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Die vorliegende Studie hat sich die Untersuchung von Reziprozitäts- und Fairnessmotiven bei der Durchsetzung von Normen der Kooperation zum Ziel gesetzt. Wenn eine Vorleistung honoriert wird, auch wenn dies nicht im unmittelbaren, eigennützigen Interesse liegt, spricht man von positiver Reziprozität. Im Fall negativer Reziprozität werden unkooperative Handlungen bestraft oder vergolten, auch wenn dies Kosten auslöst. In dieser Studie werden reziproke Handlungsorientierungen in einer spezifischen Feldsituation untersucht. Eine in neuerer Zeit des öfteren aufgegriffene und empfohlene Methode (Beck und Opp 2001) zur Messung sozialer Normen und komplexer Entscheidungssituationen ist der sog. faktorielle Survey (Vignetten-Methode). Die Vignetten-Methode ermöglicht es, Befragte mit Situationen zu konfrontieren, die komplexe Konstellationen von Merkmalen umfassen. Es lassen sich auf diese Weise die vielfältigen Bedingungen, unter denen eine Norm gilt, in Vignetten formulieren. Zwei Vignettensituationen beschreiben die Kooperationsbeziehungen zwischen Entwicklungshelfern und lokalen Partnern bzw. Rezipienten als Vertrauensbeziehungen, bei der typischerweise der Tausch einer finanziellen Leistung gegen eine materielle Leistung erfolgt. Es ergeben sich für derartige Kooperationsbeziehungen Probleme, die vergleichbar bei der Kooperation wirtschaftlicher Akteure auftreten. Aus der Perspektive des Entwicklungshelfers stellt sich die Frage unter welchen Bedingungen Vertrauen in den Rezipienten investiert wird und inwieweit er bereit ist diesen zu sanktionieren, auch wenn dies mit erheblichen (persönlichen) Kosten verbunden ist. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Vignettentechnik ein geeignetes Instrumentarium für derartige Entscheidungsfragen ist. In einer ersten Annäherung können insbesondere für die Vertrauensvorleistung bzw. positive Reziprozität mit Laborexperimenten vergleichbare Resultate aufgezeigt werden können.

En se penchant sur L’homme révolté d’Albert Camus, ce mémoire entend évaluer la pertinence de la révolte camusienne à l’aube du troisième millénaire. Du constat de l’absurde quant à la condition existentielle de l’homme, Camus a esquissé une révolte affranchie de toute idéologie en démontant, entre autres, les mécanismes propres à la philosophie de l’histoire et au nihilisme. À partir de la critique des pensées hégélienne, nietzschéenne et marxienne, il a tenté de définir les caractéristiques inhérentes à la révolte. Rédigé au milieu du XXe siècle, L’homme révolté est marqué par les séquelles d’une histoire chaotique déjà plus que cinquantenaire. Pour autant, son propos semble être encore d’actualité. Avec la complicité de philosophes contemporains tels que Cornélius Castoriadis, Pierre Rosanvallon et Bernard Stiegler, c’est autant la pertinence de la révolte camusienne qui est ici considérée qu’une corrélation entre cette révolte et la dignité humaine. L’homme révolté a-t-il encore sa place en ce début du troisième millénaire et dans l’affirmative : quelle est cette place? / By examining Albert Camus’ L’homme révolté (The Rebel), this dissertation intends to assess the relevance of Camusian revolt at the dawn of the third millennium. From an acknowledgement of the absurd as regards the existential condition of man, Camus outlined a revolt free of any ideology by demonstrating, for example, the mechanisms innate to the philosophy of history and nihilism. Starting with a critique of Hegelian, Nietzschean and Marxist thought, he attempted to define the characteristics inherent to rebellion. Written in the mid-20th century, L’homme révolté is marked by the aftermath of chaos and destruction of that era, yet now more than five decades on, his words appear to remain relevant today. With the complicity of contemporary philosophers such as Cornélius Castoriadis, Pierre Rosanvallon and Bernard Stiegler, this paper will focus not only on the pertinence of Camusian rebellion, but also on a correlation between revolt and human dignity. Does L’homme révolté still have his place as the third millennium begins and, if so, what is that place?

This study is based on the research work on moral development written by J. Piaget. It is focused on a development of responsibility (on the child view on responsible behaviour in different age) and on an upbringing to responsibility. Study proceeds from structured interviews with children at the age of 4-13 years. There was used qualitative processing focused on an aspect of development. As a result of presented study there was found out the development of responsibility in three areas. Responsibility for rules develops from an obedience, through justice to equity. Responsibility for social environment develops from politeness to friends to politeness in general and from respecting the law of small groups to respecting the law of big groups. Responsibility for one own thinking develops from black-and-white views to reasoning in the context. Research next discusses the use of expiatory punishment and punishment by reciprocity in upbringing. This study is of benefit to closer view on the responsibility in it's own meaning. There is an inspiration for upbringing children to responsible behaviour. Results can also be a source for future studies in the area of moral development. Key words: responsibility, justice, obedience, expiation punishment, punishment by reciprocity, reasoning in the context.

In this thesis I explore the relation in Buber's and Levinas's understanding. Both of these Jew philosophers endeavoured to describe an essence of genuine dialogue and both saw in dialogue the word that turns to a Thou, the primal deed of spirit. Nevertheless in spite of these similarities there are also a differences in their understanding of a dynamics within the genuine dialogue. Whereas Buber talks about a reciprocity in such a relation Levinas asserts that there is an asymmetry there and therefore he radicalizes Buber's conception and responsibility towards the other. In the first part of my thesis I focus on important influences on Buber's and Levinas' lives and introduce a "poetics" of their understanding of a genuine dialogue based particularly on their main piece of work: Buber's I and Thou and Levinas's Totality and Infinity. Although there was a communication between these two thinkers according to some philosophers it often exhibited a lack of dialogue and a failure to understand each other. Therefore I outline the similarities and differences in detail in the final chapters. Keywords Buber, Levinas, Rosenzweig, I - Thou relationship, face, reciprocity, asymmetry, responsibility, ethics, infinity

L’essor spectaculaire des systèmes de communications sans fil a entrainé une forte augmentation du trafic des données qui ne devrait cesser de croître au cours des prochaines années. La future génération de réseaux cellulaires (5G) doit être capable de supporter cette croissance du trafic, tout en présentant une consommation énergétique réduite par rapport aux réseaux existants. Parmi les différentes technologies étudiées, le retournement temporel (RT) se présente comme un sérieux candidat pour répondre à ces contraintes. En effet, les nombreuses études théoriques sur le sujet ont montré que la combinaison du RT et de l’OFDM possède des performances intéressantes, notamment grâce à ses propriétés de compression temporelle et de focalisation spatiale. Cependant, les hypothèses prises dans les études théoriques ne sont pas toujours compatibles avec la réalisation pratique d’un tel système. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est donc de proposer des solutions aux hypothèses non réalistes, afin de les mettre en oeuvre dans la réalisation d’un prototype combinant RT et OFDM dans un contexte MISO. Dans un premier temps, la mise en oeuvre de l’estimation du canal au niveau de l’émetteur et de la synchronisation du système MISO RT-OFDM est étudiée. Ensuite, une solution de calibration au niveau de l’émetteur est proposée pour compenser le caractère non réciproque du canal de propagation vu de la bande de base. L’ensemble de ces solutions ainsi que les propriétés de focalisation du RT sont validés à partir de mesures expérimentales sur le prototype réalisé. Enfin, la mise en oeuvre du premier prototype de modulation spatiale à la réception utilisant le RT est présentée. / The spectacular growth of wireless communications systems has led to a sharp increase in data traffic, which should continue to grow over the next few years. The future generation of cellular networks (5G) must be able to support this growth of traffic, while presenting reduced energy consumption compared to existing networks. Among the different studied technologies, time reversal (TR) is a serious candidate to meet these constraints. Indeed, the numerous theoretical studies on the subject have shown that the combination of TR and OFDM has interesting performance, specifically thanks to its temporal compression and spatial focusing properties. However, the assumptions made in the theoretical studies are not always compatible with the practical implementation of a real system. The objective of this thesis is to propose solutions to unrealistic theoritical hypotheses, in order to implement them in a real hardware prototype combining TR and OFDM in a MISO context. First, the implementation of the channel estimation at the transmitter side, and the synchronization of the MISO TR-OFDM system is studied. Then, a calibration solution at the transmitter is proposed to compensate for the non-reciprocal nature of the baseband propagation channel. All these solutions as well as the focusing properties of TR are validated by experimental measurements using the developed prototype. Finally, the implementation of the first TR prototype of spatial modulation at the receiver side is presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Pinheiro.pdf: 439290 bytes, checksum: 18a6495b703c7e2e818ba94df16529dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-19 / This dissertation is a bibliographic and empirical study which intends to aunch in the academic milieu not only the gift-giving analysis but its role in production and reproduction of social ties as well as its place and importance in the different forms of societies. Based on Mauss theory, gift-giving is in all societies, be modern, be traditional. This theory comprises of a genuine social system, with its own specificities and differences. The present study contains a discussion based on those authors who were inspired by Maussian literature. Mauss argues that the gift-giving is a paradigm which is peculiar to social sciences and he suggests that a societys formed by a primary social rule, that is, the process of gift-exchange for giving, receiving and rewarding. All of them create the cement bonds of social solidarity which are more important than the output of goods. In the light of Mauss theory, this research aims to link his ideas and Procissão do Fogaréu da Cidade de Goiás Cresset Procession in Goiás Town -. It presupposes that the procession is seen as an event which dramatizes the major gift-giving act in the Christian imaginary, that is, Jesus Christ donation to save the world. The procession is a dramatic representation whose ritual reports the bible text, and at same time, the local tradition which is experienced and defined by the people who live in Goiás Town. / O presente trabalho é um estudo bibliográfico e empírico que busca colocar no meio acadêmico, a análise da dádiva e seu papel na produção e reprodução do laço social, bem como seu lugar e importância nas diversas formas de sociedade que coexistem nos dias de hoje. Segundo essa teoria, a dádiva está presente em todas as partes da sociedade, tanto nas modernas, como nas mais tradicionais. Desta forma, ela constitui um sistema social genuíno, com especificidades próprias e diferentes dos outros sistemas existentes na sociedade. Todo o trabalho demonstra uma maior afinidade por aqueles autores inspirados por leituras maussianas. Para Mauss, a dádiva é um paradigma próprio das ciências sociais e sugere que a sociedade se forma a partir de uma regra social primeira, a obrigação de dar, receber, retribuir e que a constituição do vínculo social é mais importante do que a produção de bens. A proposta da dissertação objetiva estabelecer uma conexão entre os estudos de Mauss e a Procissão do Fogaréu da Cidade De Goiás, partindo do pressuposto de que o evento teatraliza o maior ato de gratuidade do imaginário cristão: a entrega de Jesus Cristo para a salvação do mundo. A procissão é um ritual que, narrando um texto bíblico, superpõe, através de sua representação dramática, uma tradição vivida e definida localmente.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Após mais de um século e meio de perigosos e esporádicos contatos com os nativos do Chaco, a Coroa espanhola iniciou, na segunda metade do século 17, um projeto de catequização através do incentivo à atuação de missões evangélicas na região, a fim de estabelecer uma aproximação pacífica com os diversos grupos indígenas e permitir uma passagem segura à rota comercial entre o porto de Buenos Aires e as minas andinas do Chile. Ainda que esta nova abordagem colonizadora não tenha resultado na pacificação dos índios chaquenhos, o contato foi intensificado por causa da proliferação de reduções evangélicas naquela região ao longo do setecentos, levando muitos missionários e expedicionários a aventurarem-se no interior do Chaco, com o intuito de contatarem grupos mais afastados do convívio colonial. Esta oportunidade gerou uma série de impressões, críticas, descrições de caráter etnográfico, relatórios oficiais, acordos e negociações documentados ao longo de todo o século 18, que permitem a análise não apenas do discurso que os espanhóis produziram a respeito do contato, mas também da postura, do entendimento e das escolhas que os índios tiveram em relação ao convívio com os agentes e instituições coloniais. A presente tese tem como objetivo, a partir da análise de registros históricos produzidos por observadores civis e religiosos, de uma historiografia sobre o contato entre nativos e europeus no Chaco e de etnografias produzidas a respeito de grupos chaquenhos contemporâneos, demonstrar que os índios tomavam suas decisões e atitudes a partir de uma lógica que não era espontânea ou casuística, nem fruto do improviso frente às novas situações postas pelo avanço colonial. Esta lógica se sustentava num complexo sistema mitológico que guiava as percepções e o pensamento indígena, dotando-lhes de uma cosmologia própria e distinta da dos colonizadores modernos. Para comprovar tal hipótese, analiso três características do cotidiano socioeconômico indígena, cujos fundamentos práticos respaldam-se na relação com elementos mitológicos e, consequentemente, no entendimento cosmológico que os índios possuíam do mundo: a guerra, as trocas reciprocitárias e o sistema econômico de produção e consumo alimentar. / After more than one and a half century of dangerous and sporadic contacts made with natives from Chaco, the Spanish Crown began, in the second half of the seventeenth century, an evangelizing project by the encouragement of evangelical missions in that region, in order to establish a peaceful approach with the various indigenous groups and to ensure a safe transit to the trade route between Buenos Aires harbor and Chilean Andean mines. Although this new colonizing approach has not resulted in a native pacification, the contact between them was intensified by the proliferation of Reductions in the region over the referred century, leading many missionaries and explorers to venture into the interior of Chaco, with the purpose of having a broader contact with the uncontacted groups. This opportunity has generated a series of impressions, criticism, ethnographic descriptions, official reports, agreements and negotiations, which had been documented throughout the eighteenth century, enabling an analysis not only of the Spanish speech concerning the contact, but also the posture, the understanding and the choices indians made regarding the contact with agents and colonial institutions. This thesis details, as a result of studies carried out in a variety of historical records produced by civil and religious observers, from a historiography on the contact between natives and Europeans in Chaco and from ethnographies produced about Chaco’s contemporary groups, that indians made their own decisions and took actions on the basis of a logic that was not spontaneous or case-by-case, neither the result of improvisation with the new situations posed by colonial advance. This logic is held in a complex mythological system which guided the indigenous way of thinking and perceptions, providing their own cosmology, unlike that of modern colonizers. To demonstrate this hypothesis, I analyze three indigenous socioeconomic features on a daily basis, whose practical backgrounds rely on the relationship with mythological elements and thus on the cosmological understanding that indians possessed about the world: the war, the trade and the economic system of production and food consumption.

Cette thèse analyse la manière dont les relations de paternité, de fraternité, de conjugalité, de genre et d'altérité qui construisent l'univers de vie des Fasu de Haivaro (un village situé dans les basses-terres au nord-ouest de la Province du Golfe, en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée) ont été - et sont toujours - renégociées et reconfigurées dans le contexte de leur engagement avec de multiples expressions de la modernité, et plus particulièrement avec une compagnie forestière implantée sur leur territoire. Cette recherche montre comment ces transformations entrainent un processus d'incarnation, de désincarnation et de réincarnation de ces relations. / This thesis analyses ways in which the relationships of fatherhood, brotherhood, conjugality, gender and otherness that build the lifeworld of Fasu people of Haivaro (in the northwestern lowlands of Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea) have been and continue to be renegotiated and reconfigured in the context of their engagement with multiple expressions of modernity, in particular with a logging company operating on their land. I show how these transformations entail processes of embodiment, disembodiment and re-embodiment of those relations.

Em uma perspectiva evolutiva, a emergência e a manutenção de comportamentos altruísticos e de cooperação não é de fácil entendimento. O impulso por ajudar um indivíduo desconhecido não pode significar um prejuízo na capacidade reprodutiva, o que muitas vezes parece ser o mais óbvio. Muito se tem feito no sentido de compreender os ganhos indiretos da cooperação, ou o que se espera em retorno por este comportamento. A espera por reciprocidade é um dos modos de se tornar a cooperação atraente. Os seres humanos possuem uma capacidade singular de expandir a reciprocidade para interações organizadas em que não necessariamente se recebe a retribuição de um favor, mas sim o favor de um terceiro indivíduo. Para estes sistemas, de reciprocidade indireta, são necessários elaborados processos cognitivos que sustentam uma capacidade para linguagem, julgamentos morais e organização social. Entende-se que esta forma de cooperação é um fator essencial para a evolução do intelecto e da estrutura social atuais dos seres humanos. A teoria dos jogos evolucionária é uma ferramenta matemática muito utilizada na sistematização analítica dos problemas envolvendo cooperação e processos evolutivos no geral. A capacidade reprodutiva é traduzida em termos de funções matemáticas, sendo possível realizar dinâmicas populacionais que modelam a pressão seletiva. Neste trabalho, utilizamos métodos de teoria dos jogos evolucionária para explorar modelos de reciprocidade indireta, expandindo o tratamento de um modelo para interações opcionais envolvendo estratégias de cooperadores condicionais. Mostramos que a presença de cooperadores incondicionais ameaça a estabilidade da cooperação e que erros de execução podem ser uma solução. / At an evolutionary perspective, the emergence and maintenance of altruistic and cooperative behaviours is of no easy understanding. The impulse of helping an unrelated individual cannot mean a loss of reproductive fitness, as many times may seem the obvious. Much has been done in the way of knowing the indirect benefits of cooperation, or what to expect in retribution for this behaviour. To expect reciprocity is one way of looking at cooperation as more attractive. Human beings have a singular capacity of expanding reciprocity to organized interactions where retribution of a favour is not necessary, but one can expect the favour of a third-party. For these systems, of indirect reciprocity, elaborate cognitive processes are necessary, ones that maintain the capacity for language, moral judgements and social organization. One can understand this form of cooperation as an essential factor for the evolution of humans nowadays´ intellect and social structure. Evolutionary game theory is a mathematical tool that is largely used in the analytical systematization of problems involving cooperation and evolutionary processes in general. Reproductive fitness is understood in terms of mathematical functions, making possible the work on population dynamics that model selective pressure. In this work, we use methods in evolutionary game theory to explore models of indirect reciprocity, expanding the treatment of a model for optional interactions involving conditional cooperators strategies. We show that the presence of unconditional cooperators threatens the stability of cooperation and that execution errors might be a solution.