等之缺點，均有待探討謀求解決之道。 本文以土地使用計畫審議之合理性為主軸，應用永續發展中環境、經濟和公平（environment, economy, and equity）三個E之概念與區域計畫法第15條之2於國土利用係屬適當而合理之原則，探討開發許可中，農牧用地變更審議之規範與執行情形及民眾參與之方式，並藉由對專家學者、當地居民、公部門與相關組織之深入訪談及個案綜合分析結果，加以檢視與研討，確認目前非都市土地農牧用地變更審議執行上遭遇之課題，最後針對各課題研提改善策略與配套措施，以供政府未來執行非都市土地農牧用地變更審議政策之參考，期能達到農地環境資源合理利用之目標。 / In recent years, for co-operating the development of significant construction, like establishment of science parks, the national university branch and so on, the Government applies for the development permission to change the farmland use according to article 15-2 in Regional Plan Act. Large quantities of farmland are often changed to construction land, industry land or special-purpose land. So large-scale land development cases are planned comprehensively, and conditions of developed land base are considered in the planning process. Actually, the coordination and conformity to the environment or related plan are neglected. This not only causes the massive lost farmland, but also influences maintenance of the overall environment quality seriously. At present, in the non-urban land development management in the practice operation, the spirit of regional plan is not considered in the development permission institution. The Government do not considered the levels in the institution design. It is short of the suitable link mechanism in the instruction or continuation between plans in various levels. In the examination process of land-change cases, the cases are not linked to the national land planning, and easily influenced by the political power. When involving the farmland conversion, only the case itself is examined, but the effects on the peripheral environment are not considered. The agricultural agency lacks the superior farmland protection and examination mechanism. In the development way, the Government too tolerates the case development permission, and only has demand of the quantity without request for the quality. Besides, public participation prior to examination process is lacked. Above shortcomings should be discussed and solved. This article takes the rationality of land use plan examination as the main axle. It applies the concepts of three Es including environment, economy, and equity in the sustainable development, and adopts the principle of suitable and reasonable national land use in article 15-2 in Regional Plan Act. It discusses the standards and the situations of examination in agricultural land conversion, and the way of public participation in development permission. According to the in-depth Interviews of experts, local residents, the government agency and related organization and the results of cases study, it inspects and confirms present layout problems of examination in agricultural land conversion of non-urban land. Finally, it proposes the improvement strategies and the coordinated measures for various problems to offer references to the governmental policy in the future for achieving the goal of the reasonable use of farmland environment resources.

Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 states that everyone has the right to basic education. ―Everyone‖ includes disabled learners. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realise disabled learners‘ right to basic education. To reach the purpose firstly it has to be ascertained which legislation apply to disabled learners (whether direct or indirect) and how this legislation define disability (Chapter 2). Secondly the relevant constitutional sections have to be investigated. Sections 9, 28, 29 and 36 of the Constitution will be examined in particular. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. Paired with the right to education, the meaning of inclusive education has to be determined and to what extent the state realises this (Chapter 3). A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners‘ right to equality and whether the possible infringements of the right to education and equality can be justified by the state (Chapter 4). Thirdly, the state‘s international obligations with regard to disabled learners‘ right to education and equality has to be investigated (Chapter 5) before reaching a conclusion as to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children‘s right to basic education (Chapter 6). Disabled children‘s need for basic education has led to the research question. quality, process quality, manufacturing process flow, principles of quality, factor analysis, multiple regression. / Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 states that everyone has the right to basic education. ―Everyone‖ includes disabled learners. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realise disabled learners‘ right to basic education. To reach the purpose firstly it has to be ascertained which legislation apply to disabled learners (whether direct or indirect) and how this legislation define disability (Chapter 2). Secondly the relevant constitutional sections have to be investigated. Sections 9, 28, 29 and 36 of the Constitution will be examined in particular. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. Paired with the right to education, the meaning of inclusive education has to be determined and to what extent the state realises this (Chapter 3). A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners‘ right to equality and whether the possible infringements of the right to education and equality can be justified by the state (Chapter 4). Thirdly, the state‘s international obligations with regard to disabled learners‘ right to education and equality has to be investigated (Chapter 5) before reaching a conclusion as to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children‘s right to basic education (Chapter 6). Disabled children‘s need for basic education has led to the research question. quality, process quality, manufacturing process flow, principles of quality, factor analysis, multiple regression. / Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

More than a century ago in their definitive work “The Right to Privacy” Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis highlighted the challenges posed to individual privacy by advancing technology. Today’s workplace is characterised by its reliance on computer technology, particularly the use of email and the Internet to perform critical business functions. Increasingly these and other workplace activities are the focus of monitoring by employers. There is little formal regulation of electronic monitoring in Australian or United States workplaces. Without reasonable limits or controls, this has the potential to adversely affect employees’ privacy rights. Australia has a history of legislating to protect privacy rights, whereas the United States has relied on a combination of constitutional guarantees, federal and state statutes, and the common law. This thesis examines a number of existing and proposed statutory and other workplace privacy laws in Australia and the United States. The analysis demonstrates that existing measures fail to adequately regulate monitoring or provide employees with suitable remedies where unjustifiable intrusions occur. The thesis ultimately supports the view that enacting uniform legislation at the national level provides a more effective and comprehensive solution for both employers and employees. Chapter One provides a general introduction and briefly discusses issues relevant to electronic monitoring in the workplace. Chapter Two contains an overview of privacy law as it relates to electronic monitoring in Australian and United States workplaces. In Chapter Three there is an examination of the complaint process and remedies available to a hypothetical employee (Mary) who is concerned about protecting her privacy rights at work. Chapter Four provides an analysis of the major themes emerging from the research, and also discusses the draft national uniform legislation. Chapter Five details the proposed legislation in the form of the Workplace Surveillance and Monitoring Act, and Chapter Six contains the conclusion.

A Reasonable Doubt is the act by which the Customs communicates the importer that doubts that this has declared the customs value in compliance with the valuation rules properly, requiring information and documentation necessary to verify that they have properly followed the rules valuation. In this article as we explore the conceptual and procedural aspects of management prerogative, we will try to find the limits to their exercise from the time, space and material point of view consistently (in concordance) with the rights and obligations of taxpayers. / Una Duda Razonable es el acto a través del cual la Aduana comunica al importador que duda que éste haya declarado el valor en aduanas cumpliendo las reglas de valoración adecuadamente, requiriendo la información y documentación que sea necesaria para verificar que se han cumplido adecuadamente con las reglas de valoración. En este artículo mientras analizamos los aspectos conceptuales y procedimentales de esta prerrogativa de la administración, trataremos de encontrar los límites a su ejercicio desde el punto de vista temporal, espacial y material en concordancia con los derechos y obligaciones de los contribuyentes.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-15T13:02:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilson.pdf: 19626817 bytes, checksum: 8e4c9b7b129f8413772174899c27310a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:47:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilson.pdf: 19626817 bytes, checksum: 8e4c9b7b129f8413772174899c27310a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilson.pdf: 19626817 bytes, checksum: 8e4c9b7b129f8413772174899c27310a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O paradigma dominante da modernidade encontra-se em crise. Os avanços em diversas áreas científicas mostram que muitas certezas elaboradas desde a virada antropocêntrico-racionalista constituem-se em equívocos, necessitando ser re-elaboradas. O projeto de sociedade mais fraterna e igualitária não dá sinais de que irá se concretizar sob o influxo do capitalismo neoliberal. A tudo isto não é indiferente o direito, que vem sofrendo grande pressão da sociedade para que evolua em busca de resolver, de maneira mais rápida e eficaz, as novas demandas oriundas da pós-modernidade. No Brasil, esta resposta tem sido buscada através de restrições ao ambiente argumentativo processual, fazendo com que o processo judicial caminhe mais rapidamente para a constituiçao da imutabilidade das decisões judiciais, com cada vez menos espaço para a argumentação das partes litigantes. Percebe-se que está ocorrendo a desnaturação semântica do princípio razoável duração do processo, cada vez mais identificado com a celeridade processual e implementado através de políticas públicas de acordo e de fechamento das instâncias recursais. Tais medidas, no intuito de materializar a duração razoável do processo, positivada na Constituição Federal Brasileira através da Emenda n. 45/2004, podem significar uma perda de legitimidade do direito e das decisões judiciais, por conta da abreviação indevida do ambiente argumentativo processual, o qual representa a maior manifestação do princípio democrático na jurisdição. Urge, pois, analisar estas restrições ao ambiente argumentativo processual, verificando em que medida são desejáveis e necessárias à prestação jurisdicional em tempo razoável ou se representam uma ameaça à legitimidade do direito e de suas decisões, devendo ser evitada. / Salvador

Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T18:09:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami(pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T18:14:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-09T18:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RICARDO FIOREZE.pdf: 808730 bytes, checksum: 3d079f5f9c9d57d2b2c75cf2d478e9c4 (MD5) / This work analyzes the management of the development of the judicial processes before Labor Courts as an instrument capable of assisting in achieving the effectiveness of the jurisdictional activity and the reasonable duration of the process. The objective is to show how the management fits in the attributions inherent to the function of a judge and the necessity of its adoption in the conduct of the process development. It also identifies moments and acts of the process development when the adoption of management techniques can produce better results and suggest practices that lead to optimizing the available resources and procedural legislation, and to maximizing and, whenever possible, suppressing acts, and to eliminating 'dead stages'. In order to reach such purposes, fundamental theoretical aspects related to the management of organizations and, specifically, to the juridical management at Labor Courts are firstly approached. Secondly, the possibility of managing the (judicial) process itself is stated, aiming at increasing the usefulness of its result, emphasizing the repercussions that this idea causes on the duties inherent to a judge. At last, the proposals of practical application of process management at Labor Courts are expounded, comprising several moments and acts of the process development and its corresponding control. / Por meio deste trabalho, analisa-se a gestão da tramitação dos processos judiciais perante Varas do Trabalho como instrumento capaz de auxiliar no alcance da efetividade da atividade jurisdicional e da razoável duração do processo. Busca-se demonstrar o enquadramento da gestão entre as atribuições inerentes à função do juiz e a necessidade de sua adoção na condução da tramitação processual. Procura-se identificar momentos e atos da tramitação processual em que a adoção de técnicas de gestão pode produzir melhores resultados e sugerir práticas que conduzam à otimização dos recursos e legislação processual disponíveis, à maximização e, quando possível, supressão de atos, e à eliminação de 'etapas mortas'. Para atingir tais propósitos, abordam-se, inicialmente, aspectos teóricos fundamentais relacionados à gestão das organizações e, de modo particular, à gestão judiciária em Varas do Trabalho. Num segundo momento, afirma-se a possibilidade de gestão do próprio processo (judicial), visando à redução do tempo de sua tramitação e à ampliação da utilidade do seu resultado, salientando-se as repercussões que essa ideia provoca sobre os deveres afetos ao juiz. Por fim, expõem-se propostas de aplicação prática de gestão processual em Varas do Trabalho, abrangentes de vários momentos e atos da tramitação processual e do seu correspondente controle.

Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2011-08-17T20:21:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - GUILHERME RIBEIRO BALDAN.pdf: 3160031 bytes, checksum: c999d9c3c3902973b1a1e5b0d302c14f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2011-08-19T17:45:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - GUILHERME RIBEIRO BALDAN.pdf: 3160031 bytes, checksum: c999d9c3c3902973b1a1e5b0d302c14f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-16T12:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - GUILHERME RIBEIRO BALDAN.pdf: 3160031 bytes, checksum: c999d9c3c3902973b1a1e5b0d302c14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The State exerts the jurisdictional function aiming at the litigious conflict composition, being the process the way in which it gets materialized. With this, the access to justice is considered as a guarantee of a pretension examination, in acceptable time, with the security of an adjusted treatment, which is a reflection of society values. The Judiciary Power suffers critics of all sorts: nowadays in Brazil, the delaying is the mostly pointed problem. So much that Brazilian society started to demand a solution for this with such a great emphasis, that the reasonable duration of the process was enclosed in the roll of the Constitution of the Republic individual guarantees. Many alternatives have been searched intending to reduce the process duration time, the electronic way being one of these options. In the year of 2006, Law 11,419 came into use, it deals with the action at law computerization. This study it carried through an evaluation of the context that led to the search for a fast litigations solution, with the analysis of the law which instituted the electronic media in the process transaction, restricted to this optics of the process duration time reduction. On the basis of a case study carried through in 4º Civil Special Court at the Porto Velho Judicial district, It has been demonstrated that, at least in this jurisdictional unit, there was an effective reduction in the process duration time. The Action at law - PJe was pondered, still, concerning the free software that is available for the National Justice Council for use by the courts, electronic, concluding that the tool will serve as an instrument for the reduction of the process final term. This dissertation was finished with considerations on the issues studied, standing out the idea of that all the actors involved in conflicts solution must contribute so that the peace be reached. / O Estado exerce a função jurisdicional com a finalidade de composição dos conflitos litigiosos, sendo o processo o meio pelo qual ela se materializa. Com isso, tem-se o acesso à justiça, no sentido de ser garantido o exame de uma pretensão, em tempo aceitável, com a segurança de um tratamento adequado, que seja reflexo dos valores da sociedade em que se vive. O Poder Judiciário sofre críticas de toda ordem: no Brasil dos dias atuais, a morosidade é o principal problema apontado. Tanto é assim, que a sociedade brasileira passou a exigir uma solução para isso com tamanha ênfase, que a razoável duração do processo foi incluída no rol de garantias individuais da Constituição da República. Muitas alternativas têm sido buscadas com a intenção de reduzir o tempo de duração do processo, sendo a via eletrônica uma dessas opções. No ano de 2006, entrou em vigor a Lei n. 11.419, que trata da informatização do processo judicial. Este estudo realizou uma avaliação do contexto que levou à busca pela rápida solução dos litígios, com análise da lei que instituiu o meio eletrônico na tramitação dos processos, restrito a esta ótica de redução do tempo de duração do processo. Com base em um estudo de caso realizado no 4o Juizado Especial Cível da Comarca de Porto Velho, demonstrou- se que, ao menos nesta unidade jurisdicional, houve efetiva diminuição no tempo de duração dos processos. Ponderou-se, ainda, acerca do software livre que está sendo disponibilizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça para uso por parte dos tribunais, o Processo Judicial eletrônico – PJe, concluindo-se que a ferramenta terá condições de servir de instrumento para redução do termo final do processo. Finalizou-se esta dissertação com considerações sobre tudo o que foi estudado, ressaltando a idéia de que todos os atores que atuam na solução dos conflitos devem contribuir para que seja alcançada a paz.

Text in Afrikaans / Die sogenaamde vermoede van onskuld is via die Engelse Reg in ons reg oorgeneem en tot konstitusionele status verhoog met die daarstelling van artikel 25(3)(c) van die Grondwet, No. 200 van 1993. Hierdie reg om onskuldig geag te word en die gepaardgaande swygreg, wat hier kortliks aangeraak word, kan egter aan beperking onderhewig wees soos bepaal deur artikel 33 van die Grondwet. Die beginsels soos ontwikkel in Kanada en Amerika word ondersoek. Die slotsom waartoe geraak word is dat, alhoewel historiese en ander verskille deurgaans voor oe gehou sal moet word, die regspraak in genoemde jurisdiksies, en meer spesifiek Kanada, 'n groat rol sal speel by die inhoud wat die SuidA: frik:aanse howe, in die konteks van statutere vermoedens, aan die konstitusionele reg om onskuldig geag te word, sal gee. / The so-called presumption of innocence has been inherited from the English common law and awarded constitutional status by the introduction of section 25(3)(c) ofthe Constitution, Act 200 ofl993. This right to be presumed innocent and the accompanying right to remain silent, which is briefly touched upon, are however not absolute and can be subject to limitation as provided for by section 33 ofthe Constitution. The principles, as they have been developed in Canada and America, are investigated. The conclusion which is drawn is that, despite historical and other differences, it can be expected that foreign jurisprudence, particularly that of Canada, will play a major role in the content that will be given by the South African courts to the right to be presumed innocent in the context of statutory presumptions. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.